Thermal barrier coatings for gas-turbine engine applications

Hundreds of different types of coatings are used to protect a variety of structural engineering materials from corrosion, wear, and erosion, and to provide lubrication and thermal insulation. Of all these, thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have the most complex structure and must operate in the most demanding high-temperature environment of aircraft and industrial gas-turbine engines. TBCs, which comprise metal and ceramic multilayers, insulate turbine and combustor engine components from the hot gas stream, and improve the durability and energy efficiency of these engines. Improvements in TBCs will require a better understanding of the complex changes in their structure and properties that occur under operating conditions that lead to their failure. The structure, properties, and failure mechanisms of TBCs are herein reviewed, together with a discussion of current limitations and future opportunities.     

气力滚筒式蔬菜播种机控制系统的软件设计

根据气力滚筒式蔬菜播种机播种精度要求以及穴盘进给速度与排种器播种速度的匹配要求,提出了以单片机ATmega16为控制系统的核心硬件,采用逐盘定位检测的控制策略和模块化设计的方案,研究开发了一种基于单片机C语言的气力滚筒式蔬菜播种机专用控制系统.该系统解决了播种机在连续工作时因排种滚筒线速度与穴盘输送速度的差异所产生的累积误差对播种效果的影响,使播种机能够迅速达到正常工作运行状态,防止从高速运行状态快速制动停止时产生过冲的现象,保证了播种精度不变的条件下排种器能够高速稳定的运行.试验结果表明,不同生产率下排种滚筒和穴盘输送装置的运行转速测量值与理论值的误差最大为2.01%.排种滚筒线速度和穴盘输送速度的差值最大为0.1 m/min,远远小于14.4 m/min的理论许可值,满足播种机的工作要求.     

Experimental realization of the covalent solid carbon nitride

Pulsed laser ablation of graphite targets combined with an intense, atomic nitrogen source has been used to prepare C-N thin film materials. The average nitrogen content in the films was systematically varied by controlling atomic nitrogen flux. Rutherford backscattering measurements show that up to 40 percent nitrogen can be incorporated on average into these solids under the present reaction conditions. Photoelectron spectroscopy further indicates that carbon and nitrogen form an unpolarized covalent bond in these C-N materials. Qualitative tests indicate that the C-N solids are thermally robust and hard. In addition, strong electron diffraction is observed from crystallites within the films. Notably, analysis of these diffraction data show that the only viable structure for the C-N crystallites is that of beta-C(3)N(4), a material predicted theoretically to exhibit superhardness. The experimental synthesis of this new C-N material offers exciting prospects for both basic research and engineering applications.     

Embedded nanostructures revealed in three dimensions

Nanotechnology creates a new challenge for materials characterization because device properties now depend on size and shape as much as they depend on the traditional parameters of structure and composition. Here we show that Z-contrast tomography in the scanning transmission electron microscope has been developed to determine the complete three-dimensional size and shape of embedded structures with a resolution of approximately 1 cubic nanometer. The results from a tin/silicon quantum dot system show that the positions of the quantum dots and their size, shape, structure, and formation mechanism can be determined directly. These methods are applicable to any system, providing a unique and versatile three-dimensional visualization tool.     

聚砜的氯甲基化反应条件研究

以聚砜为原材料制备了氯甲基化聚砜,重点研究了无毒的三甲基氯硅烷与聚砜进行的氯甲基化过程,考察了反应条件对取代度的影响。通过红外光谱法与热重分析法表征了产物的化学结构与热稳定性。结果表明在选用极性较强的二氯甲烷为溶剂,35℃下反应60 h,PSF重复单元与SnCl4摩尔比为1:2时,氯甲基化取代度最高达到1.25 mmol/g。此实验方法取代度高,操作简便,成本较低,易在实验室进行。本研究对于革新氯甲基化聚砜的制备方法,促进功能高分子材料的发展具有重要的理论意义与参考价值。     

核磁共振波谱法在腐殖质研究中的应用

总结介绍了核磁共振波谱法在腐殖质研究中的应用情况及进展，包括 13C核磁共振波谱的应用、腐殖质的组成、腐殖质的网状结构模型及腐殖质研究的环境意义等。     

不同母质橡胶林土壤真菌群落结构特征及其与土壤环境因子的相关性

【目的】研究海南橡胶林不同母质发育土壤真菌群落组成及多样性特征,探析橡胶林土壤真菌群落特征与土壤环境因子间的相关性,为海南天然橡胶林因地制宜提升土壤肥力与改善土壤环境提供理论依据。【方法】以海南4种成土母质（花岗岩、玄武岩、变质岩和浅海沉积物）土壤为研究对象,采用基于ITS （Internal Transcribed Spacer）序列的ILLumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析4种成土母质发育条件下橡胶林土壤真菌群落的组成与多样性。【结果】不同母质间土壤理化特性差异明显,养分含量不平衡。4种母质类型土壤共鉴定出16门47纲110目203科360属462种真菌种类,获得3987个OTUs;橡胶林土壤中存在大量未知真菌类群,已知真菌群落中子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、接合菌门（Zygomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）均为最优势类群,非优势菌群相对丰度分布有差异;橡胶林不同母质间土壤真菌物种丰富度覆盖指数和Chao1指数差异显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）,多样性Shannon指数和Simpson指数差异不显著（P>0.05）;NMDS和Heat map分析表明,海南橡胶林不同母质土壤真菌群落结构相似性有差异,花岗岩属于第一大类,变质岩为第二大类,玄武岩与浅海沉积物属于第三大类。典型对应分析（CCA）结果表明,橡胶林土壤真菌群落特征与土壤环境因子密切相关。【结论】不同母质类型橡胶林土壤微生物群落结构存在差异,橡胶林土壤真菌群落特征与土壤含水量及有效养分等理化性状密切相关,其主要影响因子为有机碳、有效氮、全氮和碳氮比。     

植物残体的化学组成及土壤水分条件对新形成腐殖质组成和性质的影响

1.在相同的腐解条件下,不同物料腐解产物的 C/有机 N 比值和 HA/FA 因物料种类而异。2.与旱地条件下的相比,田菁、草木樨、紫云英在水田条件下腐解产物的 C/有机N 比值较宽,而稻草和绿萍的则相反。3.土壤水分条件和植物残体的化学组成对腐解产物的氮素形态分布没有明显影响。4.在其它条件相同时,与旱地条件下的相比,渍水条件下腐解产物的 HA/FA 大多较宽,而胡敏酸的光密度(E_4)值则较小。     

鄱阳湖地区水稻土潜育化的发生及其改良对策

 土壤潜育化是人们关心的一个农田退化问题。本文研究了鄱阳湖地区水稻土潜育化发生、分类及其肥力特性，对农田潜育化现状及发展趋势作了估价。从成土母质、水文环境、排灌工程及耕作制度等因素，阐述了对水稻土潜育化的形成与发展关系。强调稻-稻-肥换茬制，并不是致潜的主导耕作因素，同时指出本区以次潜、弱潜及上位潜育型为主，并有所扩大，从土壤生态前景看不可忽视。提出了以“四沟”“四改”为主，工程措施与生物措施相结合的改良技术对策。     

固态发酵豆渣生产反刍动物饲料工艺条件研究

以豆渣为原料,利用混合菌种固态发酵将其转变成一种耐贮藏、适口性强反刍动物饲料。通过L9(34)正交试验研究培养基组成、接种物配比、接种量及培养温度对发酵品质影响。结果表明,35℃最适温度下培养基组成为豆渣麦麸=73,接种物配比为乳酸菌枯草芽孢杆菌=11,接种量5%时为最佳工艺条件。     

不同养殖模式下俄罗斯鲟肌肉营养成分的比较与分析

为了了解循环水养殖系统养殖条件下鱼类肌肉的营养成分,开展鱼类品质调控研究。本研究通过比较循环水养殖系统养殖条件下与池塘拟野生条件下俄罗斯鲟肌肉的常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,并进行对比评价。结果表明,两种条件下俄罗斯鲟肌肉中一般营养成分不存在显著差异,均检出17种氨基酸,氨酸酸各组成成分含量方面两者无显著差异。氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)结果显示：循环水系统养殖条件下第一限制性氨基酸均为蛋-胱氨酸,赖氨酸在必需氨基酸中评分最高,必需氨酸基指数EAAI循环水组高于池塘组。循环水组检出20种脂肪酸,池塘组检出14种脂肪酸,两者脂肪酸总量无明显差异,脂肪酸各组成成份有较大差异,其中二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)循环水组显著高于池塘组。综上所述,循环水养殖系统养殖条件下俄罗斯鲟肌肉的营养价值不低于池塘拟野生条件下的俄罗斯鲟。     

Productivity of safflower in the Caspian Coastal Arid Zone at different planting density

Oilseeds are commonly used in human nutrition, feeding farm animals, industry, construction, medicine, and perfumery. They are a valuable source of high-nutrient protein, which is contained in the oil cake and meal obtained by processing the seeds into the oil. Sunflower and mustard are traditionally cultivated in the Lower Volga Region. Safflower, camelina, and oilseed flax have not become widespread there, which can be associated with the insufficient studies of them, the lack of proven technologies for farming, and the specific biochemical composition of the oil of their seeds. The objective of the research was to study the effects of the different planting densities on the duration of the developmental interphase periods, the morphological traits, and the crop yields under the soil and climate conditions in the arid zone of the Lower Volga Region. It has been determined that the average safflower yield under such conditions can reach 1.63 t per hectare with the Astrakhanskii-747 variety at the planting density of 300000 plants per hectare.     

千金子化学成分及药理活性的研究进展综述

千金子是我国传统中药材,为大戟科植物续随子(Euphorbia lathyris L).的干燥成熟种子。研究表明千金子含有脂肪油、二萜等多种化学成分。最近,国内外研究人员又分离出一些新的化学成分,取得新的研究进展。千金子具有广泛的药理活性,其应用价值引起了人们的广泛关注。该文综述了千金子的化学成分和药理作用的研究进展,为更好的开发利用千金子提供科学依据。     

浅议我国农产品质量安全检测机构建设

分析了我国农产品质量安全检测机构的构成现状和建设标准,剖析了新形势下农产品质量安全检测机构面临的挑战及发展过程中存在的误区,提出了我国农产品质量安全检测机构的建设重点及发展方向。     

果蔬气调包装保鲜效果的影响因素分析

气调包装技术是近年来应用于果蔬产品保鲜的新技术,其保鲜效果受多种因素影响。主要就包装材料、气体成分、温湿度和果蔬自身条件等因素对果蔬气调保鲜效果的影响进行了分析,并对果蔬气调包装技术的发展进行了展望。     

Structures of cage, prism, and book isomers of water hexamer from broadband rotational spectroscopy

Theory predicts the water hexamer to be the smallest water cluster with a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network as its minimum energy structure. There are several possible low-energy isomers, and calculations with different methods and basis sets assign them different relative stabilities. Previous experimental work has provided evidence for the cage, book, and cyclic isomers, but no experiment has identified multiple coexisting structures. Here, we report that broadband rotational spectroscopy in a pulsed supersonic expansion unambiguously identifies all three isomers; we determined their oxygen framework structures by means of oxygen-18-substituted water (H(2)(18)O). Relative isomer populations at different expansion conditions establish that the cage isomer is the minimum energy structure. Rotational spectra consistent with predicted heptamer and nonamer structures have also been identified.     

农牧区离网型风力发电系统控制策略

[目的]研究农牧区离网型风力发电系统控制策略。[方法]根据离网型风力机的运行特性,采用负载跟踪和充放电集成控制的系统结构,研究了不同工作状况对风力发电系统运行的影响。[结果]提取出系统的工作模式及工作模式之间的转换关系,给出了实现系统模式相应的控制策略。[结论]负载跟踪和充放电集成控制方法有利于实现离网型风力发电系统的优化及可靠运行。     

Creative tensions in the research and development climate. Technical achievement of scientists and engineers was high under conditions that seemed antithetical

As Andrews and I examined the conditions under which scientists and engineers did effective work, we observed a number of apparent paradoxes. Achievement was high under conditions that seemed inconsistent, including on the one hand sources of stability or confidence (what I have called "security") and on the other hand sources of disruption or intellectual conflict (that is, "challenge"). It appears that, if both are present, the creative tension between them can promote technical achievement.     

新材料产业技术创新联盟模式研究

新材料产业发展的关键在于产业技术创新。考量新材料产业发展状况和新材料产业技术创新联盟成员构成情况，按照技术创新难易程度以及产业技术创新联盟中不同的主导力量，构建为政府推动型、学研驱动型和市场导向型三类新材料产业技术创新联盟模式模式。政府推动型模式适用于市场前景不明朗、创新风险大、政府直接或间接介入的重大技术创新领域；学研驱动型模式适用于科技含量较高的重点技术创新领域；市场导向型模式适用于企业有技术创新需求但需要合作研发才能实现的一般性技术创新领域。