西咪替丁对鸡细胞和体液免疫功能的作用

观察了西咪替丁在左旋咪唑在鸡细胞和体液免疫功能的作用。对２８日龄鸡每天分别按２．５、１０．０、１００．０和４００．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重西咪替丁或２．５、１０．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重左旋咪唑钦水给药,连用３ｄ后再分别肌肉注射绵羊细胞（ＳＲＢＣ）和牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）或布鲁氏菌（ＢＡ）抗原。测定外周血淋巴细胞转化率和ＣＤ４＾＋／ＣＤ８＾＋淋巴细胞比值;测定血清ＳＲＢＣ、ＢＳＡ、ＢＡ抗体效价和血清补体总活性。结     

vMDV感染鸡CD^4＋与CD^8＋T细胞动态变化

人工感染１日龄ＳＰＦ雏鸡马立克氏病强毒株（ｖＭＤＶ）,在不同的感染期,以流式细胞仪分析感染鸡脾脏和外周血淋巴细胞中ＣＤ４＋和ＣＤ８＋细胞的动态变化。结果表明,感染鸡脾脏和外周血中ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞异常增高,而ＣＤ４＋Ｔ细胞表现为暂短的升高,其后迅速下降。ＣＤ４＋与ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞的这种异常变化是ｖＭＤＶ感染雏鸡后Ｔ细胞表型变化的重要特征之一。     

T淋巴细胞亚类在地方流行性牛白血病牛外周血及脾脏中的分布

应用抗牛白细胞分化抗原单克隆抗体经免疫组织学方法及流体细胞计数器法对地方流行性牛白血病病牛（以下称牛白血病牛）,健康成年牛（以下称成年牛）及健康未成年牛（以下称未成年牛）的外周血和脾脏的Ｔ淋巴细胞亚类进行了分析。无论是在外周血还是脾脏,牛白血病牛和成年牛的Ｔ淋巴细胞亚类的百分率（ＣＤ３＾＋,ＣＤ４＾＋,ＣＤ８＾＋和ＷＣ１＾＋γδＴ淋巴细胞）均明显低于未成年牛。虽然牛白血病牛外周血中Ｔ淋巴细胞亚类的     

BV—SIVenv亚单位疫苗接种恒河猴的特异性CD8^＋Tc动态变化

用人ＥＢＶ转化恒河猴的自体Ｂ淋巴细胞，再以表达ＳＩＶ不同抗原成分的重组痘苗病毒ＶＡＣ－ＳＩＶｅｎｖ，ＶＡＣ－ＳＩＶｇａｇ感染，制备＾５１Ｃｒ释放试验的靶细胞。恒河猴于制备Ｂ淋巴细胞物四肢内侧静脉采血，分离淋巴细胞，采用＾５１Ｃｒ释放试验检测动物体内的ＣＤ８＾＋Ｔｃ特异性细胞免疫反应，对靶细胞的杀伤活性在１６．７％～２０．２％之间，并可在体内维持３个月之久；在靶细胞数量ＳＩＶ亚单位疫苗可使部分（１６     

马立克氏病弱毒苗接种雏鸡T细胞亚群观察

为深入探讨马立克氏病疫苗的免疫保护机理，本实验以马立克氏病弱毒８１４株接处ＳＰＦ雏鸡，接种后不同时间以流式细胞仪分析脾脏，胸腺，外周血ＣＤ４＾＋，ＣＤ８＾＋及ＣＤ３＾＋Ｔ细胞的动脉变化。结果表明，在接种病毒１０天测定，脾脏和外周血ＣＤ４＾＋Ｔ细胞略有下降，但以后逐渐升高，在２４～３１天测定时，外周血和脾脏ＣＤ４＾＋Ｔ细胞均明显增高，而ＣＤ８＾＋Ｔ细胞在接种接１０天在脾脏和外周血中明显增高，以后下降     

鸡马立克氏病单价活疫苗免疫效力比较试验

用农业部南京药械厂和三家外国动物保健品公司生产的４种火鸡疱疹病毒（ＨＶＴ）冻干苗、实验室制备的ＣＶＩ９８８细胞结合苗和ＨＶＴ细胞结合苗等６种鸡马立克氏病（ＭＤ）单价活疫苗免疫１日龄ＳＰＦ白来航鸡，８日龄时用鸡马立克氏病强毒（ｖＭＤＶ）ＧＡ株攻击，同时以Ｚ４＋ＦＣ１２６双价活疫苗作对照，进行免疫效力比较试验。结果表明，６种ＭＤ单价活疫苗均能使免疫鸡群获得对ｖＭＤＶ攻击的免疫保护力，免疫效力强弱顺序依     

新城疫La Sota疫苗接种鸡T细胞亚类的观察

采用流式细胞分检仪（ＦＡＣＳ）检测了人工接种新城疫ＬａＳｏｔａ疫苗后鸡胸腺，脾脏和外周血液中Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群的变化规律，实验表明，接种ＬａＳｏｔａ疫苗后，鸡脾脏和外周血液中ＣＤ３和ＣＤ４Ｔ细胞数量明显增加，而ＣＤ８Ｔ细胞数量则减少鸡胸腺中各亚群的变化不明显，提示在ＬａＳｏｔａ疫苗免疫后，各Ｔ细胞亚群具有重要而不同的功能。     

新城疫La Sota疫苗接种鸡T细胞亚类的观察

采用流式细胞分检仪（ＦＡＣＳ）检测了人工接种新城疫ＬａＳｏｔａ疫苗后鸡胸腺、脾脏和外周血液中Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群的变化规律。实验表明，接种ＬａＳｏｔａ疫苗后，鸡脾脏和外周血液中ＣＤ３＋和ＣＤ４＋Ｔ细胞数量明显增加，而ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞数量则减少，鸡胸腺中各亚群的变化不明显。提示在ＬａＳｏｔａ疫苗免疫后，各Ｔ细胞亚群具有重要而不同的功能     

鸡马立克氏病活疫苗免疫效力比较试验

用ＨＶＴ冻干苗、ＨＶＴ细胞结合苗、ＣＶＩ９８８细胞结合苗、ＳＢ１＋ＦＣ１２６双价活疫苗、３０１Ｂ／１＋ＦＣ１２６双价活疫苗和Ｚ４＋ＦＣ１２６双价活疫苗等６种鸡马立克氏病（ＭＤ）疫苗免疫ＳＰＦ白来航鸡或普通伊莎鸡，用鸡马立克氏病病毒（ＭＤＶ）强毒ＧＡ株、京－１血毒以及鸡马立克氏病超强毒ｖｖＭＤＶ－Ｍｄ５毒株分别攻击进行免疫效力比较试验。试验表明，ＭＤ单价苗的免疫效力强弱顺序依次是ＣＶＩ９８８、ＨＶＴ细胞结合苗和ＨＶＴ冻干苗，这３种ＭＤ单价苗均能给免疫鸡群提供有效的免疫保护力。ＳＢ１＋ＦＣ１２６、Ｚ４＋ＦＣ１２６和３０１Ｂ／１＋ＦＣ１２６等３种ＭＤ双价苗免疫效力显著高于ＭＤ单价苗，均能给免疫鸡群提供较强的免疫保护力，并能有效地抵抗ｖｖＭＤＶ－Ｍｄ５毒株的致瘤作用。Ｚ４＋ＦＣ１２６和３０１Ｂ／１＋ＦＣ１２６ＭＤ双价苗免疫效力无显著差异     

雏鸡MD三价疫苗及HVT疫苗免疫后免疫器官组织的免疫学变化

对探讨ＭＤ疫苗免疫后器官组织的免疫学变化，采用ＭＤ三价疫苗和ＨＶＴ疫苗免疫１日龄雏鸡后，观察中枢和外围免疫器官以及消化道，呼吸道相关局部免疫组织的免疫学变化。结果ＭＤ两种疫苗免疫后，胸腺，法氏囊，脾脏和盲肠扁桃体，肺支气管粘膜焉淋巴组织及哈尔腺中ＴＡＭＡＥ＋细胞，ＴＡＣＰ＋细胞，浆细胞和淋巴细胞明显增多，表明ＭＤ疫苗免疫应签明显增强，其中ＭＤ三价苗较ＨＶＴ疫苗更明显。     

Comparison of adjuvants with respect to serum IgG antibody response in orally immunized chickens

We have previously shown that oral immunization with non-replicating antigens hardly induced serum IgG antibody response in chickens and addition of sodium fluoride (NaF) to the immunogen markedly improved their immunological states. In the present study, taurine, lithium and Quillaja saponin (Q-SAP) were compared with NaF with respect to their enhancement of serum IgG antibody response in chickens after oral immunization. The antibody titer of chickens which received Q-SAP as the mucosal adjuvant tended to be higher than that of chickens which received antigen plus NaF. Simultaneous administration of antigen with lithium or taurine elicited a higher antibody titer in chickens compared to those of chickens orally immunized with antigen alone, but the effect of these two adjuvants was less efficient compared with that of NaF. These results suggested that Q-SAP as well as NaF is useful as an oral adjuvant for chickens.     

感染鸡贫血病毒雏鸡接种新城疫疫苗后免疫功能和免疫调节的变化

雏鸡1日龄感染鸡贫血病毒，8日龄接种Lasota疫苗，以未感染免疫雏鸡为对照，于免疫后7、14、28d检测血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA,在凝抑制抗体（HI）滴度；胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏T细胞、IgG^ 、IgM^ 、IgA^ ,抗体生成细胞数量及T、B细胞增殖反应；胸腺、脾脏细胞因子IL－2、IFN活性的变化。结果发现，感染CAV雏鸡Lasota疫苗免疫后，其血清IgG、IgM、IgA免疫球蛋白含量明显减少，HI抗体滴度降低；胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏T细胞、抗体生成细胞数量降低及T、B细胞增殖反应减弱，胸腺、脾脏IL－2及TNF诱生活性降低，表明其细胞免疫和体流免疫功能以及细胞因子免疫调节作用均未感染免疫雏鸡明显减弱。     

Attempts to localize the defect in dysgammaglobulinemia of UM-B19 chickens by studying the effect of immunomodulating substances on immunoglobulin and antibody production

The extreme decreased levels of IgG in dysgammaglobulinemic UM-B19 chickens are linked with decreased antibody activity. Antibody activity to T-dependent (although diminished) and T-independent antigens is present but is restricted to IgM and IgA antibodies. Complete Freund's adjuvant enhances the existing isotype pattern of serum immunoglobulins and antibodies. The antibody response to a "T-independent" antigen (B. abortus) is greatly increased by CFA in dysgammaglobulinemic chickens. Beside the appearance of high levels of IgG in dysgammaglobulinemic chickens during the first weeks of life and in transitory dysgammaglobulinemia, remarkable IgG synthesis can be temporarily induced by the mitogenic activity of LPS and even more by the regulatory function of Levamisole. Furthermore, LPS and Levamisole induce IgG antibody synthesis to concomitantly administered antigen, the IgG antibodies appearing within the normal time. Contrary to a missing feedback inhibition from total IgG to IgM serum immunoglobulins, a feedback inhibition from IgG to IgM antibodies is found. No correlation can be found between Levamisole-induced IgG immunoglobulin concentrations, and IgG antibodies. Germfree rearing for one week or longer prevents the dysgammaglobulinemic defect. The following conclusions are drawn: Early antigenic stimulation seems to be the inducing factor for dysgammaglobulinemia in UM-B19 chickens. A BG cell pool is still present in adult dysgammaglobulinemic chickens. This BG cell pool is probably diminished to a varying extent. T cell helper functions seem to be present (albeit they may be disturbed) and can be stimulated. IgG specific T cell suppression is probable. From these conclusions the etiology of the dysgammaglobulinemia in UM-B19 chickens is hypothesized to be primarily due to delayed bursal development: Immature BG cells are eliminated by environmental antigens during the neonatal period in a process similar to tolerance induction. This event, in turn, induces suppressor mechanism(s) or disturbance in helper mechanism(s).     

Systemic and mucosal antibody responses to selected cell surface antigens of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in experimentally infected chickens

The immune response to four cell surface antigens of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) was investigated as the first step in identifying vaccine candidates. F1 pilus adhesin, P pilus adhesin, aerobactin receptor protein, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from an O78 E. coli (strain EC99) were used as antigens. The proteins were purified as 6xhistidine-tagged recombinant proteins and LPS was purified from a phenol/water extract. Groups of 12 broiler chickens were vaccinated intranasally with the EC99 strain and challenged with the same strain 10 days later via the intra-air sac route. The chickens that survived were euthanatized 10 days postchallenge. Scores were assigned to infected chickens on the basis of lesions and recovery of the challenge E. coli. The immunoglobulin (Ig) IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies to the four antigens were measured in serum and air sac washings in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Among the chickens that were not vaccinated prior to challenge, two died and three of the survivors were ill, whereas, of the chickens that were vaccinated prior to challenge, one died and one of the survivors became ill. After the intranasal vaccination, high antibody activity against all four antigens was associated with each Ig isotype in serum and air sac washings. IgG was the predominant isotype of Ig in air sac washings as detected by radial immunodiffusion. Chickens that were not ill after challenge had greater IgG, IgA, and IgM antibody activity against all four antigens in serum and air sac washings than did sick chickens. Thus, all of the antigens tested appear to be suitable candidates for a vaccine to protect chickens from respiratory tract infections caused by APEC.     

Intraocular vaccination with an inactivated highly pathogenic avian influenza virus induces protective antibody responses in chickens

Because it is expected to induce cross-reactive serum and mucosal antibody responses, mucosal vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is potentially superior to conventional parenteral vaccination. Here, we tested whether intraocular vaccination with an inactivated AI virus induced protective antibody responses in chickens. Chickens were inoculated intraocularly twice with 10⁴ hemagglutination units of an inactivated H5N1 HPAI virus. Four weeks after the second vaccination, the chickens were challenged with a lethal dose of the homologous H5N1 HPAI virus. Results showed that most of the vaccinated chickens mounted positive antibody responses. The median serum hemagglutination inhibition titer was 1:80. Addition of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 2006 or cholera toxin to the vaccine did not enhance serum antibody titers. Cross-reactive anti-hemagglutinin IgG, but not IgA, was detected in oropharyngeal secretions. In accordance with these antibody results, most vaccinated chickens survived a lethal challenge with the H5N1 HPAI virus and did not shed the challenge virus in respiratory or digestive tract secretions. Our results show that intraocular vaccination with an inactivated AI virus induces not only systemic but also mucosal antibody responses and confers protection against HPAI in chickens.     

Comparison of disease susceptibility and subclass-specific antibody response in SC and FP chickens experimentally inoculated with Eimeria tenella, E. acervulina, or E. maxima

Susceptibility to disease and the subclass-specific antibody response to Eimeria tenella, E. acervulina, and E. maxima were compared in two inbred strains of chickens, FP (B15B21) and SC (B2B2). FP strain was more susceptible to coccidiosis than SC chickens based on oocyst production, lesion score, and clinical signs. FP chickens infected with E. tenella had more severe cecal lesions and a significantly lower hematocrit level than SC chickens. FP chickens infected with E. acervulina excreted five times as many oocysts at 6 days postinfection as SC and showed a 71% reduction in plasma carotenoid level compared with controls (56% reduction in SC chickens). Body-weight change did not correlate with other signs of disease. Both SC and FP chickens produced high levels of serum IgM and IgG and biliary IgA. Although SC chickens had a slightly higher antibody response than FP chickens at 7 days postinoculation, both strains maintained high levels of IgM, IgG, and IgA for a prolonged period post primary inoculation. Although SC and FP chickens show different disease susceptibility to coccidiosis, they demonstrate similar antibody response.     

Serological response of chickens to infection with Salmonella gallinarum-S. pullorum detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The serological response to Salmonella pullorum and S. gallinarum infection in chickens was studied with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In broiler chickens, a more virulent strain of S. pullorum produced a significantly lower serum IgG titer than did a less virulent strain. In laying hens, the serum and egg-yolk IgG titers were very similar. In chickens infected with S. gallinarum, high IgG titers persisted for 30 weeks. In chickens reinfected with this strain, each reinfection was followed by transitory increases in IgG lasting no longer than 2 weeks. Serum samples from Brazil taken from a laying flock with evidence of fowl typhoid showed much higher antibody levels than did those from three uninfected flocks. Using lipopolysaccharide as the detecting antigen, infections caused by these salmonellae could be differentiated from those caused by other groups. Incorporation of the appropriate flagella antigen in the ELISA allowed differentiation between infections caused by S. pullorum and S. enteritidis.     

Modification of avian humoral immunoreactions by Influex and Echinacea angustifolia extract

Medicinal complex drugs as well as single ethanolic or aqueous extracts of several plants are commonly used to increase the natural resistance to various infections, though their efficacy and mechanism of action are not yet well elucidated. In the present study, we investigated two problems: firstly, whether the complex drug (Influex) and Echinacea angustifolia extract do stimulate the immunoglobulin and antibody synthesis in chickens immunized with human serum albumin; and secondly, whether a restoration of IgG-synthesis in immunodefective (dysgammaglobulinemic) UM-B 19 chickens is possible with these plant preparations, i.e. if the BG cells which may possibly be present can be polyclonally or antigen specifically stimulated. The preparations were administered orally in two doses, after which the complete immunoglobulin concentration was determined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis and the antibody production by ELISA. The effect of ethanolic solvent was taken into account. The administration of the complex drug to normal Leghorn chickens induced a rise in the serum immunoglobulin concentration, as well as an increase in the three classes of antibody. By the immunodeficient chickens (IgG concentration was below the level of test sensitivity at the start), the administration of the drug led to a slight production in IgG and antibody.     

Response of chickens to inoculation with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Newly hatched chickens were inoculated intranasally with either the S6 or TS 100 strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) or they were left uninoculated. The three groups of chickens did not differ discernibly in body, spleen, or bursa weight during the 27-day sampling period. However, the S6-inoculated chickens showed a more pronounced cellular response in the nasal passages and had nearly complete lymphoid depletion in the spleens. The TS 100-inoculated birds expressed only a mild cellular reaction, which was localized in the nasal passages. Uninoculated chickens appeared normal histologically. Serologic tests such as rapid serum plate agglutination, hemagglutination-inhibition, and radioimmunoassay were able to detect antibody responses of chickens to MG inoculations yet could not differentiate the response to TS 100 from the response to S6. Tracheal secretions in intact TS 100-inoculated chickens contained antibodies to MG, yet only one-half of the bursectomized inoculated chickens contained detectable antibody, which appeared to be IgG. This led to the conclusion that bursectomy suppresses the appearance of locally synthesized IgG antibodies to MG in tracheal washings. The locally produced antibody was considered important in the development of resistance induced by intranasal inoculation of TS mutants.     

新城疫活苗和油苗免疫雏鸡血清特异性IgG动态变化的研究

实验应用间接ELISA方法对新城疫LaSota疫苗和克隆-30油苗免疫鸡血清特异性IgG抗体的动态变化进行了观察.结果表明,二者抗体产生的时间不同,LaSota疫苗免疫鸡血清中特异性IgG抗体的产生早于油苗,但二者抗体滴度的最高值(OD490 nm)无显著差异.实验还表明ELISA法检测新城疫抗体的变化具有灵敏,稳定和重复性好等优点.