低温胁迫对马占相思树代谢的影响研究

报道了马占相思QLD19835家系7个月苗龄的树苗在低温胁迫下，电导率、可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质的含量变化及ATP酶（ATPase)、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧物歧化酶（SOD）的活性动态变化，揭示了在低温逆境下，由于细胞膜系统受到寒害而使电导率不断升高，ATPase活性亦有所下降，而可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质的含量则显著升高。这在保护细胞膜稳定性方面起到重要的作用，增强了植株本身对低温的忍耐能力。另外，CAT活性升高，POD、SOD的活性有所下降，但仍保持一定活性，提高了它们对氧自由基和过氧化物的清除，这些变化的总效应是使植物细胞膜结构和物质代谢过程中免遭寒害，提高植物的抗寒力。     

低温胁迫对喜树幼苗SOD活性、MDA和脯氨酸含量的影响

本文对低温胁迫下喜树幼苗叶片内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性与叶绿素、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化进行了研究。结果表明：喜树幼苗经低温胁迫后叶内叶绿素含量下降；SOD活性先下降、后上升、再下降，其变化规律不同于其它植物；低温造成喜树幼苗的膜脂过氧化，MDA含量明显升高，SOD活性的增强可以降低MDA的含量；脯氨酸随着胁迫的进行其含量升高，表明叶内脯氨酸的升高也有助于提高它的抗寒性，进一步可以认为叶片内脯氨酸含量的高低可作为衡量喜树抗寒性指标。     

杉木体胚再生植株低温胁迫的响应机制

为研究低温冻害对杉木的影响、探索杉木对低温胁迫的响应机制,以杉木优良无性系的组培苗为材料,在4℃条件下进行低温处理,研究过氧化物酶（POD）活性、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量等与低温响应相关的生理生化指标的动态变化。结果表明：低温胁迫导致 POD 活性和可溶性糖含量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,游离脯氨酸和丙二醛（MDA）随着胁迫的进行其含量一直升高。说明了高活性的 POD 和高浓度的可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸有助于杉木体胚再生植株抵抗低温环境,但低温会破坏细胞膜结构,因此产生大量膜脂过氧化产物-MDA。     

豆梨叶片应对干旱胁迫生理响应机制研究

以豆梨1(2)-0嫁接品种苗木为实验材料,进行盆栽水分递减模拟干旱胁迫处理,对处于不同干旱状态下的苗木叶片生理指标进行测定,探究豆梨叶片应对干旱胁迫生理响应机制。结果表明:干旱胁迫导致豆梨叶片细胞膜系统受损伤,使得膜脂过氧化,叶片细胞将启动渗透调节系统和氧自由基清除酶促系统。随着干旱胁迫的加剧,各品种叶片质膜透性逐渐增大;脯氨酸含量持续升高,升高值可达十几倍;膜脂过氧化程度逐渐增强,丙二醛大量累积;氧自由基清除系统SOD和POD活性变化呈先升高后降低的趋势,前期活性升高由于植物细胞自身保护应激机制,后期的活性降低则源于干旱胁迫已伤及酶供体,导致酶活性下降。     

水分胁迫对荔枝叶片呼吸代谢有关酶活性的影响

以抗旱性不同的2a生盆栽实生荔枝（Litchi chinensis Sonn)幼苗为试验材料，研究了水分胁迫对荔枝叶片呼吸代谢有关的几种酶活性的影响。结果表明：（1）水分胁迫下，叶片相对含水量（RWC）减少，抗旱性较强的“东刘1号”下降的幅度小于抗旱性弱的“陈紫”。（2）水分胁迫下，荔枝叶片线粒体膜结合酶Mg^2 -AT-Pase和Ca^2 -ATPase活性增加，乙醇酸氧化酶活性下降；抗旱性较强的品种Mg^2 -ATPase和Ca^2 -ATPase活性增加的幅度以及乙醇酸氧化酶活性下降的幅度均大于抗旱性较弱的品种。（3）水分胁迫下，荔枝叶片葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G-6-PDH）和细胞色素C还原酶（NADH-CCR）活性下降，NADH-CCR活性/G-6-PDH活性比值上升；抗旱性较强的品种G-6-PDH和NADH-CCR活性下降的幅度以及NADH-CCR活性/G-6-PDH活性比值均小于抗旱性较弱的品种。     

本特草在低温胁迫下生理生化指标的变化

以草坪草本特草离体叶片为材料,设置3种低温处理：2℃,冷冻2d;2℃,冷冻2d后在-9℃下冷冻1d;-9℃直接冷冻1d;并以鲜样（田间直接取样）为对照,然后测定保护酶SOD、POD的活性、叶片相对电导率、叶绿素含量等生理指标。结果表明：（1）随着低温胁迫的加剧,SOD、POD活性下降,叶片伤害率增大。各处理问差异显著（P〈0．05）。（2）在相同冷冻温度下,预先2℃低温锻炼的叶片,其SOD、POD活性明显比未经锻炼直接冷冻的高。低温抗寒锻炼能有效增强本特草的抗寒性。     

铅胁迫对全缘冬青幼苗生长与生理的影响

以0、100、500、100000、20mg／l的Pb（NO3）2处理全缘冬青幼苗,研究铅对全缘冬青幼苗的生理生化效应。结果表明,低浓度的铅对全缘冬青幼苗生长有促进作用,但随着铅浓度的增加,植株生长明显受到抑制,株高、单株叶片生物量、新根生物量、单株生物量均下降;叶片叶绿素含量下降,叶绿素a/b升高,SOD活性下降,POD活性先上升后下降。表明高浓度铅胁迫导致植物体内保护酶活性受到抑制,膜系统受到伤害,从而影响全缘冬青幼苗的生长。     

黑暗和光照条件下低温胁迫对红花玉兰幼苗生理特性的影响

以25℃正常生长的苗木为对照,研究了在黑暗和光照条件下低温(5℃)胁迫对红花玉兰幼苗生理特性的影响,结果表明:低温胁迫下,质膜相对透性升高,可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量增加,且光照处理高于黑暗处理;可溶性蛋白含量下降,且光照处理的含量小于黑暗处理;SOD活性升高,且光照处理高于黑暗处理;光照处理POD活性升高较小,黑暗处理POD活性低于对照。可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、SOD活性的提高可能是植株抗寒性机制的重要因子。     

低温胁迫对光蜡树膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响

在整个低温胁迫期间,Vc、CaCl2处理的光蜡树的MDA含量都低于对照,蔗糖处理的MDA含量高于对照。清水、Vc、CaCl2处理光蜡树的MDA含量随着SOD活性的升高而降低;蔗糖处理的光蜡树则表现相反。保护酶POD和CAT的活性在低温胁迫期间,在低温胁迫前期均逐渐升高,在达到一定的临界低温后,呈现下降趋势。研究结果表明,光蜡树的幼苗在-18℃的环境下不能安全越冬,需要一些保护措施。     

核桃叶片内多酚黄酮类成分对低温胁迫的响应

作为植物体内重要的次生代谢物,植物多酚对研究植物防御极端环境的基础有重要作用。为了了解核桃内多酚类成分对不同寒冷温度响应的含量变化,采用0℃、-2℃、-4℃、-6℃、-8℃几个低温进行处理,研究了在不同时间核桃叶片多种成分(多酚、黄酮、花青素、还原型VC)对低温胁迫响应的规律。结果表明:核桃叶片黄酮、茶多酚、花青素含量在不同低温胁迫下呈先降后升的变化规律,还原型VC含量在不同的低温胁迫下呈先升后降的变化规律;黄酮含量在-8℃胁迫24h后达最高值23.64mg/g,多酚含量在-6℃胁迫72h后达到最高值36.71%,花青素含量在-6℃胁迫48h后达到最高值5.22 mg/g,还原型VC含量在-2℃胁迫72h后达到最高值193.60mg/100g。这些结果表明,核桃叶片内源物质含量和低温胁迫有较强的相关性。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.