斑节对虾6个家系生长、饲料利用和全虾营养成分的比较

以海南三亚野生斑节对虾( Penaeus monodon )为亲本,建立6个家系(hsy5-5,hsy7-7,hsy8-5,hsy10-10,hsy12-13和hsy15-15)进行生长、饲料利用和混养生长试验,同时分析各个家系全虾的营养成分.在生长和饲料利用试验中,家系hsy10-10的增重率和饲料系数优于其它家系;hsy8-5、hsy10-10和hsy12-13的成活率高于hsy5-5、hsy7-7和hsy15-15,但差异不显著( P ＞0.05).在混养生长试验中,水泥池混养时,家系hsy10-10的成活率高达90%,分别比hsy8-5、hsy12-13、hsy7-7、hsy15-15和hsy5-5家系高出13.3%、13.3%、20.0%、23.3%和30.0%;hsy10-10和hsy8-5的月总增重率高于其它4个家系;池塘混养时,hsy10-10家系的平均体重高于6个家系平均值的13.1%.结果表明,家系hsy10-10的成活率、增重率和饲料系数均优于其它家系,且含有最高的粗蛋白、粗脂肪和最低的水分.     

盐度对斑节对虾蜕壳、存活、生长和饲料转化率的影响

对平均体重1.20±0.05g的斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）稚虾进行为期30d的养殖试验,分别测定其在不同养殖盐度条件下的蜕壳间期、成活率、特定增长率和饲料转化率。斑节对虾的成活率在盐度5时最低,低于60%,与其它盐度试验组差异显著,而其它试验组之间差异不显著。在5～25盐度范围内,蜕壳间期随着盐度升高而延长,盐度达30以上后又缩短,25时为最大值;盐度5、10和15之间差异显著,15、20、30和35之间差异不显著。特定增长率和饲料转换率随盐度升高呈现双峰的波浪式变化趋势;特定增长率在盐度20（3.18±0.14）%·d^-1和25（2.98±0.26）%·d^-1时达到最高。蜕壳间期与生长率存在极显著的正相关关系（P〈0.001）。在盐度20、25、30时饲料转化率高,分别为（52.76±3.06）%、（54.90±5.14）%和（51.56±7.58）%,与其它盐度试验组之间差异显著。因此,斑节对虾养殖的适宜盐度应为20～30,在此条件下可实现较高的成活率、特定增长率和饲料转换率。     

南非斑节对虾和中国明对虾肌肉营养成分分析比较

对同池饲养的南非斑节对虾和中国明对虾肌肉的营养成分进行了分析比较,结果显示,南非斑节对虾肌肉中的粗脂肪含量显著低于中国明对虾(P0.05);水分、粗蛋白质、粗灰分、氨基酸含量二者没有显著差异。南非斑节对虾与中国明对虾肌肉的脂肪酸组成有较大差异,南非斑节对虾肌肉中的饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于中国明对虾(P0.05),单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于中国明对虾(P0.05),多不饱和脂肪酸含量二者无显著差异。南非斑节对虾的n-3族多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于中国明对虾的(P0.05),而n-6族多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于中国明对虾(P0.01),表明南非斑节对虾合成n-6多不饱和脂肪酸的能力较差。     

两种鱼粉水平对9个斑节对虾家系生长性能及饲料利用的影响

研究了鱼粉水平分别为30％和20％的饲料对9个斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)家系生长性能及饲料利用的影响,结果表明,9个斑节对虾家系在两种鱼粉水平饲料下的特定生长率、存活率、饲料系数及饲料干物质表观消化率差异均不显著(P>0.05).20％鱼粉水平饲料组中,1号、3号、5号、9号家系的存活率分别为(58.8...     

金马牌对虾饲料养殖斑节对虾试验报告

斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon Fabricius)俗称草虾、花虾、虎虾,属热带性大型虾类,我国主要产于海南、广东和广西沿岸,浙江、福建也有少量分布。其个体大、生长快,肉质鲜美、离水耐干性强,便于活运,是养殖的优良品种。东南亚的泰国、菲律宾和印尼等国,人工育苗和养殖斑节对虾都有较长的历史,发展很快。我国台湾省于1968年首次人工育苗成功,二十几年来发展迅猛,积累了丰富的经验;广东、福建经过多年试验,1992年进行大规模的人工苗种和养殖生产,草虾养殖业正在积极的开发发展中。1992年4—8月,受福建省水产饲料研究会的委托,在我所鼓浪屿实验场2.5亩的池塘中,用华大饲料有限公司生产的金马牌对虾饲料,进行养殖斑节对虾验证试验。经过116天的试养,收获斑节对虾580公斤,平均亩产232公斤,成活率为74.2%,个体规格为每公斤64尾,饲料系数1.98。该项试验结果,已于1992年8月17日通过专家验收确认。     

不同品牌饲料对斑节对虾生长及水质影响的研究

选取6种不同品牌斑节对虾商品饲料（D1、D2、D3、D4、D5和D6）进行60 d养殖试验,评价其对斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）生长及水质的影响。D1、D5和D6的对虾增重率和特定生长率显著高于D2和D4（P〈0.05）;D5和D6的饲料系数显著低于D2和D4（P〈0.05）。D4和D5的蛋白质消化率显著高于D1~D3各饲料（P〈0.05）。第20天水体化学需氧量（COD）D1最低,显著低于D5和D6（P〈0.05）。第40天时D5和D6的COD显著低于D1~D4各饲料（P〈0.05）,D2的氨氮（NH＋4-N）最低,显著低于D4~D6各饲料,总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）分别在D4、D6最低。第60天时D1和D2的NH＋4-N显著低于其他各饲料（P〈0.05）,D5和D6的TN显著低于D1~D4各饲料（P〈0.05）,而TP在D2最低,显著低于D1和D4（P〈0.05）。氮（N）排放率在D1和D6显著低于其余4种饲料（P〈0.05）,磷（P）排放率则D1最低。投喂D1、D5和D6能够使对虾获得较优生长性能,且对水体污染最小。     

饲料中不饱和脂肪酸对斑节对虾幼虾存活、蜕皮和生长的影响

在基础饲料中添加四种含不同脂肪酸的脂肪源组成四种试验饲料，对斑节对虾幼虾进行４５天的喂养试验。结果表明，饲料中含有高度不饱和脂肪酸（ＨＵＦＡ），能促进幼虾的生长和提高幼虾的成活率。幼虾摄食含有不同脂肪酸的饲料，虽然虾体内脂肪含量接近，但虾体脂肪酸含量差异显著。斑节对虾幼虾对１８碳以下的脂肪酸转化能力有限。在斑节对虾幼虾的养殖饲料中直接添加含有ＨＵＦＡ的脂肪源是必要的。     

中草药添加剂对凡纳滨对虾生长和抗病力影响的研究

在凡纳滨对虾饲料中分别添加0、0.5g/kg、1.0g/kg和1.5g/kg的自制中草药添加剂,制成4种实验性饲料,饲养平均体长为(4.75±0.51)cm、平均体重为(0.77±0.24)g的凡纳滨对虾60天,以研究不同添加量对其生长和免疫的影响。测定了凡纳滨对虾的日增重率、相对增长率、成活率、饲料系数和抗病力。结果表明,该中草药制剂可明显提高凡纳滨对虾的生长和抗病力。以促生长角度考虑,添加1.0g/kg是合适的,而从提高免疫力方面考虑,添加1.5g/kg较为合适。     

pH和盐度对斑节对虾存活,生长和渗透调节能力的影响

斑节对虾幼虾（平均体重４．２－５．５ｇ）的ｐＨ低临界值使用盐酸醋化海水的静态生物测定的方法来求得。在盐度３２ｐｐｔ进其致死ｐＨ（即９６ｈＬＣ５０的ｐＨ）为３．７（９５％置信度是３．４和４．１）。最小可采用的ｐＨ（此ｐＨ在２３ｄ中使生长减少５％），在盐度为３０ｐｐｔ时估算为５．９。同ｐＨ７．８相比较，长期（２３ｄ）置于低ｐＨ（４．９），盐度为３０ｐｐｔ时，对虾于民分明显减少（Ｐ＜０．００１），而蜕皮     

Probiotic bacteria effects on growth and bacterial composition of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

The effects of Bacillus probiotic forms on growth performance and microbiota were examined in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Shrimp were fed for 120 days with one of three diets; a control diet alone or supplemented with either probiotics consisting of live‐sprayed Bacillus (LS) or freeze‐dried Bacillus (FD). Culturable bacteria counts in the hepatopancreas, intestine and culture water of the three treatments were relatively constant during the experiment. Bacillus numbers in the hepatopancreas and intestines of probiotic‐treated groups increased significantly (P < 0.05) after 30 treatment days and remained relatively constant afterwards while no appreciable changes occurred in the control. Shrimp supplemented with LS and FD contained significantly lower concentrations of Vibrio (P < 0.05) in the hepatopancreas, intestine and culture water, compared to those in the control group. Shrimp treated with LS and FD probiotic bacteria showed a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE), compared to those of control group. Probiotic bacteria have the potential to enhance shrimp culture by reducing Vibrio and improving growth performance.     

饥饿对南美白对虾生化组成及补偿生长的影响

对南美白对虾(初始湿重1.427±0.018g)在29.5±1.5℃条件下进行不同饥饿时间处理后再投喂的实验。实验设对照组C以及饥饿处理组S_1、S_2、S_3、S_4、S_5和S_6共7组,分别饥0d(对照组)、1d、2d、3d、4d、5d和6d后再投喂。实验共进行20d。在饥饿1-6d的过程中,南美白对虾体重、脂肪含量、碳水化合物含量和能值下降,而水分、灰分含量增加,但蛋白质含量没有明显改变。实验结束时,S_1、S_2和S_3组体重与C组没有显著差异(P>0.05),虾体的生化组成也均接近或达到了C组水平,而S_4、S_5和S_6组体重则显著低于对照组(P<0.05),且虾体的生化组成与C组还有一定的差异。在恢复生长过程中,各饥饿处理组的生长率、食物转化率,以及S_4、S_5和S_6三组的摄食率均显著高于C组(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,南美白对虾继饥饿后具有补偿生长效应,这主要是由于恢复摄食后摄食率和食物转化率提高共同作用的结果。     

Effects of feeding frequency and feed type on the growth,feed utilization and body composition of juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

A factorial (3 × 4) feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding frequency and feed type on the growth performance, feed utilization and body proximate composition of juvenile olive flounder. Three feed types including a sinking moist pellet (MP), a sinking dry pellet (DP) and a floating extruded pellet (EP) were used. Fish (average weight, 11.1 ± 0.4 g) were randomly distributed in thirty‐six 300 L tanks in a flowthrough system. Triplicate groups (30 fish per tank) of fish were fed each feed type to visual satiation at three meals per day, two meals per day, one meal per day and one meal every 2 days for 7 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, the survival of fish was not significantly different among the treatments. Weight gain was affected by the feeding frequency. The highest weight gain was observed in fish fed the EP at three meals per day. The daily feed intake of fish fed the MP and DP tended to be higher than that of fish fed the EP at each feeding frequency. The feed efficiency and the protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the EP were higher than those of fish fed the MP and DP. The body proximate composition of fish was altered by the feeding frequency. The crude lipid content increased with the increase in the feeding frequency. The present findings suggest that three feedings per day at visual satiation of the floating EP may be sufficient for the maximal growth performance of olive flounder grown from 11 to 60 g.     

益生菌对凡纳滨对虾生长和全虾营养组成的影响

研究了芽孢杆菌制剂（Bacillus sp．,10^9CFU·g^-1）对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei（初始体重0．03g·尾^-1）生长性能、全虾营养成分和氨基酸的影响。7种试验饲料中芽孢杆菌制剂的添加量分别为0,0．5,1．0,1．5,2．0,2．5和3．0g·kg^-1饲料。芽孢杆菌制剂对凡纳滨对虾的成活率没有显著影响。摄食添加益生菌1．0和1．5g·kg^-1饲料的凡纳滨对虾的增重率高并且饲料系数低于对照组,特别是添加量为1．0g·kg^-1时,差异显著;然而,其它添加量并不存在显著性差异。添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾全虾的水分、蛋白质和灰分含量的影响不显著;投喂添加益生菌1．0和1．5g·kg^-1饲料,脂肪含量高于对照组。饲料中添加益生菌可以改变凡纳滨对虾全虾中部分氨基酸的含量。     

Evaluation of indigenous marine periphytic Amphora, Navicula and Cymbella grown on substrate as feed supplement in Penaeus monodon postlarval hatchery system

Three isolated marine diatoms ( Amphora , Navicula and Cymbella ) grown on substrate were evaluated as feed supplement for Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL) in hatchery system for a period of 19 days without changing water. Specific growth rate (day⁻¹) (0.27 ± 0.0) and survival (%) (56.3 ± 1.8) of PLs were significantly higher ( P  < 0.05) in treatment tanks when compared with the control (0.20 ± 0.0; 36.0 ± 1.5, respectively). Shrimp PLs reared in substrate-based tanks had significantly higher ( P  < 0.05) levels of protein, lipid (521.0 ± 7.0; 304.0 ± 2 g kg⁻¹ dry weight, respectively), ecosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (189.0 ± 2.0; 176.0 ± 2 g kg⁻¹ of total fatty acid, respectively) than the control (435.0 ± 22.0; 258.0 ± 22 g kg⁻¹ dry weight; 172.0 ± 5.0; 152 ± 2 g kg⁻¹ total fatty acid, respectively). The periphytic diatoms contained protein and lipid (430–490; 230–260 g kg⁻¹ dry weight, respectively), EPA (30–150 g kg⁻¹ of total fatty acids), DHA (20–30 g kg⁻¹ of total fatty acids) and nine essential amino acids. The results showed that isolated marine periphytic diatoms grown on substrate could be used as feed supplement in enhancing the growth and survival of P. monodon postlarvae.     

Feed intake,growth, feed utilization,body composition and waste output of juvenile hybrid bream at different feeding frequencies

An eight‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the feed intake, growth, feed utilization, body composition and waste output of juvenile hybrid bream at different feeding frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 3 or 4 meals/day). Fish (initial body weight of 10.6 ± 0.8 g) were fed to satiation at each feeding. The test diet contained 336 g/kg crude protein and 79 g/kg crude lipid. The weight gain significantly increased with increase in feeding frequency from 0.5 to 3 meals/day (p < 0.05) and afterwards did not change with feeding frequency from 3 to 4 meals/day (p > 0.05). The feed intake increased with increase in feeding frequency (p < 0.05). Fish fed at 3 meals/day exhibited the lowest feed conversion ratio and waste output of nitrogen and phosphorus, however, the highest nitrogen retention efficiency (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the phosphorus retention efficiency, the body composition of crude protein, ash and phosphorus among all the feeding frequencies (p > 0.05). The body lipid content increased, whereas the content of moisture decreased, with the increase in feeding frequency (p < 0.05). The present study reveals that the optimum feeding frequency is 3 meals/day for hybrid bream.     

Effect of feed composition and feeding frequency on growth, feed utilization and nutrient retention in juvenile Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.

Juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were fed extruded feeds formulated to contain 360–660 g kg^?1 protein, 80–280 g kg^?1 lipid and 80–180 g kg^?1 starch at feeding frequencies of either once per day or every second day to satiation. The trial was conducted at 8 °C and lasted for 28 weeks during which fish were weighed five times at regular intervals. Sampling for proximate analysis was performed at the start, after 12 weeks and at the end of the trial. Fish grew from an average weight of 192 g to between 750 and 866 g, with growth being negatively affected by low dietary protein concentration. High dietary starch concentrations had some negative effects on growth, whereas changes in dietary fat concentration had no significant effect on growth. Liver indices (at the end of the experiment) varied between 80 and 170 g kg^?1, and there was a negative correlation between the ratio of protein to fat and liver index. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranged between 0.74 and 0.88, and feed utilization improved with increasing concentrations of dietary protein and fat. Increasing dietary starch concentrations resulted in poorer feed utilization. To achieve good growth and protein retention, and avoid excessive liver size in juvenile cod, feeds should contain 500–600 g kg^?1 crude protein, 130–200 g kg^?1 lipid and <150 g kg^?1 starch.     

Effect of dietary lipid level on growth, feed utilization and body composition by juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

A study was undertaken to determine the effect of dietary lipid level on growth, feed efficiency and body chemical composition of juvenile grass carp. Seven isonitrogenous diets (400 g kg^?1 crude protein) containing seven dietary lipid level (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 g kg^?1 dry matter) were fed to triplicate groups of 40 fish with initial weight 6.52 g, for 70 days. No obvious and assured essential fatty acid deficiency symptom appeared in fish fed the lipid‐free diet. Excess dietary lipid level (100 and 120 g kg^?1) resulted in decreased feed intake. The best growth performance and feed utilization was observed in fish fed 20–40 g kg^?1 dietary lipid. The fish fed a lipid‐free diet had the lowest protein efficiency and protein retention. Growth performance and feed utilization increased with the increasing dietary lipid levels up to 40 g kg^?1 dietary lipid. Higher dietary level (above 40 g kg^?1) made growth performance and feed utilization decrease and no protein sparing effect was observed. Lipid retention decreased as dietary lipid level increased. Mesenteric fat index (MFI) increased, hepatosomatic index (HSI) decreased with dietary lipid level. The increased MFI and simultaneous decrease lipid retention can be explained by differences in growth. The effect of dietary lipid levels on the chemical composition of tissues was significant only for whole body and muscle. The excess lipid content of liver in all groups was regarded as a slight symptom of fatty liver, which was partly identified by microscopic structural study and lower plasma lipid indexes, comparing to the initial plasma data. In conclusion, grass carp is a fish with low energy requirement and excess dietary lipid level should be avoided.