黑白花成年母牛绝食代谢的研究

为了研究我国黑白花奶牛的能量代谢规律,本试验用传统开路式呼吸面具装置对4头空怀干奶的成年黑白花母牛不同季节的绝食代谢产热量进行了4次测定,结果表明,我国黑白花空怀干奶成年母牛在中立温度区附近的绝食代谢产热量为72.052Kcal/kgw~(0.75)24hr.,在中立温度区以外,随气温的升高和降低绝食代谢产热量都有不同程度的增加,基本与国外黑白花奶牛的能量代谢规律一致,与我国奶牛饲养标准中的参数相符。     

黑白花生长母牛绝食代谢和不同运动量的能量代谢研究

本研究用国产传统开路面具,对6、9、12、15、18月龄的黑白花生长母牛各3头,共15头,在中立温度区进行了绝食代谢试验;对3头22月龄左右的妊娠初期的黑白花母牛进行了不同运动量的能量代谢试验。结果表明: 1.不同生长阶段黑白花母牛绝食代谢产热量见表1,     

生长期莎能奶山羊能量代谢研究──Ⅱ.不同环境温度、不同体重和不同代谢能采食量对生长期莎能奶山羊的总产热量及绝食产热量的影响

本研究用15头生长期西农莎能奶山羊（平均日龄为134．5±5．7天，平均体重为18．7±1．05kg），随机分为5组，分别按自由采食，0．8986、0．7189和0．5391MJME／kgW0．75等4个能量水平饲养。通过前期饲养试验和气体能量代谢试验，测定各能量采食水平组的体重、总产热量（THP）和绝食产热量（FHP）。结果表明，环境温度影响生长期莎能奶山羊的绝食产热量。随着环境温度超过等热区而下降时，绝食产热量升高。生长期莎能奶山羊的总产热量受代谢能食入量的显著影响。其每公厅代谢体重的总产热量随着体重的增加而增加。     

生长育肥猪绝食代谢试验的绝食时间的探讨

为探讨生长育肥猪绝食代谢试验的绝食时间,对3头瘦肉型去势公猪进行了两个体重阶段(40—50公斤)和(65—75公斤)1—6天的绝食代谢测定。前期绝食3天、后期绝食4天,呼吸商、体物质分解量和绝食产热量均达到平稳状态。分别为0.68—0.77、9.42—10.83(克/公斤~(0.75)·天)和80.50—94.17(千卡/公斤~(0.75)·天)。     

乳肉兼用水牛不同生长阶段绝食代谢的研究

用传统开路式牛用呼吸面具对12,18和24月龄乳肉兼用水牛绝食产热(FHP)进行研究。结果表明:12,18和24月龄乳肉兼用水牛FHP分别为334.03,328.55和306.01KJ/(kgW0.75·d);每天每头排出内源尿氮(EUN)分别为31.06,35.62和39.66g;单位代谢体重每天排出EUN分别为0.53,0.50和0.48g;蛋白分解产热占总产热量分别为17.99%,17.35%和17.98%;EUN与FHP比值分别为1.60,1.54和1.60mg/KJ。乳肉兼用生长水牛维持净能需要量:NEm=402.152KJ/(kgW0.75·d)。绝食代谢与体重指数关系为:FHP[KJ/(kgW0.75·d)]=877.864W0.57,(n=15,r=0.7075)。乳肉兼用生长水牛代谢体重为W0.57kg。     

中国仔猪及生长肥育猪能量需要的研究

1　仔猪及生长肥育猪的能量代谢动物体内营养物质在消化代谢过程中要消耗氧气,产生二氧化碳和热量。测定产热量和消耗、生成的气体量便可了解营养物质的代谢情况。杨嘉实(1983)首次研制成猪用密闭回路式呼吸测热装置。杨嘉实等(1985)研究了环境温度对杜×长×苏生长肥育猪基础代谢的影响(见表1)。并得出能量消耗(Ｙ)与环境温度(Ｘ)的回归关系:30～40ｋｇ阶段,Ｙ=-3178Ｘ 234276　(Ｒ2=-099);70～80ｋｇ阶段,Ｙ=-4563Ｘ 350141　(Ｒ2=-098)。杨嘉实等(1986)研究了吉林黑猪和杜×长×苏杂交去势公猪的绝食代谢。不同生长阶段每24小时每千克代…     

繁殖母猪、哺乳仔猪的绝食代谢研究

利用呼吸测热器对5头繁殖母猪及其哺乳仔猪进行了绝食代谢的测定。母猪分妊娠前期、妊娠后期、哺乳前期、哺乳后期和空怀期;仔猪分哺乳前期和哺乳后期。母猪5期的绝食代谢产热量分别为100.6、92.0、105.6、109.6和79.6千卡/公斤~(0.75)·天;耗O_2量分别为20.8、20.4、22.5、23.2和16.9升/公斤~(0.75)·天;CO_2产生量分别为14.7、14.1、16.0、16.6和11.9升/公斤~(0.75)·天;呼吸商变化范围在0.66-0.72之间。仔猪哺乳前期和哺乳后期的绝食代谢产热量分别为124和112千卡/公斤~(0.75)·天;耗O_2量分别为25.8和23.4升/公斤~(0.75)·天;CO_2产生量分别为17.1和17.5升/公斤~(0.75)·天;呼吸商在0.66-0.75之间;其体蛋白分解量分别为3.4和3.3克/公斤~(0.75)·天。结果与国外有关报导相近。     

12月龄生长母水牛绝食代谢的研究

用传统开路式牛用呼吸面具对12月龄母水牛绝食产热(FHP)进行研究。结果表明:①12月龄母水牛FHP为334.03KJ/KgW0.75·d;每天排出内源尿氮(EUN)为31.06g;代谢体重每天排出EUN为0.53g;蛋白分解产热占总产热量为17.99%;EUN与FHP比值为1.60mg/KJ。②12月龄母水牛维持净能需要:NEm=400.84KJ/W0.75d。     

奶牛发情期前后脱脂乳中孕酮水平与受胎率之间的关系

本试验用酶联免疫法(EIA)对34头具有发情表现的上海黑白花奶牛进行了脱脂乳孕酮含量的测定.结果表明,配种后妊娠的母牛和未妊娠的母牛在原人工授精当天的脱脂乳孕酮水平分别为0.23±0.17ng/ml 和0.65±0.72ng/ml,两者差异显著(P<0.05).母牛在开始发情后16～18小时,脱脂乳孕酮水平低于0.23ng/ml 时配种,其受胎率为100%.     

环境温度对生长育肥猪绝食代谢的影响

本研究应用密闭式呼吸测热器对生长肥育猪分两个体重阶段(前期30—40公斤;后期70—80公斤)进行了10℃、20℃和30℃环境条件下的饥饿代谢试验。得出绝食产热量(FHP)与环境温度(T)的回归方程:前期为FHP(千卡/公斤~(0.75)·天)=165.38-2.41T(r=-0.81,n=15),后期为FHP(千卡公斤~(0.75)天)=142.63-2.14T(r=-0.76,n=15)。在10℃、20℃、和30℃环境中,体蛋白分解量(克/公斤~(0.75)天),前期分别为2.77±0.35、3.45±1.46、3.06±1.14;后期分别为3.02±1.0、2.88±1.04、3.06±1.15。在10℃和20℃环境中,呼吸商为0.76—0.81;但30℃时,呼吸商偏高,其值为0.80—0.98。     

笼养紫貂生长期能量代谢研究

选择育成前期6只雄性紫貂进行饥饿代谢呼吸测热试验。另选18只雄性紫貂随机分成3个试验组,分别按1.2MEm值、1.8MEm值和2.4MEm值3个代谢能食入水平做梯度饲养、消化代谢试验和生长的呼吸测热试验。试验数据进行一元或二元线性回归分析。结果表明:生长紫貂的饥饿代谢每日产热量为681.47KJ/Kg~(0.75);其基础代谢产热量为602.34KJ/Kg~(0.75);生长紫貂每活动1小时,其饥饿代谢产热量平均增加35 KJ/Kg~(0.75)。生长紫貂每日的维持代谢能需要量为753.11KJ/Kg~(0.75);其代谢能的各种利用效率分别为:Km:0.90,Kg:0.75,Kp:0.66:Kf=0.78。生长期紫貂的能量代谢出现负平衡时,以氧化分解体脂肪供热为主;当体内能量代谢为正平衡时,优先沉积于体蛋白质。     

肉用仔鸡主要营养、环境因素产量函数模型的研究

利用二次回归通用旋转组合设计对500只印第安河肉鸡生产的主要营养、环境因素进行了研究,建立了肉鸡生产函数模型,探讨了印第安河肉鸡日粮中粗蛋白质、代谢能水平及饲养密度等主要营养、环境因素及其相互效应和增重的关系,寻求了肉鸡增重最佳饲养管理措施组合方案和最优化的生产条件,为我国肉鸡生产技术的规范化提供了科学依据。肉鸡生产函数模型。y=2105.57+101.35X_1+42.93X_2-16.68X_3-16.3X_1X_2-99.47X_1~2-54.91X_2~2-51.16X_3~2。各因素对产量贡献大小顺序为粗蛋白质>代谢能>饲养密度。预测56日龄增重达1900克和净收入高于2.20元/只以上时,前期日粮需粗蛋白质21.55～22.37％,代谢能12.199～12.597MJ/kg,饲养密度32.9～34.4只/m~2;后期依次为19.55～19.76％,12.46～12.85MJ/kg,16.7～17.9只/m~2。蛋白质和代谢能存在交互作用。     

小尾寒羊泌乳期母羊能量需要量及代谢规律研究

选择有代表性的小尾寒羊泌乳母羊6只，分成哺育单羔和双羔两组，每组3只，分泌乳前期（1～30天），泌乳中期（31～60天）和泌乳后期（61～90天）3个阶段进行饲养试验、消化代谢试验、呼吸测热试验及屠宰试验等研究。两组试羊均按NRC（1978）推荐的绵羊泌乳期哺育双羔母羊能量需要量供给代谢能和其它养分。结果表明，在本研究条件下，小尾寒羊泌乳母羊（包括哺育单、双羔者）在整个泌乳期内的平均日干物质（DM）、有机物质（OM）、代谢能（ME）和泌乳量分别为1689g，1571g，19．893MJ和653g。DM、OM和总能（GE）表观消化率分别为70.71％，72．58％和70．34％，代谢率（MEI／DEI）为84．89％。甲烷能占GEI的9．18％。每日畜体产热量（HP）为625．5KJ／kgW0.75。研究还表明：小尾寒羊泌乳母羊的每日维持代谢能和净能需要量分别为582．6和460KJ／kgW0.75，每户1kg原乳需要10802KJ的代谢能。维持效率为0．790泌乳效率为0．479，HI占GEI的18．10％。分析结果证明，试羊的泌乳量、采食量、畜体产热量和能量转化效率在单、双羔之间均无显著差异（P＞0．05）。小尾寒羊泌乳母羊的代谢能总需要量（MER）可用下式估计：羊羔：MER＝576．9W0.75＋10810M；双羔：MER＝588．2W0.75＋10794M；平均：MER＝582．6W0.75＋1     

辽宁绒山羊杂交改良子午岭黑山羊的效果及遗传分析

本文对用辽宁绒山羊杂交改良子午岭山羊的生长发育、生产性能、绒纤维品质及遗传规律进行了分析,结果表明各代杂种羊的各个指标均较子午岭山羊有提高。杂种羊体重比子午岭山羊体重提高10％以上,子午岭成年母羊产绒量为115克,杂种一、二、三代分别为282、330、355克,产绒量显著提高(P<0.01),接近当地辽宁绒山羊(370克)。本文估测了高代杂种F_3主要经济性状的遗传参数,结果表明,体重、产绒量、绒纤维细度的遗传力分别为0.562、0.138、0.455。产绒量与体重、绒纤维的长度的遗传相关分别为0.674、0.882。绒纤维细度与体重的遗传相关为-0.086。根据估测的遗传参数,结合生产实际,提出选择指数I_8=-0.00425x_1+0.1898x_2+0.8785x_3,其中x_1=产绒量(克);x_2=体重(千克);x_3=细度(微米),可在生产中试用。     

Continuous measuring of heat production and activity during the course of the day in hungry growing rats

Heat production (indirect calorimetry) and motor activity were measured continuously with 4 repetitions at 8 male albino rats (24 h fasting) over 21 h (4 minute cycle of measured value registration). The average difference between maximum and minimum heat production in a 4-minute measuring period amounted to 82 +/- 14% (68 to 139%). There was a significant connection between heat production and activity. 7.9 +/- 1.2% of the heat production of the hungry rat could be ascribed to activity. In the course of the day of fasting (24 h) an average metabolism reduction of 15 kJ/kg LW0.75 could be observed.     

Evaluation of medetomidine-ketamine anesthesia with atipamezole reversal in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis).

Sixteen captive and wild-caught American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), seven juveniles (< or = 1 m total length [TL]; 6.75 +/- 1.02 kg), and nine adults (> or = 2 m TL; 36.65 +/- 38.85 kg), were successfully anesthetized multiple times (n = 33) with an intramuscular (i.m.) medetomidine-ketamine (MK) combination administered in either the triceps or masseter muscle. The juvenile animals required significantly larger doses of medetomidine (x = 220.1 +/- 76.9 microg/kg i.m.) and atipamezole (x = 1,188.5 -/+ 328.1 microg/kg i.m.) compared with the adults (medetomidine, x = 131.1 +/- 19.5 microg/kg i.m.; atipamezole, x = 694.0 +/- 101.0 microg/kg i.m.). Juvenile alligators also required higher (statistically insignificant) doses of ketamine (x = 10.0 +/- 4.9 mg/kg i.m.) compared with the adult animals (x = 7.5 +/- 4.2 mg/kg i.m.). The differences in anesthesia induction times (juveniles, x = 19.6 +/- 8.5 min; adults, x = 26.6 +/- 17.4 min) and recovery times (juveniles, x = 35.4 +/- 22.1 min; adults, x = 37.9 +/- 20.2 min) were also not statistically significant. Anesthesia depth was judged by the loss of the righting, biting, corneal and blink, and front or rear toe-pinch withdrawal reflexes. Recovery in the animals was measured by the return of reflexes, open-mouthed hissing, and attempts to high-walk to the opposite end of the pen. Baseline heart rates (HRs) were significantly higher in the juvenile animals (x = 37 +/- 4 beats/min) compared with the adults (x = 24 +/- 5 bpm). However, RRs (juveniles, x = 8 +/- 2 breaths/min; adults, x = 8 +/- 2 breaths/min) and body temperatures (juveniles, x = 24.1 +/- 1.1 degrees C; adults, x = 25.2 +/- 1.2 degrees C) did not differ between the age groups. In both groups, significant HR decreases were recorded within 30-60 min after MK administration. Cardiac arrhythmias (second degree atrio-ventricular block and premature ventricular contractions) were seen in two animals but were not considered life-threatening. Total anesthesia times ranged from 61-250 min after i.m. injection. Although dosages were significantly different between the age groups, MK and atipamezole provided safe, effective, completely reversible anesthesia in alligators. Drug-dosage differences appear to be related to metabolic differences between the two size-classes, requiring more research into metabolic scaling as a method of calculating anesthetic dosages.     

Consequences of nutritional and husbandry factors on the heat production of rats and broilers. 2. Effect of environmental temperature on the heat production of fully grown broilers and rats

In an experiment with broilers (origin Tetra B) and with rats (albino, Wistar line) with 2 animals each, heat production was ascertained by measuring CO2 production and O2 consumption over 20 minutes after their feeding 18 h and 1 h before the beginning of measuring at ambient temperatures of 30, 25, 20, 15 and 10 degrees C. Every variant was followed through over 6 h/d in 12 measuring sections. The feed amount/ánimal and day was adapted to energy maintenance requirement. At the beginning of the experiments the broilers and rats were 14 and 21 weeks old resp. and weighed 2.2 kg and 220 g resp. The variation of the ambient temperature did not influence the heat production of the broilers. In contrast to this, the time of feeding in relation to the beginning of measuring had a distinct effect on heat production. Whereas a heat production of 342 +/- 34 kJ/kg LW0.75.d was ascertained in the postabsorptive state 18 h after the last feed intake, it increased by 11% to 393 +/- 32 kJ/kg LW0.75.d when measuring began 1 h after feeding. The very act of feed intake increased heat production by 75%. Rats showed a distinct increase of heat production caused by a decreasing ambient temperature. In the temperature range of 30-25 degrees C the increase was shallower than in the range of 25-10 degrees C. Per 1 degrees C below 25 degrees C heat production increased by 30 kJ/kg LW0.75.d. The increase was independent of the metabolism level, which was influenced by the feeding variants. The results are discussed in connection with Rubner's theory of heat compensation.