动物全身麻醉剂—846合剂对犬的作用及其在中小动物手术中的麻醉效果

给犬肌注846合剂(每毫升含保定宁60mg、双氢埃托啡4μg、氟哌啶醇2.5mg)后2～3min出现反应,5～10min平稳地进入麻醉状态,痛觉完全丧失,痛阈提高100％以上(药后10～90min),肌松充分,心率减慢,呼吸平缓,血气分析仅呈一时性轻度酸硷紊乱,VT、VE减少,后渐回升,ECG有较轻度变化,麻醉效应优于对照药物静松灵、英诺氟和双氢埃托啡。健康犬耐受量试验,对10～15倍剂量均安全耐过。对6种中小动物29种手术麻醉250例,优良率达99％,且具有用法简便、安全、效果确实等特点。     

动物全身麻醉剂——846麻醉合剂对牛麻醉效果的实验观察

给实验黄牛7头,分别按1.5ml/100kg体重的剂量肌肉注射846麻醉合剂(每毫升含保定宁60mg、双氢埃托啡4μg,氟哌啶醇2.5mg)后,1～3min出现垂头反应,4～10min平稳倒地进入麻醉状态,麻醉时间持续45～100min;对实验牛心血管系统、呼吸系统,肝肾系统和血液指标监测,仅见心率减慢、轻度酸硷平衡紊乱以及ECG的P—R间期延长,其他指标均无明显变化。与氯胺酮/静松灵复合麻醉对照组比较,具有麻醉时间长、副作用小、用量少、给药方便、经济等优点。进而在临床上按0.6～4ml/100kg体重的剂量,试用于109头黄牛、水牛、奶牛的27种手术麻醉,麻醉效果优者达77％,良者为23％。     

846合剂和安定对猪全麻效果的比较试验

安定属苯二氮苫类,具有较强的镇静和使中枢性肌肉松驰作用和抗惊厥作用.该药选择性地作用于大脑边缘系统的海马和杏仁核,抑制脊髓中间神经元的活动,减少多种反射.846合剂是尚建勋等学者研制的一种复合镇静肌松剂,该合剂每毫升含双氢埃托啡(DHM99)4μg、保定宁60mg和氟哌啶醇2.5mg.据报道,846合剂已广泛应用于马、牛、羊、鹿、熊、兔、犬、猫和香猪等,尤其是对中小动物的镇静作用均获得了满意的效果.但是846合剂对肥育猪的全麻效果尚乏报道.现将试验情况简报如下.     

羊胚胎移植手术速眠新麻醉意外的处理

速眠新注射液(又称846合剂)是一种由保定宁、氟哌啶醇和盐酸双氢埃托啡合成的复方麻醉注射液,具有高效、低毒、安全性好、实用性强等特点,已广泛应用于兽医临床上,对多种动物进行手术麻醉或药物保定。经过在羊胚胎移植手术中的应用,取得了满意效果,但也有发生一些麻醉意外的情况。现介绍如下,供同行参考。     

静松灵、保定宁、846合剂对山羊麻醉的比较研究第一报临床效果观察

对 2 5～ 40kg体重的 16 0只山羊分别用 2 %静松灵、保定宁、846合剂麻醉后进行了临床效果观察。结果表明 ,三种麻醉药以 0 0 6～ 0 0 8mL/kg的剂量 (肌注 )均可对山羊麻醉后进行多种常规手术 ,临床麻醉效果的优良率依次为93 3%、96 6 %和 99 2 % ,以 846合剂为最优。研究还发现 ,以 7～ 14天的时间间隔重复给药或交叉给药 ,未发现动物对麻醉药有抗药性     

动物846复麻液研制成功

846复麻液,是由保定宁、双氢埃托啡及氟哌啶醇经正交实验选取最优组合而研制成的新型麻醉复合剂。中国人民解放军兽医大学研究所和军事医学科学院药理研究所,经3年实验研究,以及100多个临床单位和近1400例动物的扩大试验证明,本制剂对多种动物,均有良好的镇静、镇痛和松肌作用,麻醉效果优良率96％以上,是医学院校、医院手术教学、兽医临床及实验动物手     

静松灵,保定宁,846合剂对山羊麻醉的比较研究 第一报 临床效果观察

对２５～４０ｋｇ体重的１６０只山羊分别用２％静松灵、保定宁、８４６合剂麻醉后进行了临床效果观察。结果表明,三种麻醉药以０．０６～０．０８ｍＬ／ｋｇ的剂量（肌注）均可对山羊麻醉后进行多种常规手术,临床麻醉效果的优良率依次为９３．３％、９６．６％和９９．２％,以８４６合剂为最优。研究还发现,以７～１４天的时间间隔重复给药或交叉给药,未发现动物对麻醉药有抗药性。     

速眠新Ⅱ麻醉剂的使用方法

速眠新Ⅱ注射液“846“合剂是由氟哌啶醇、保定宁、双氢埃托啡等药物制成的复方制剂,具有广泛的镇痛、制动确实、诱导和苏醒平稳等特点,是一种良好的手术麻醉药.该药为无色透明液体,性质稳定,耐贮藏,使用方便.……     

速眠新、鹿眠宁对东北虎麻醉效果的观察

<正>目前,动物园对东北虎的化学保定多选用复方氯胺酮,沈阳森林动物园自建园以来,多次应用速眠新和鹿眠宁对东北虎在进行治疗、串笼、运输等作业中实施麻醉,效果较好。现将麻醉效果的观察报道如下:1化学保定前的准备麻醉前动物禁食12 h以上,减少人为刺激。2化学保定的药物及方法2.1药物⑴速眠新(曾用名846合剂),是由长春军需大学兽医研究所研制,为保定宁、氟啶醇等药物制成的复方制剂。本品为动物全     

静松灵保定宁等对犬麻醉效果的观察

静松灵、保定宁及852麻醉合剂,是我国近年来新研制的全身镇静、肌松麻醉剂,对马、牛、犬、兔等多种动物有较好的麻醉作用,许多研究者都对此作了较为详尽的研究。但三种麻醉剂对犬麻醉效果的观察对比则少见报道。为此,我们选用推荐常用剂量     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in