粳稻新老品种株型性状比较

选用日本、韩国、中国的粳稻品种30个,将1990年及以前育成的品种称为老品种,1991年及以后的品种称为新品种.比较新老品种株型性状的变化及其对产量的效应.结果表明:(1)新品种比老品种株高低,穗角小,单株有效穗数少,每穗总粒数多,着粒密度大;新品种比老品种倒2叶基角大,倒3叶基角和张角小,倒3叶叶长短.(2)新老品种的10穴产量,穗总粒数,穗角及着粒密度差异极显著,新老品种剑叶、倒2叶和倒3叶的叶宽差异极显著.(3)根据通径系数,老品种中穗总粒数、单株有效穗数对产量的直接作用较大;新品种中经济系数、穗总粒数对产量的直接效应较大.新老品种中着粒密度对产量的间接效应总和都为最大.新老品种的倒2叶宽对产量的直接效应较大.老品种的剑叶宽和剑叶基角对产量的间接效应总和较大;新品种的倒3叶宽和倒3叶基角对产量的间接效应总和较大.     

利用农垦58衍生系研究浙江省晚粳产量和植株形态的改良

 【目的】阐明晚粳稻产量与植株形态的关系。【方法】以农垦58及其衍生系为材料，通过在同一生态条件下的种植试验，比较不同时期水稻品种的产量、叶部、茎部和穗部性状，分析近几十年浙江省晚粳品种改良过程中产量及植株形态的演变，并进行产量和植株性状的相关分析。【结果】浙江省晚粳产量增加最快的阶段是60年代，此阶段的水稻品种类型可分为穗粒兼顾型和穗数型；70年代后产量增幅较慢，品种多为穗粒兼顾型。在植株形态中，近代品种（育成年份1985～1995年）的剑叶长度、上3叶的叶基角小于早代品种（1985年以前育成），倒3叶长度、剑叶和倒3叶的宽度大于早代品种；近代品种较矮，各节间长度均小于早代品种，但茎秆密度和单位叶鞘重于早代品种，而着粒密度高于早代品种。植株性状和产量的相关分析表明，剑叶和倒2叶的长度、上3叶的叶基角和叶片曲率、倒1和倒2节节间长度与产量存在显著负相关，结实率与产量显著正相关。【结论】水稻产量的提高和植株形态的改良有很大的关系，提高浙江省晚粳单产的可行途径是在保持高结实率的前提下适当增加每穗粒数。     

水稻株型与品质关系的研究

以黑龙江八一农垦大学水稻研究中心保存的163个寒地早粳稻品种（系）为试材进行相关和通径分析,研究茎、叶、穗株型指标与稻米品质的关系。结果表明,穗下节间长和倒3节间粗分别与稻米品质综合评分呈极显著和显著正相关;剑叶长而窄,叶基角小的品种品质较优;二次枝梗结实率与品质总评分呈极显著正相关。理想品质株型模式特征为：茎秆粗壮,穗下节间较长;倒2叶长宽比适宜、叶面积不能过大,剑叶长而窄、叶基角小,倒3叶宽较大;单穗重较小,着粒密度适中,二次枝梗结实率高。     

籼粳交F1主要株型性状的遗传相关分析

采用具有不同株型性状的６个籼稻和６个粳稻品种（系）按不完全双列杂交配成３６个籼粳杂交组合，研究结果表明：籼粳交Ｆ１的８个主要株型性状遗传，除剑角之外，都具有明显的杂种优势，并且相互之间有一定遗传相关，籼粳交Ｆ１的剑叶长、剑叶面积与穗长和每穗总粒数呈极显著或显著遗传正相关，而株高、剑叶宽、倒二叶宽和倒二叶面积与单株有效穗数呈现显著或极显著负相关。     

辽宁省水稻品种资源主要农艺性状评价

对150份水稻品种资源的主要农艺性状进行了鉴定,并进行了初步的分析与评价,结果如下：（1）供试品种的株高主要分布在中和中高两个类别,分蘖以分蘖力中等和分蘖力强类型为主,绝大多数品种都能抗倒伏。（2）不同品种间剑叶和倒二叶的叶长、叶宽的差异比较明显,剑叶和倒二叶角度以直立型为主。（3）供试品种的以短穗长为主,穗粒数以中类型为主,有效穗数以少、中两个类型为主,大多数品种的结实率都很高,着粒密度较大,千粒重处于中等水平。不同品种在穗长、穗粒数、有效穗数和着粒密度等性状品种间差异明显,结实率和千粒重变异较小。     

云南粳稻育成品种（系）主要数量性状遗传参数分析

 为探讨云南粳稻新育成品种（系）主要数量性状间的相关系数和找出合理的选择方法,对48个粳稻品种的12个数量性状进行了相关遗传力分析,并采用与单株粒重相关极显著的4个性状构建了综合选择指数方程。结果表明：株高、穗长、穗总粒数、着粒密度、剑叶角度、千粒重等性状遗传力较高,遗传变异系数较小。株高、穗长、穗实粒数与单株粒重的相关遗传力均大于单株粒重的遗传力;株高、穗长、穗实粒数、剑叶角度等性状对单株产量遗传贡献率较大。单株粒重与株高、穗长、穗实粒数3个性状构建的综合选择指数方程,相对选择效率最高。     

水稻优良食味核心种质美香占2号及其衍生系统理想模式研究

研究了优良食味核心种质美香占2号及其衍生系统在广州地区早、晚季的主要农艺性状和食味品质性状,并结合广东省区试结果提出美香占2号及其衍生系统理想模式。结果表明,早季食味品质与有效穗数呈显著正相关,与倒二叶宽呈显著负相关;产量与倒二叶宽呈显著正相关,与倒三叶宽呈极显著正相关。剑叶宽因子增加1个单位,产量提高6.01个单位。在广州地区早季选种圃对美香占2号衍生系统的产量和食味品质综合改良应注重有效穗多、剑叶宽大和每穗实粒数多单株的选择。晚季食味品质与剑叶宽和倒三叶宽呈显著负相关。着粒密度因子增加1个单位,产量提高5.41个单位。在广州地区晚季选种圃对美香占2号衍生系统的产量和食味品质综合改良应注重大穗密粒、剑叶和倒三叶细长单株的选择。     

晚籼稻品种主要性状的遗传力和相互关系的研究

研究表明:晚籼稻各性状的广义遗传力,均以个体估算的比小区平均值估算的为低。其中,总的趋势是株高、抽穗日数、百粒重的遗传力较高;穗长、剑叶张角、每穗实粒数居中;结实率、着粒密度、每株穗数较低;单株产量最低。在单株产量的三个直接构成性状中,以每株穗数和每穗实粒数对它的影响最大,百粒重的影响最小。在穗长、着粒密度、剑叶张角等三个与单株产量有较密切遗传相关的性状中,以着粒密度对它的影响最大;次为剑叶张角;穗长的影响极小。对着粒密度的正向选择或对剑叶张角的反向选择均有助于间接提高单株产量。选育矮秆立叶型品种有利于提高水稻的有效生产能力。     

水稻抽穗前期剪去上部三片功能叶对产量结构的影响

研究了剪去不同水稻品种(组合)上部3片功能叶(或上部3片功能叶组合)对有效穗数、每穗实粒数、千粒重、单株子粒重的影响。结果表明,不同处理对各性状的作用大小均为剑叶+倒二叶+倒三叶>剑叶>倒二叶>倒三叶;大部分品种单独剪去上部3片功能叶的作用之和大于同时剪去上部3片功能叶效应值,少数品种与此相反;与前人试验结果比较发现,试验材料在稀植条件下剪去功能叶后,单株子粒重的减少比例比穗重的减少比例更能反映出功能叶对穗部光合产物的影响。     

水稻筒叶恢复系配合力的测定

采用不完全双列杂交(NCⅡ)设计,对3个不育系×4个筒叶恢复系组配的12个杂交F1代的剑叶长,剑叶卷曲度,剑叶叶基角,倒2、3叶的叶长、卷曲度、叶基角,株高,穗长,结实率,着粒密度,包颈长,千粒重,单株产量等16个性状进行了测定,分析了组合和亲本的配合力。结果表明:所考查的农艺性状在参试组合间均达极显著差异;不同恢复系同一性状GCA的效应和同一性状不同恢复系GCA的效应有较大差异;同一组合不同性状间及不同组合的同一性状间的SCA相对效应值均表现出较大差异,表明各组合非加性效应具多样性;所配组合的竞争优势大小与亲本一般配合力效应、组合特殊配合力效应之间均存在极显著的正相关。与亲本一般配合力之间的相关系数r=0.6735**,与组合特殊配合力之间的相关系数r=0.7912**。     

重穗型水稻株型特性研究

 【目的】对重穗型杂交籼稻的一些主要的株型因子及其与产量和产量构成的关系进行研究。【方法】以15个不同穗重型籼稻品种为材料，随机区组设计。【结果】重穗型品种的LAI比中、轻穗型品种有适当降低，但齐穗后其LAI和高效叶面积的衰减较慢，高效叶面积率、比叶重、粒叶比有显著提高。重穗型品种上部3叶的长度、宽度、厚度和面积均显著大于中、轻穗型品种，且它们均与每穗粒数、实粒数、单穗重、籽粒产量呈显著正相关；重穗型品种剑叶叶角小而挺直，倒2、3叶叶角顺次适当增大；重穗型品种的株高有所增加，上部3叶叶位均有所提高，尤其是剑叶。【结论】这种较优的叶层结构利于形成较为理想的受光姿态，提高光能利用率，是重穗型品种的特性及其理想株型因子配置。     

Characteristics of Rice Plant with Heavy Panicle

Using 15 indica rice varieties with different panicle weight, some ideal plant type characteristics in heavy panicle type of hybrid rice （HPT） and their relation to yield and its components were studied. Results showed that the leaf area index （LAI） of the HPT varieties was lower than that of medium panicle type （MPT） and light panicle type （LPT） varieties, but its decreasing rate of LAI and efficient LAI after heading was slower and had much higher percentage of efficient LAI, specific leaf weight, and ratio of grain to leaf area （cm^2） in comparison with the MPT and the LPT varieties. The length, width, thickness, and area of top three leaves of the HPT varieties were significantly larger than those of the MPT and the LPT varieties, and these components of top three leaves were significantly and positively correlated with the number of spikelets and filled grains, grain weight per panicle, and grain yield. The flag leaf in HPT varieties was erect with sorrow leaf angle, and their leaf angle of 2nd and 3rd leaf from top increased in sequence. The plant height of the HPT varieties was higher than that of the MPT and the LPT varieties, and their leaf site of top three leaves also increased in sequence. Therefore, HPT varieties as an ideal plant type could increase the utilization efficiency of sunlight energy. The ideal plant type characteristics and their adjuncts for the HPT varieties are proposed in this article.     

直立穗型水稻株型关联性状的比较研究

以辽宁省不同年代直立穗型代表品种为材料,比较研究了直立穗型粳稻齐穗期株型相关性状的表现及差异。结果表明,直立穗型粳稻存在多种穗型类型;品种间水稻茎叶绿叶数、叶长配置不同,叶宽变异较大,造成绿叶叶面积差异;植株叶片挺立,剑叶、倒2叶叶基角小于14°,从倒3叶开始下部茎叶叶基角、披垂度变大;少分蘖品种下部茎叶披垂度相对较大,叶片叶绿素含量高,株间透光率高,因此具备较好的干物质基础。     

水稻植株含氮量与穗粒重的关系

采用田间和水培试验的方法,对水稻生育中后期不同器官的含氮量变化进行了研究。结果表明:水稻植株根、茎鞘、叶各器官的含氮量与后期穗粒重之间存在密切关系。抽穗前10 d 顶四鞘及抽穗期各叶位叶片含氮量与每穗实粒数、结实率之间, 穗后19 d 顶二、顶三鞘的含氮量与千粒重、单株产量之间均呈显著或极显著正相关。顶二鞘的含氮量可作为后期结实率、千粒重和单株产量的诊断指标。     

Higher leaf area through leaf width and lower leaf angle were the primary morphological traits for yield advantage of japonica/indica hybrids

The yield potential of japonica/indica hybrids (JIH) has been achieved over 13.5 t ha⁻¹ in large-scale rice fields, and some physiological traits for yield advantage of JIH over japonica inbred rice (JI) and indica hybrid rice (IH) were also identified. To date, little attention has been paid to morphological traits for yield advantage of JIH over JI and IH. For this reason, three JIH, three JI, and three IH were field-grown at East China (Ningbo, Zhejiang Province) in 2015 and 2016. Compared with JI and IH, JIH had 14.3 and 20.8% higher grain yield, respectively, attributed to its more spikelets per panicle and relatively high percentage of filled grains. The advantage in spikelets per panicle of JIH over JI and IH was shown in number of grains on the upper, middle, and lower branches. Compared with JI and IH, JIH had higher leaf area through leaf width and lower leaf angle of upper three leaves, higher leaf area index and leaf area per tiller at heading and maturity stages, higher stem weight per tiller and K and Si concentrations of stem at maturity, higher dry matter weight in leaf, stem, and panicle at heading and maturity stages, and higher biomass accumulation after heading and lower biomass translocation from stem during ripening. Leaf width of upper three leaves were correlated positively, while leaf angle of upper three leaves were correlated negatively with biomass accumulation after heading, stem weight per tiller, and per unit length. Our results indicated that the grain yield advantage of JIH was ascribed mainly to the more spikelets per panicle and relatively high percentage of filled grains. Higher leaf area through leaf width and more erect leaves were associated with improved biomass accumulation and stem weighing during ripening, and were the primary morphological traits underlying higher grain yield of JIH.     

水稻穗伸出度及若干茎秆叶片性状的遗传变异和相关

选用籼、粳、爪哇稻品种(系)100个,研究了穗伸出度等12个茎秆叶片性状的遗传变异和相关.结果表明:穗伸出度和最下部节间长的遗传变异系数最大:各茎秆叶片性状的广义遗传力均在95%以上;穗伸出度与叶片长、宽,第3、4节间长的遗传相关不显著.通径分析表明,对穗伸出度作用最大的是第1节间长度,其次为第2节间长,且与第3、4节间长和倒二叶长的遗传通径均为负效应.育种上,在选育利于异交的长穗颈、短冠层叶片性状的同时,可兼得降低基部节间长度,从而不因增长穗颈长度而降低抗倒性.     

Natural Variation of Leaf Thickness and Its Association to Yield Traits in indica Rice

Leaf thickness is an important morphological trait in rice. Its association to the yield potential, as of now has not been documented because of the shortage of the equipment which could conveniently measure the leaf thickness in rice. In this study, the thickness of top three leaves of 208 cultivars had been determined by a nondestructive rice leaf thickness instrument for the research of the natural variation of leaves thickness and its association to yield traits in indica rice. The results showed that the flag leaf was the thickest, and the 2nd leaf was thicker than the 3rd leaf. Analysis of variance indicated the existence of wide genetic diversity of leaf thickness among the investigated indica rice genotypes. The tight correlation among the thicknesses of the top three leaves means that the leaf thickness traits share one genetic control system. Leaf thickness had a significant positive correlation with leaf length and a positive correlation with leaf width, indicated that thicker leaf was beneficial to increasing the single leaf area. The results of correlation analysis revealed that thicker leaf should be profitable to the leaf erection, higher numbers of grains per panicle and higher grains weight per panicle. However, the significantly negative correlation between leaf thickness and number of panicles per plant counteracted the profitability from increased grains weight per panicle, so that the correlations of the thicknesses of the top three leaves to yield and biomass were positive but not significantly. It has made great progress in the genetic improvement of leaves thickness in inbred indica rice breeding in Guangdong Province, China, since the 1990s.