半干旱区井灌农用林复合生态系统经济效益试验研究

在半干旱的伊盟达旗周围有井灌的条件，建立农业与林业复合的农用林生态经营体系具有高效、持续的经济效益。本文通过 １０ 年来在试验区所进行的农林复合经营试验体系的建设表明：（１）农用林生态系统中，林粮间作比纯粮单作净收益增加 ２０９０ 元／ｈｍ ２ ·ａ，提高幅度达到 ４１．４％ 。（２）林粮间作农用林系统与纯林单造相比，其净收益增加 ５６０５．９ 元／ｈｍ ２ ·ａ，提高了 ８．６３ 倍之多。（３）利用综合评判，农用林复合生态系统间作类型经济效益以林粮间作 １．５ｍ ×６ｍ 密度型最佳，各种复合类型经济效益综合排序为：林粮间作 １．５ｍ ×６ｍ 型＞ 林粮间作 １ｍ ×６ｍ 型＞ 农林间作 ２ｍ ×６ｍ 型＞ 农林间作 ２ｍ ×８ｍ 型＞ 林草间作带式＞ 林草间作 １．５ｍ ×１０ｍ 型＞ 纯粮单作（小麦）＞ 纯林单作。     

半干旱区井灌农用林复合生态系统经济效益试验研究

在半干旱的伊盟达旗周围有井灌的条件,建立农业与林业复合的农用林生态经营体系具有高效、持续的经济效益。本文通过１０年来在试验区所进行的农林复合经营试验体系的建设表明（１）农用林生态系统中,林粮间作比纯粮单作净收益增加２０９０元／ｈｍ２·ａ,提高幅度达到４１．４％。（２）林粮间作农用林系统与纯林单造相比,其净收益增加５６０５．９元／ｈｍ２·ａ,提高了８．６３倍之多。（３）利用综合评判,农用林复合生态系统间作类型经济效益以林粮间作１．５ｍ×６ｍ密度型最佳,各种复合类型经济效益综合排序为：林粮间作１．５ｍ×６ｍ型＞林粮间作１ｍ×６ｍ型＞农林间作２ｍ×６ｍ型＞农林间作２ｍ×８ｍ型＞林草间作带式＞林草间作１．５ｍ×１０ｍ型＞纯粮单作（小麦）＞纯林单作。     

杉木幼林与大豆立体复合经营模式及其综合效益的研究

通过６ａ试验，提出了杉木幼林与大豆立体复合经营模式，其中包括：选择抗旱、耐瘠、高产稳产、适宜杉木幼林立体经营的大豆良种（本试验从７８个品种中筛选出６个优良品种），适时播种（春大豆４月１日～１５日，夏大豆５月１５～２５日），合理的株行距（２０～５０ｃｍ）和每个播种穴合理留苗数（２～４株／穴），用钙镁磷出作基肥（２２５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２），因地制宜施少量氮肥（尿素３７．５～７５．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２），适宜立体复合经营的杉木幼林应为造林后１～２ａ，林地应为阳坡，豆株与幼树的距离３３ｃｍ以上。杉木—大豆立体经营，不仅能增加粮食和直接经济收入，而且提高了光能利用率，改善林地小气候，减少林地水土流失，改良了土壤，使杉木幼林年生长量比一级提高２０％左右。     

黑荆树巨尾桉混交造林与效益分析

设计了以黑荆树与巨尾桉混交的３个模式、黑荆树纯林、巨尾桉纯林共５个处理进行试验。经过一个轮伐期６ａ的观测研究,结果表明以黑荆树４巨尾桉１的混交比例作株间混交的模式最为理想,６年生林分总蓄积量达７２．１ｍ３·ｈｍ－２,其中巨尾桉４６．１ｍ３·ｈｍ－２,黑荆树２６．０ｍ３·ｈｍ－２,投入产出比为１∶３．４。     

海南岛清澜港红树林垂直结构与演变动态规律*

清澜港的红树林在保护较好的条件下具有乔灌两层，乔木层高４～８ｍ，灌木层高０．４～１．２ｍ。上层立木地上部分生物量垂直分布随树体部位增高而减少，０～２ｍ占５０％，２～４ｍ占４０．３％，４ｍ以上占９．７％。乔木群落被破坏后，面积锐减，２７ａ减少１６１１ｈｍ２，且形成仅有单层结构的灌丛，其生物量和生产力很低，分别为９．６～１４．３ｔ／ｈｍ２和１．１～２．０ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ）。本项研究测定了木榄林的生物量和净生产量分别为９１．５ｔ／ｈｍ２和４．７ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），预测以后第６年的生物量和年净生产量将是３５０．７ｔ／ｈｍ２和１３．５ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ），为红树林造林和经营提供了理论依据。     

短轮伐期桉树纸浆林经营技术及纤维特性研究报告

本研究从贵州的实际出发，按照按树的生物学、生态学特点，找出适合贵州发展的按树种，并确定其适宜区和发展面积。通过研究得出一套育苗、最佳造林整地方式、最佳密度和合理施肥组合的经营方法，经上述经营组合建立试验林４３．３３ｈｍ２，年平均树高生长量４．７ｍ，年平均胸径生长量３．７ｃｍ，地上部分生物量４４．２８ｔ／ｈｍ２．ａ。并积累了贵州桉树的纤维特性及化学成分基础资料。     

刺槐速生丰产示范林栽培技术总结

刺槐速生丰产示范林栽培技术总结＊宫锐何勇孙建辉仲崇谠（莱阳市林业局）刺槐是莱阳市山丘、平原、河滩、四旁栽植的重要树种，刺槐林面积占全市阔叶林面积的５４％。但这些林分多为实生繁殖和萌芽林，经营粗放，林分生产力较低，一般为３～４．５ｍ３／ｈｍ２·ａ。自１...     

料慈竹不同年龄纤维形态的研究

就贵州省赤水市料慈竹（Ｂａｍｂｕｓａｄｉｓｔｅｇｕｓ）０～４ａ５个龄级的纤维形态进行显微观测和系统分析表明，其纤维长度为２．１３～２．６９ｍｍ（平均２．４５ｍｍ），纤维宽度为１３．４２～１５．０６μｍ（平均１４．０９μｍ），长宽比历８～１８５（平均１７４），壁厚２．５２～６．４６μｍ平均４．８６μｍ），腔径２．１５～８．３９μｍ（平均４．４１μｍ），壁腔比为０．６～６．１７（平均３．２４）。通过方差分析后表明，除纤维长度和宽度外，年龄对料慈竹纤维形态有一定影响，表现在纤维壁厚度上，从０～１ａ有增厚，１ａ后相对稳定，至４ａ时明显增厚；纤维腔径相反，从０～１ａ腔径减小，至４ａ时明显减小。     

红富士苹果幼树促花技术

红富士苹果幼树促花技术＊⒇贾金旭（衡水市林果技术站０５３０００）在株行距为３ｍ×４ｍ、３ｍ×５ｍ，以红富士为主栽品种的乔砧密植苹果园，当树龄４～５ａ生，距地面３０ｃｍ处树干直径６ｃｍ以上时，即可实行控冠促花技术措施，促使苹果幼树由营养生长向生殖生长方...     

塞罕坝机械林场森林经营成果浅析及经营对策刍议

从森林经营角度总结了河北省塞罕坝机械林场３４ａ来的森林经营成果，从１９６２年建场至１９９５年总计经营管理１０６４０５ｈｍ２·次，据不完全统计，消耗蓄积１２２３９８０ｍ３，产各种木材７８９７７１ｍ３。按年代和断代方式，客观地划分了森林经营阶段，记述了经营项目的演进，以及从事的科学技术研究，还对各阶段进行了管理和实施性质的分析。并根据森林经营的历史和现状，提出了调整经营结构的对策。     

修枝处理对杨-麦复合模式内小麦产量和品质的影响

以杨-麦复合模式及小麦单作模式为研究对象,设计了4种修枝处理,比较不同修枝处理内小气候因子、小麦产量及品质的差异,并分析影响小麦产量及品质的主要小气候因子。结果表明：杨-麦复合模式内小麦穗长、单穗重、麦粒长、千粒重及产量均显著低于对照模式,但小麦营养成分含量表现不一;对杨-麦复合模式内欧美杨107进行不同修枝处理后,处理Ⅰ内小麦产量及品质要好于其他3种修枝处理。可见,小麦产量及品质随杨-麦复合模式内小气候因子的改变而发生变化,而小气候因子的变化与杨树修枝强度与方法密切相关。因此,为实现杨树与农作物“双赢”,应采用处理Ⅰ的修枝方法开展杨树修枝,即从造林第5年春季修除第1年生的轮生枝,第6年春季修除第2年生的轮生枝。     

Microclimate modification and response of wheat planted under trees in a fan design in northern India

The presence of trees in fields may help overcome the physiological stress that happens to late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in subtropical India. Wheat was planted in an agroforestry system with Eucalyptus tereticornis trees on 7 January 1998 in a fan design that provided different combinations of tree row spacing and orientations. Crop profile microclimatic conditions and the resulting growth responses of the intercropped wheat were studied to explore the potential of agroforestry systems to influence late sown wheat yields under different tree row spacing and orientations. Agroforestry treatments exhibited a potential to optimize the microclimatic conditions for seedling emergence, tillering and earhead emergence at some tree row orientations and distances from the crop. The net radiation distribution at three stages of crop growth indicated that the radiation availability was lower in all the agroforestry treatments than for the sole crop. The tree row orientation and distance influence the growth behavior of the crop but the effect of sun angle (which changes with season) can change their influence over time. The deterioration or amelioration of microclimatic conditions in agroforestry with the passage of time should be expected because of altered interaction patterns between sunrays and tree canopy resulting from changing solar elevation and angle of sunrays. Statistically similar harvest indices in all the treatments despite lower total biological yields in agroforestry treatments revealed that microclimatic conditions under agroforestry were more favorable for wheat growth attributed to reduction in heat load during the post anthesis period. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

豫东黄河故道农林复合生态模式经济效益分析

以商丘市梁园区为例,对豫东黄河故道的农林复合生态模式进行了调查研究。结果表明在黄河故道发展农林复合生态系统可以为当地创造一定的经济与生态效益。根据研究地区的自然与社会环境条件,可以发展以下几种农林复合生态模式:①林农复合生态模式,在幼龄林中种植小麦、油菜等喜光作物;②林药复合生态模式,树龄达到4年以后在林下种植耐阴的药用植物;③林牧复合生态模式,林冠完全郁闭之后在林下养鸡等。     

Land-use effects on phosphorus fractions in Indo-Gangetic alluvial soils

Phosphorus (P) in soil exists both in organic and inorganic forms and their relative abundance could determine P supplying capacity of soil. Differential input of exogenous and plant-mediated phosphorus and carbon in soil under different land-uses could influence P availability and fertilizer P management. While the effect of land-use on soil organic carbon (SOC) is fairly well-documented, its effect on soil P fractions is relatively less known. We investigated the effect of different land-uses including rice–wheat, maize–wheat, cotton–wheat cropping systems and poplar-based agroforestry systems on soil P fractions and organic carbon accrual in soils. Total P concentration was the highest under agroforestry (569 mg P kg^?1) and the lowest under maize–wheat (449 mg P kg^?1) cropping systems. On the contrary, soils under rice–wheat had significantly higher available P concentration than the agroforestry systems, probably because of higher fertilizer P application in rice–wheat and prevailing wetland conditions during rice growth. In soils under sole cropping systems viz. rice–wheat, maize–wheat and cotton–wheat, inorganic P was the dominant fraction and accounted for 92.2–94.6% of total P. However, the soils under agroforestry had smaller proportion (73%) of total P existing as inorganic P. Among soil P fractions, water soluble inorganic P (0.13–0.26%) represented the smallest proportion inorganic P in soils under different land-uses. Agroforestry showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations of SOC than the other land-uses. Soil organic C was significantly correlated with soil P fractions. It was concluded that poplar-based agroforestry systems besides leading to C accrual in soil result in build-up of organic P and the P supplying capacity of soil.     

Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA: 4. The economic return of ecological knowledge

We tested the economic value of ecological knowledge in a midwestern USA alley-cropping system where row crops are planted in alleys between fine hardwood trees grown for veneer. Economic models were constructed to compare among agroforestry designs as well as to compare agroforestry with traditional forest plantation culture and row crop monoculture and rotational management. The general modeling approach was to quantify production inputs and outputs, estimate costs and revenues, simulate tree growth and crop productivity in agroforestry configurations, and estimate discounted cash flows. We incorporated scenarios that controlled both above- and below-ground competition through appropriate management as found in our previous research. This research showed the importance of below-ground competition in determining crop yields and the period of time that crop income could be expected from the agroforestry interplanting. Net present values and internal rates of return showed that agroforestry systems were generally more favorable investments than traditional agriculture and forestry. More importantly, the use of simple management techniques targeted at reducing below-ground competition allowed longer cultivation of row crops, greatly increasing returns to the landowner. Thus, the economic benefit of understanding the ecological interactions within agroforestry plantings dictates that accurate assessment of agroforestry alternatives will require the modeling of agroforestry as an integrated, interactive system.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

现代遗传育种技术在农林复合系统中的应用

分子标记、辐射育种、基因工程等现代育种技术及其发展将对农林复合系统发挥重要作用.文中分析农林复合系统种间关系中存在的诸如林木品种选育周期长,冠幅影响林下作物光合效应,与林下作物争夺资源导致林下生物量减少等问题,从遗传育种对农林复合系统中林木的作用,生物技术限制林木高生长和冠幅长势,选育优质高产林下作物等方面阐述遗传育种...     

韩国山林农业概况与类型

"山林复合经营项目"是韩国在1999年为了增加林业从业者的收入而正式实施的,主要包括短期收入、木材生产和复合山地管理3种类型。截至2005年,该项目在韩国国内的168个市(区)都得到了推广。文中主要介绍韩国山林农业系统,分析该系统存在的问题并探讨与之相应的解决方案,提出应在开发更可行的复合农林经营模式的基础上加大对林业从业者的培训和奖励力度并改善对复合农林业的支持制度。     

三峡库区农林复合经营模式研究

通过对秭归县境内长江一、二、三级支流的气候、海拔、立地条件等因子的研究 ,建立了二元、三元、多元农林复合经营模式类别 ,在此基础上组建了 1 0 0种能适应不同环境的农林复合经营模式类型 ,在三峡库区具有典型的代表性和广泛的实用性。     

混农林业历史发展概述

混农林业历经了游耕制和轮垦制，间作、套种制，混林农业和现代混农林业等发展阶段。混农林业的发展方向是经营模式多样化、系列化，经营技术集约化、科学化。     

中国农林业的结构与模式

文章概述了中国农林业发展的基本模式、结构及其建立应遵循的原则，并从物种结构、空间结构、时间结构和食物链结的４个方面对中国农林业的结构问题进行了分析。作者根据中国的气候特点和传统和种植习惯，将中国的农林业划分成５种系统类型，同时根据中国农林业的结构特点和气候带类型，分别给出了适宜热带、亚热带、暖温带等多种典型模式及配置。