幼苗期小麦热激蛋白的诱导研究

高温是小麦产量提高的一个重要限制因素,小麦受到高温胁迫时会产生一系列热激蛋白来适应这种逆境,不同发育阶段的热激蛋白存在差异,不同抗热作物品种中热激蛋白也存在差异,因此,研究抗热性不同的小麦品种中热激蛋白差异对小麦耐热性的研究具有重要的理论意义与实践意义。该实验利用SDS—PAGE方法对热激蛋白的诱导条件及表现形式进行了研究,为小麦增产提供了一定的理论依据。     

水稻热激反应的研究 Ⅱ.高温对晚稻幼苗叶片叶绿体的Hill反应及超微结构的影响

以两个不同抗热性晚稻品种为材料,研究了热激对幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿体的Ｈｉｌ反应及超微结构的影响．结果表明：（１）热激时间延长,叶绿素含量降低的幅度不明显,叶绿体结构的热稳定性反映出水稻品种的抗热性．（２）热激后叶绿体Ｈｉｌ反应快速下降,叶绿体超微结构受到影响,并表现出基因型差异．Ｈｉｌ反应可望作为水稻抗热性的鉴定指标．     

水稻热激反应的研究：Ⅱ.高温对晚稻幼苗叶片叶绿体的Hill反 …

以两个不同抗热性晚稻品种为材料，研究了热激对幼苗叶片叶绿素含量，叶绿体的Ｈｉｌｌ反应及超微结构的影响，结果表明：（１）热激时间处长，叶绿素含量降低的幅度不明显，叶绿体结构２的热稳定性反映出水稻品种的抗热性。（２）热激后叶绿体Ｈｉｌｌ反应快速下降，叶绿体超微结构受到影响，并表现出基因型差异，Ｈｉｌｌ反应可望作为水稻抗热性的鉴定指标。     

嘎拉苹果高温处理与果实日灼的关系

 高温处理对诱导果实增强对日灼的抗性有一定的作用 ,可降低日灼率。苹果果实在 4 5℃下处理 2h ,在3d后将处理果和对照果同时暴露在阳光下 ,结果发现 :热处理能够在一定程度上增强果实对日灼的抗性。在 4 5℃下处理 2、4和 6h后立即取样或室温下放置 2 4h后取样 ,对热激蛋白的分析表明 ,大分子量热激蛋白量变化不大 ,而小分子量热激蛋白可能在诱导果实抗热性方面起重要作用。随着处理时间延长 ,在一定时间范围内 ,热激蛋白抗热性水平增加。经测定 ,树冠外围充分曝光果和树冠内膛遮荫果对比 ,二者热激蛋白含量有显著差异 ,这可能是遮荫果对日灼更为敏感的原因。     

干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗蛋白质和脯氨酸含量分析

为研究干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗蛋白质和脯氨酸含量变化,进而探明不同品种小麦抗旱性差异,采用15％ PEG-6000渗透胁迫,检测20个小麦品种幼苗蛋白质和脯氨酸含量.结果表明,渗透胁迫下,不同品种小麦幼苗蛋白质含量对照组均高于15％ PEG处理组,品种间蛋白质含量变化率差异较大;不同品种小麦幼苗处理组脯氨酸含量均高于对照组,品种间脯氨酸含量变化率差异也较大;不同品种间处理组与对照组小麦幼苗蛋白质、脯氨酸含量差异均极显著;20个小麦品种中金麦8号、淮麦21和淮麦22具有较强的抗旱性.     

苦瓜种子发育过程中水溶性蛋白组分的研究

选取在果型和果色上具典型性的4个苦瓜品种为材料,对不同发育时期种子的可溶性蛋白提取物进行了SDS-PAGE和IEF分析.结果表明,所有品种苦瓜种子均含有丰富的可溶性蛋白(14.4～116.0 kD),其中以分子量为27.6,47.4和43.4 kD的蛋白含量较高,有3种蛋白的分子量在30 kD左右,不同品种之间在小分子量蛋白的表达上有一定差异;所有品种种子均含有4种以上的碱性蛋白,但不同品种之间碱性蛋白的含量和积累规律存在一定的差异.     

冬小麦品种干旱诱导蛋白的研究

为了给干旱地区小麦育种工作提供理论依据，选用了8种抗旱性不同的冬小麦品种，对干旱诱导条件下小麦旗叶和子粒蛋白质在不同生长发育时期的变化情况进行了研究，并讨论蛋白质的变化与小麦品种抗旱性的关系。结果表明：（1）抗旱和抗旱高产品种在拔节期76.5kD和68.7kD两条带显著增强，不抗旱品种只有68.7kD一条带显著增强。拔节期这一特征可为旱地小麦品种选育提供理论参考。（2）在大田自然水分胁迫下，各品种多表现为蛋白质带增强，极少数出现新的蛋白质带；同一品种在不同生育时期干旱诱导蛋白种类有较大变化，分子量呈现以76.5kD蛋白带为中心先升后降的趋势。日本间的变化类似。     

小麦幼苗干旱逆境蛋白与抗旱性关系的研究

干旱逆境蛋白是热稳定蛋白,因此热稳定蛋白可能与抗旱性有关。在本试验中小麦幼苗热稳定蛋白含量在干旱胁迫初期随相对含水量下降而下降,后期随相对含水量的进一步下降而升高,较抗旱的品种Ｋｉｔｅ在胁迫初期热稳定蛋白含量下降幅度较小。３５Ｓ标记试验表明在干旱胁迫期间小麦幼苗有蛋白质合成,但用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ凝胶电脉只从干旱胁迫后期相对含水量已降到５０％以下的Ｋｉｔｅ样品中分离出１种大量产生的２３．５ＫＤ新蛋白。因此,在干旱胁迫下小麦新产生的蛋白可能与干旱胁迫前期的抗旱性无关,而与后期的抗严重脱水能力有关。     

热激处理对白桦幼苗温度适应的影响

以白桦为研究对象 ,人为模拟高温 ,以质膜相对透性和丙二醛含量为主要测定指标 ,比较了不同高温和不同处理时间对 1年生白桦幼苗的伤害程度以及高温预处理对白桦幼苗温度适应的影响 .结果表明 ,膜相对透性及丙二醛含量在 37℃和 4 2℃热激处理的 2 4h期间出现升、降、升的变化趋势 ,但 37℃ 2～ 4h处理为白桦热激反应的理想条件 .37℃ 4h热激预处理既可提高白桦幼苗的耐冷性又可提高白桦幼苗的耐热性     

高温胁迫对豌豆HSP70和抗坏血酸代谢及膜脂氧化的影响

通过测定热驯和高温胁迫下3个豌豆品种幼苗根热激蛋白70(HSP70)、抗坏血酸(AsA)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,探讨高温胁迫对豌豆生理的影响.结果表明:在热驯和高温胁迫下,HSP70的表达在品种之间存在差异;3个品种在高温胁迫下都表达了HSP70,但表达量有差异.高温胁迫还导致AsA含量下降和MDA含量升高;先热驯再高温胁迫的AsA含量明显高于直接高温胁迫者,MDA则低于后者.     

春小麦经热锻炼后热休克蛋白表达及对产量的影响

热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins,HSP)是细胞或生物体受到热胁迫后新合成的一类遗传上高度保守的蛋白,在干旱条件下对小麦的热休克蛋白70(HSP70)表达进行了初步的探讨.发现作物经过热锻炼(Heat Acclimation)后,热休克70的基因和蛋白表达均显著升高,其作物抗逆性有望明显提高,即通过热锻炼可以提高组织的抗逆性,进而提高农作物在干旱条件下种植时的产量.     

Evaluation of a new method for quantification of heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars

Heat stress seriously affects wheat production in many regions of the world. At present, heat tolerance research remains one of the least understood fields in wheat genetics and breeding and there is a lack of effective methods to quantify heat stress and heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars. The objective of this study was to use various wheat cultivars to evaluate stress intensity(δ) and a new method for quantification of heat tolerance and compare this technique with three other currently utilized methods. This new parameter for heat tolerance quantification is referred to as the heat tolerance index(HTI) and is an indicator of both yield potential and yield stability. Heat treatments were applied in a controlled setting when anthesis had been reached for 80% of the wheat. The stress intensity evaluation indicated heat shock was the main factor associated with kernel weight reduction while grain yield reduction was mainly associated with chronic high temperature. The methods evaluation showed that a temperature difference of 5°C from natural temperatures was a suitable heat treatment to compare to the untreated controls. HTI was positively correlated with yield under heat stress(r=0.8657, δ_(2010)=0.15, in 2009–2010; r=0.8418, δ_(2011)=0.20, in 2010–2011; P0.01), and negatively correlated with yield reduction rate(r=–0.8344, in 2009–2010; r=–0.7158, in 2010–2011; P0.01). The results of this study validated the use of HTI and temperature difference control for quantifying wheat heat tolerance that included the yield potential and the stability of different wheat cultivars under heat stress. Additionally, 10 wheat cultivars showed high HTI and should be further tested for their heat confirming characteristics for use in wheat heat tolerance breeding.     

Effects of high temperature after anthesis on starch granules in grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The effect of high temperatures (above 25°C) on starch concentration and the morphology of starch granules in the grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied. Wheat plants of cultivars Yangmai 9 (weak-gluten) and Yangmai 12 (medium-gluten) were treated with high temperatures for 3 days at different times after anthesis. The results showed that the starch concentration of grains given a heat-shock treatment above 30°C were lower than those developing at normal temperature in both cultivars. High temperature lowered starch concentration due to the decrease of amylopectin. Under the same temperature, the effect of heat shock from 6 to 8 days after anthesis (DAA) was the greatest, whereas from 36 to 38 DAA the effect was the least. The effects of high temperatures after anthesis on starch-pasting properties were similar to those on starch concentration, especially after 35-40°C treatments. The size, shape and structure of starch granules in wheat grains (determined by electron microscopy) after heat shock were visibly different from the control. When given heat shock during development, the starch granules in mature wheat grains were ellipsoid in shape and bound loosely with a protein sheath in Yangmai 9, while they were damaged and compressed with fissures in Yangmai 12, indicating the differences in resistance to high temperature between cultivars. Ratios of large (type-A) and small (type-B) starch granules significantly decreased under heat shock, which limited the potential sink size for dry matter deposition in the grain.     

Heat stability of winter wheat depends on cultivars,timing and protective methods

Heat stress negatively affects wheat production in many regions of the world. At present, sensitivity to heat stress remains one of the least understood aspects of wheat genetics and breeding, and measures for preventing heat stress are understudied. In this study, we used three cultivars of winter wheat(GY2018, SL02-1 and SY20) to evaluate the effect of heat stress at different days after anthesis(DAA) on yield and quality. Heat stability of the cultivars were analyzed and evaluated for the effects of two kinds of regulators on wheat under heat stress conditions. Heat treatment at 7 DAA led to the most substantial reduction in yield while GY2018 had the best heat stability with respect to yield, and demonstrated the most positive effects on several quality traits including protein content, sedimentation volume and glutenin and gliadin contents. Heat treatment at 14 DAA had the least reduction in yield, while SY20 had the best heat stability with respect to yield and heat treatment had minimal effects on quality. Heat treatment at 21 DAA had only a limited effect on yield, while SL02-1 had the best heat stability with respect to yield, but it showed the most negative effects on quality. Stable time at 14 DAA and protein content at 21 DAA can be used as indicators for detecting the stability of quality under heat stress. Among the three studied cultivars, SY20 was the most sensitive to heat stress with the stable time decreasing from 26.4 to 9.1 min, a higher sedimentation volume at 7 DAA, and a lower γ-gliadin content which increased 2.4-fold under high-temperature treatment. The addition of various regulators had different effects: potassium dihydrogen phosphate(KDP) was more protective of yield with heat stress at 7 DAA, while Duntianbao(DTB) had better effects on quality with heat stress at 21 DAA.     

生育中后期高温胁迫对小麦籽粒灌浆与产量的影响

[目的]探索提高小麦(Triticum aestivum Linn.)稳产性的途径,明确大田条件下气候变化对小麦的影响。[方法]以强筋小麦品种新麦19为试验材料,用小麦生育中后期高温棚增温的方法,研究小麦生育中后期高温对籽粒灌浆与产量的影响。[结果]自开花前至灌浆中期,随着高温处理时期的推迟,小麦籽粒灌浆时间缩短,千粒重显著降低。开花前高温明显导致产量降低,灌浆前中期一定程度的高温有利于产量提高。[结论]该研究可为后期高温逆境条件下延缓小麦植株衰老和提高产量提供理论依据。     

春小麦不同品种籽粒蛋白质和干物质动态变化研究

[目的]研究春小麦不同品种籽粒灌浆过程中蛋白质和粒重的积累动态,为新疆春小麦优质高产种植提供理论依据.[方法]采用杜马斯燃烧法测定不同灌浆时期籽粒粗蛋白含量.[结果]春小麦不同品种在籽粒灌浆过程中蛋白质含量的变化动态及累积趋势是基本一致的,呈高、低、高的"V"型变化规律.粒重在灌浆前期增长迅速,后期增大缓慢;不同品种之间籽粒蛋白质含量积累变化动态存在差异,灌浆前期籽粒蛋白质含量与成熟期籽粒蛋白质含量关系不明显.[结论]蛋白质含量高的品种其含量增加主要在灌浆中后期;不同品种籽粒产量和蛋白质产量同步增加,籽粒蛋白质含量与千粒重间呈有负相关关系.     

不同基因型小麦氮素吸收积累差异研究

2000～2002年以不同基因型小麦品种为研究对象，探讨其氮素吸收积累的差异性。结果表明：籽粒产量、蛋白质含量与产量、植株与籽粒含氮率、氮积累量、氮吸收利用效率、氮收获指数存在明显的基因型差异，出现频率呈偏态或正态分布。根据经济产量、氮收获指数、籽粒蛋白质含量、氮素产量生产效率、氮吸收效率、氮产量利用效率等因子进行动态聚类，将供试小麦品种分为8类，并探讨了不同类型小麦在生产中的利用价值。     

硫肥施用方式对冬小麦灌浆期籽粒蛋白含量动态的影响

[目的]为冬小麦品质改良和优质高效栽培提供理论依据。[方法]在大田条件下,研究2种硫肥施用方式对冬小麦中筋力型品种豫麦49和强筋力型品种豫麦66灌浆期籽粒蛋白质含量和麦谷蛋白含量影响。[结果]施用硫肥能提高2种筋力型冬小麦品种籽粒蛋白质含量和麦谷蛋白含量,尤其对中筋型小麦品种豫麦49效果更明显。[结论]针对不同筋力型品种,结合不同要求,采取合理硫肥施用技术可以起到提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和麦谷蛋白含量的作用。     

氮肥对小麦品质的影响研究进展

综述了小麦籽粒蛋白质、蛋白质组分的形成过程以及氮代谢关键酶在氮素积累、转运和再利用过程中的作用,阐述了小麦氮肥施用量和施用时期对小麦蛋白质品质、蛋白质组分品质及小麦加工品质的影响,以期为小麦高产优质栽培提供一定的理论依据。