麻疯树群体构件特征资源依赖性研究

本文首次以克隆木本植物构件的概念,研究了非克隆木本植物构件对资源环境的依赖性问题。在金沙江干热河谷攀枝花段,研究了生物柴油植物麻疯树群体构件对资源性因素光照、水分和养分的适应性反应。养分资源（土壤厚度为60 cm以上、20 cm和40 cm）不同时,构件直径、长度、长径比、叶片数量、叶片密度、头茬果实数量和生殖频率等参数都存在极显著差异,在养分资源充足时群体构件参数明显较大。与林外相比,乔木林下麻疯树林分构件直径、长度、长径比在花期呈现出显著差异,而在果期差异微弱,叶片数量、叶片密度、生殖频率却没有出现差异,而头茬果实产量差异极为明显。土壤水分对构件长度、长径比、叶片数量和生殖频率影响较大,而对构件直径和叶密度影响不显著,而对头茬果实数量的影响较为微弱。暗示资源性因素光照、水分和养分是构件光合作用所需要的基础资源,群体构件特征对资源性因素存在明显的适应反应,均反映了群体构件特征对资源性因素的依赖性。本文分析构件特征对资源性因素影响时,没有考虑密度效应和海拔问题。在理论上,非克隆木本植物构件麻疯树与克隆木本植物竹类的克隆分株一致,统一了木本植物中的构件概念,在研究中与组件性构件相区分。麻疯树萌生现象较为明显,是适应干热河谷季节性干旱环境的一种策略。在生产上,需要优化资源性因素的配置,在保证光照强度的条件下,通过增加土壤厚度,和/或人工增加养分元素来促进构件发育与生殖,来实现麻疯树生物柴油供应原料的高产与稳产。未来研究中,需要关注构件分支状况与资源性因素梯度的关系,探讨构件对资源性因素的适应对策,深入揭示构件的发生、发展与适应机制。     

麻疯树2年生人工林构筑型对修枝与土壤肥沃性的响应

本文首次采用固定枝级划分方法,试验研究了麻疯树构筑型对土壤肥沃性的响应,并探究了构型调控效果的资源反应。结果表明:1)土壤肥沃时麻疯树分枝率高、分枝角度小、枝长较长,构型为密集型;土壤瘠薄时麻疯树分枝率低、分枝角度大、枝长较短,构型为游击型;2)人为修枝也没有明显影响构型对土壤肥沃性的响应策略,但却显著增加了肥沃生境下构型的密集性(30→22°);3)人为修枝改变了贫瘠生境下一级枝长度、一级枝枝径与二级枝长度,具有壮枝作用,而对肥沃生境树体枝条大小影响不明显(二级枝枝径例外);4)据分析,同龄顶芽间距离为间隔子,分枝间夹角为分枝角度,分枝率是分枝强度,类似于克隆植物构型;5)构型枝级划分采用了固定枝序法确定,主干分枝为一级枝,一级枝分支为二级枝,增加了枝级的稳定性,与传统枝级划分方法相反;6)分析还发现,麻疯树构型对资源异质性的响应根源在于一级枝分枝角度,该参数塑造了游击性与密集性的构型特性。     

土壤厚度对麻疯树生殖与生长性状的影响

地形因素对景观格局的塑造受到关注,而土壤资源性因素对生活史性状的影响很少受到重视。本文首次研究了干热河谷麻疯树生长与生殖性状对土壤厚度的反应。结果如下:(1)土壤厚度对雌花数量、性比都存在明显影响,土壤厚度较大时,雌性适合度较高;(2)土壤厚度明显影响到营养性构件大小,土壤资源丰富样地营养性构件明显较大,分支能力较强;(3)土壤厚度较大时,果期构件的果实包装良好,生殖频率、果实数量、千粒重都明显大于土壤厚度较薄样地,而结籽率、败育率变化不明显;(4)土壤厚度较大时,个体高度较大,垂直空间资源利用相对充分,而冠幅和地径则容易受到密度效应制约;(5)土壤厚度较大时,果实及其组分性状都较大,种子产量潜力较大。结论表明:土壤环境资源充沛时,麻疯树雌性适合度明显,这种生殖潜力还与营养性构件和个体生长优势(或者构型)紧密相关;土壤环境资源对生殖潜力的调节是通过提高构型参数来实现的。本文对于认识土壤环境资源对基于种群的景观格局异质性和生活史性状型具有重要作用。在栽培和经营中需要重视深植与土壤调控。     

基于内部优先的麻疯树构型可塑性的结构限制研究

适应假说能解释木本植物构型对生境资源斑块的适应性,但树体发育早期结构对后期发育结构存在限制,这种看法还未受到普遍关注。本文研究了干热河谷灌木粮油能源麻疯树的树体构型对6种生境资源斑块的适应性响应,并分析了这种响应的结构限制性。麻疯树一级枝与二级枝数量对生境响应异常明显,个体分支率2∶1、分支率3∶2、总体分支率、枝径比2∶1、枝径比3∶2、总体枝径比、枝长比2∶1、枝长比3∶2、总体枝长比都有极为显著的差异表现。相关分析表明,分支率2∶1、枝径比2∶1、枝长比2∶1都与各类分支格局参数在不同生境间呈现显著正相关、负相关与无关关系,分支率2∶1副作用明显,而枝径比、枝长比的正作用相对明显。早期树体这种结构限制可能归因于分支数量与质量的权衡与正偶联。麻疯树构型对不同生境资源斑块适应是通过分支数量调控个体内资源配置格局与正负偶联建立的,具有复杂性。     

攀枝花市麻疯树生殖构件特征与雌雄花配置研究

生殖构件是研究单性花同株植物性别分化影响因素的基础。本文描述了攀枝花市几个麻疯树林分的生殖构件数量特征和雌雄花配置问题,分析了影响生殖构件的可能因素,为认识麻疯树生殖特性提供了基础资料。麻疯树生殖构件的枝条长度主要以0．3cm～15cm、直径以0．5cm～1．0cm之间的枝条为主体,该区段生殖构件分布的频度较高。同时,麻疯树的雌花数量、雄花数量和花总数的数量结构都可以看出,分布图为偏左分布,表明这些生殖参数以低数量为主体。在样地水平上,不同调查样地麻疯树生殖构件的大小明显不同,可能受到土壤厚度的影响。麻疯树枝条大小（体积）是花数量的决定性因素,表明了枝条营养对生殖构件影响的有效性。麻疯树雌雄花配置存在明显的线性相关,暗示了麻疯树雌花比例或性比可能存在一定程度的遗传稳定性。雌花比例或性比与雄花数量、花总数无关,表明了雌花比例或性比决定受到环境因素影响。总之,攀枝花市麻疯树生殖构件偏小,性比较低,可能受到林分密度和土壤厚度等因素的影响。     

四川麻疯树花序结构和雌雄花动态研究

本文研究了四川麻疯树雌雄花序结构和雌雄花动态,初步描述了麻疯树的花序结构和生殖物候,分析了雌雄花数目和比例的影响因素.麻疯树为单性花同株,腋生或顶生聚伞花序,雌花一般着生于有限花序的顶端,雄花由无限花序的顶端产生.由于资源限制,麻疯树花蕾期雌花和雄花并不能全部发育至开放阶段,中途出现萎蔫、脱落.生殖物候存在很大的样地间差异,也存在样地内麻疯树着生微环境异质性的差异.麻疯树雌花比例和数目存在较大的样地间差异,可能受水分条件的影响.开花时间也会影响到雌花比例和数目,头茬花高于二茬花,早花高于晚花.结果枝的大小会影响到雌花数目和比例,结果枝越大,雌花数目和比例越大.综合分析,麻疯树单枝雌花数目、雌雄花比例可能受单枝头年的将来投资和样地非生物环境的影响.     

攀枝花市麻疯树老树特征的初步研究

本文初步研究了攀枝花市不同年龄与生境的麻疯树老树,分析了老树特征与衰老的环境诱导结构限制现象。结果表明：（1）麻疯树衰老树体相对地径（16 cm～62 cm）、树龄（15 a～41 a）、冠幅（3 m×3 m～8.5 m×8.5m）、高度（2 m～6.96 m）较大,一级枝较大,有一定比例的枯死枝;（2）新梢小（枝径0.7 cm～1.12 cm;长度7 cm～28 cm之间）,生长量低,萌生枝稀少,生殖枝比例偏低（趋近于30%以下）;（3）单枝坐果量低（0～3个）,干果重量1.65 g,千粒重490 g,壳比例30%,适合度偏低;（4）生境肥沃时树龄偏大,衰老程度弱,而生境瘠薄时树龄小,衰老程度强烈;（5）不考虑环境异质性,则衰老为树体结构限制的结果,新梢大小小于分支阈值,丧失了树体发育的能力而成为限制生长的因素。综合分析,麻疯树老树指标是分支率,在分支率为1时衰老启动;形态上衰老为环境诱导结构限制的产物,而结构限制可能是衰老的主观因素。     

金沙江干热河谷麻疯树结籽率及其影响因素研究

结籽率是度量雌性适合度与生殖效率的指标之一,结籽率低也是麻疯树高产稳产面临的问题之一.本文从传粉受精、构件与土壤资源三方面测定了不同环境与处理麻疯树林分的结籽率.攀枝花市麻疯树结籽率为77.3%(浮动在73%～91%之间)和败育率为4.3%(浮动在2.1%～5.8%之间).人工辅助授粉提高了结籽率5%;土壤厚度不同样地...     

麻疯树生殖物候同步性的表示方法研究

生殖物候同步性是表示不同植物种类或同种植物不同样地之间生殖物候差异的基本指标。本文初步研究了麻疯树一种简单的生殖物候同步性检测和表示方法,指出了该方法的野外数据获取和室内分析统计方法,并在3个水分差异明显的麻疯树人工林样地中进行了示范。最后,分析了使用这种生殖物候同步性检测方法的注意事项及其在一般植物中的应用前景。     

攀枝花市麻疯树果实大小和结籽率对果实组成的影响

本文研究了麻疯树果实及其组成的资源配置问题,分析了果实大小和结籽率对果实组成的影响.攀枝花市麻疯树果实平均重量为1.7 g,其中种子平均重量1.17 g,壳重量0.53 g,分别占34%和67%.单个果实平均种子数为2.47个,结籽率为82%,单粒种子重量为0.47 g.这些果实及其组成的参数存在明显的样地间差异,可能与土壤厚度有关.从统计学上考虑,麻疯树果实及其组分存在正态或偏态分布,变异程度可用整齐度来表示.麻疯树果实大小对其组分参数具有调控作用.回归表明,果实大小和壳重量之间符合多项式模型:y=0.0013x4+0.054x3-0.2769x2+0.5933x+0.048(R2=0.6671);果实大小和种子重量之间也符合多项式模型:y=0.0786x2-0.3723x+0.7175(R2=0.6225).结果表明,果实较小时较多资源投资在果壳上,而果实较大时较多资源投资在种子上,超过一定大小则对壳的投资较多.还表明,麻疯树果实组分的资源配置存在一个优化模式,约在2.5 g左右壳比例最低而种子比例最高.结籽率高的果实较大.而单粒种子重量较低,单个果实种子重量较大.不考虑其它因素.麻疯树果实大小和结籽率对果实组成的资源配置起到了调节作用.     

异质光环境下云南红豆杉的构型与叶构件水分特征

对全光照、林隙、林冠3种光照环境下6年生云南红豆杉的构型和叶水分特征研究结果表明:云南红豆杉的构型在不同光照条件下存在显著的可塑性变化,叶构件的水分特征也有不同程度的差异。全光环境下的云南红豆杉树体高大、树冠开阔,圆满度为0.97(约为林冠下的两倍);全光下的总体分枝率为8.57,显著大于林隙的6.40和林冠下的4.81;全光中的1级枝长度、枝倾角、叶倾角等构型指标都显著大于林隙和林冠下的;3种光环境下各枝级的叶片分配存在明显的差异,全光下枝条的叶片数量是林隙的2.77倍,是林冠下的6.88倍,但它们都是1级枝的叶最多;叶构件的水分饱和亏缺有随着光照强度减弱而增大的趋势,组织密度、相对含水量、干鲜比则随着光照减弱而减小,表明叶片的抗旱保水和抵御水分胁迫的能力随着光照强度的增强而变大。云南红豆杉为适应不同光环境,在形态和生理方面都做出适应性调整。     

模拟物理空间资源对麻疯树幼苗生长的影响

密度效应为常见的生态学术语,但对其本质缺乏认识。物理空间也是一种资源（M cConnaughay＆Bazzaz,1991）,为密度效应的认识提供了线索。本文利用密度与容器大小模拟物理空间资源对麻疯树幼苗形态与资源配置的影响,来阐明物理空间资源影响现象与机制。在密度栽植时,立地异质性无法抗拒无意中得到了空间限制的资源依赖性结果,增加了解释的复杂性与价值性。结果表明：1）大容器个体苗高、直径、头年生高度、当年生高度、叶片数量,叶生物量、根系生物量、头年生生物量、当年生茎生物量、总体生物量都明显大于小容器;2）大容器根系资源配置明显小于小容器,大容器当年生叶与茎生物量配置较高,而头年生茎生物量相对配置较低,表明空间不足限制了根系发育从而限制了地上部分生长能力;3）试验后测定容器土壤肥力,发现小容器肥力利用充足,元素浓度明显低于大容器;4）高密度组个体形态与生物量参数较大,中密度次之,低密度最低,这一意外结果与微地形造成的水分差异有关;5）高密度在资源充足,加剧了空间限制,使得当年生茎与根系生物量相对配置增加,而低密度因微地形可能水分缺乏明显,根系生物量配置增加。物理空间也是一种资源,这种资源与生态学中生态空间含义不同,单纯是一种资源因子。     

Effect of micro-environmental factors on natural regeneration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sal</Emphasis> (S<Emphasis Type="Italic">horea robusta</Emphasis>)

Micro-environmental factors viz., soil moisture and light intensity are important factors that affect natural regeneration in forests. These factors vary spatially depending on the overhead canopy density of the forest. The present study focused on studying the effect of variation of soil moisture and light intensity on natural regeneration of sal species (Shorea robusta) under different micro-environments due to overhead canopy of varying forest density. Experimental plots of 40m× 40m size were laid under different overhead canopy densities in a small sal forested watershed in the foot hills of Himalayas in Nainital District of Uttarakhand State, India. The plots were monitored on a long term basis for soil moisture at multi depths, light intensity and natural regeneration of sal. The results of the study revealed that the natural regeneration was highest under C1 (up to-0.30) canopy followed by C2 (0.30–0.50), and C3 (0.50–0.70) canopies. The C3 canopy showed the dying back of sal shoots over 4 years of study. The highest R² value of linear regression between incremental score of plot regeneration and average soil moisture content was obtained as 0.156 for average soil moisture content during non-monsoon months at 100 cm depth. The R² value between incremental score of plot regeneration and annual average light intensity was obtained as 0.688 which indicated that the regeneration is largely dependent on the light intensity conditions during the year. The multiple linear regression analysis between the incremental score of regeneration and the average light intensity and average soil moisture content revealed that that about 80% of variation in regeneration is explained by both the factors.     

Shoot structure and growth along a vertical profile within a Populus-Tilia canopy

We investigated shoot growth patterns and their relationship to the canopy radiation environment and the distribution of leaf photosynthetic production in a 27-m-tall stand of light-demanding Populus tremula L. and shade-tolerant Tilia cordata Mill. The species formed two distinct layers in the leaf canopy and showed different responses in branch architecture to the canopy light gradient. In P. tremula, shoot bifurcation decreased rapidly with decreasing light, and leaf display allowed capture of multidirectional light. In contrast, leaf display in T. cordata was limited to efficient interception of unidirectional light, and shoot growth and branching pattern facilitated relatively rapid expansion into potentially unoccupied space even in the low light of the lower canopy. At the canopy level, T. cordata had higher photosynthetic light-use efficiency than P. tremula, whereas P. tremula had higher nitrogen-use efficiency than T. cordata. However, at the individual leaf level, both species had similar efficiencies under comparable light conditions. Production of new leaf area in the canopy followed the pattern of photosynthetic production. However, the species differed substantially in extension growth and space-filling strategy. Light-demanding P. tremula expanded into new space with a few long shoots, with shoot length strongly dependent on photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Production of new leaf area and extension growth were largely uncoupled in this species because short shoots, which do not contribute to extension growth, produced many new leaves. Thus, in P. tremula, the growth pattern was strongly directed toward the top of the canopy. In contrast, in shade-tolerant T. cordata, shoot growth was weakly related to PPFD and more was invested in long shoot growth on a leaf area basis compared with P. tremula. However, this extension growth was not directed and may serve as a passive means of avoiding self-shading. This study supports the hypothesis that, for a particular species, allocation patterns and crown architecture contribute as much to shade tolerance as leaf-level photosynthetic acclimation.     

鄂西北主要森林类型碳密度特征

将鄂西北山区典型森林生态系统划分为13种森林类型,在系统调查样地乔木层、灌木层、枯落物层及土壤层碳含量的基础上,对不同森林类型碳密度进行了估算。结果表明:鄂西北森林生态系统平均碳密度为175.812t·C·hm-2,各层碳密度的大小顺序为土壤层(110.130t·C·hm-2)乔木层(48.278t·C·hm-2)灌木层(15.187t·C·hm-2)枯落物层(2.217t·C·hm-2),各层分别占整个生态系统碳储量的62.64%,27.46%,8.64%和1.26%。天然林不同林龄碳密度排序为近成过熟林中龄林幼龄林,人工林不同森林类型碳密度排序为针阔混交林针叶林阔叶林。     

攀枝花麻疯树生殖年龄问题的初步研究

本文研究了不同立地条件麻疯树生殖年龄的问题。研究表明。土壤厚度和群落环境是影响林分生殖年龄的主要因素,前者影响了土壤水分和营养元素供给,后者影响了更新个体的光能利用。表明,生殖是一个营养问题,是营养生长到一定阶段的产物,受到个体发育的立地条件调控。还提出了麻疯树林分促成结实的管理措施。     

Root distribution of under-planted European beech (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus sylvatica</Emphasis> L.) below the canopy of a mature Norway spruce stand as a function of light

Aboveground and belowground biomass of 15-year-old under-planted European beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Norway spruce stand were studied along a light gradient in three plots, in the northern part of Slovenia. Differences in soil water content, aboveground and fine root biomass distribution were confirmed between studied plots. Light had significant effect on the total biomass, root-shoot ratio (0.388 ± 0.076 under canopy, 0.549 ± 0.042 in the edge, 0.656 ± 0.047 in the open), specific root length (SRL) of fine beech roots (561.9 ± 42.2 under canopy, 664.3 ± 51.2 in the edge, 618.2 ± 72.8 in the open) and specific leaf area in beech, indicating morphological adjustment to shade. However, SRL of beech fine roots indicated no change between plots. The correlation between total aboveground and root biomass and light below the mature stand canopy was higher in the case of diffuse light intensity. Most fine roots of spruce were concentrated in the top (0–20 cm) soil layer. Beech fine roots under canopy and edge conditions were also concentrated in top (0–20 cm) soil layer and exhibited shift downwards to deeper soil horizons in open plot. Root proportion between beech and spruce changed with light toward beech with increasing light intensity for both fine and coarse roots.