Differential reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica in watermelon cultivars and cucurbit rootstocks

The suitability of watermelon cultivars and cucurbit rootstocks as hosts to Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica was determined in pot and field experiments. Meloidogyne incognita showed higher reproduction than did M. javanica on watermelon and cucurbit rootstocks. The watermelon cultivars did not differ in host status when challenged with these two species and supported lower nematode reproduction than the cucurbit rootstocks. Rootstocks Lagenaria siceraria cv. Pelops and Cucurbita pepo AK15 supported lower reproduction than did the squash hybrid rootstocks (C. maxima × C. moschata). Egg production increased (P < 0·05) with a rising initial inoculum level (Pi) in the non‐grafted Sugar Baby but the reproduction factor Rf (eggs per plant/Pi) was similar at two Pi levels. The total egg production in the plants grafted onto squash hybrids RS841 and Titan was greater (P < 0·05) at the higher Pi, but the Rf values were lower. The development of field‐grown non‐grafted watermelon plants was significantly stunted in plots where nematodes were detected at planting. However, no differences were observed in plots with grafted plants. In plots with nematodes, non‐grafted and Titan‐grafted plants had similar yields that were higher than that of RS841‐grafted plants. In the commercial plastic houses with grafted watermelon, the average Rf value was 42‐fold, confirming the high susceptibility of squash hybrids as rootstocks for grafted watermelon. The Titan–Sugar Baby combination was tolerant to M. javanica.     

无机化合物对南方根结线虫作用方式的研究

利用体外生物测定方法检测碳酸氢铵、硫酸铜和氯化铁在供试浓度下对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫（Meloidogyne incognita J2）存活的影响,以及药剂对其运动行为、个体发育、呼吸及体液外渗等的影响。结果表明,3种化合物在LC90浓度下使南方根结线虫2龄幼虫50% 致死时间不超过10.14 h,90%致死时间不超过22.66 h,离体条件下均对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫存活有强烈的抑制作用,显著降低了其运动行为,使其体长缩短、透明尾变长。并且,药剂处理均降低了线虫的呼吸作用,线虫悬浮液的电导率明显高于对照。     

Host suitability and response of different vegetable genotypes to Meloidogyne incognita race 2 and Meloidogyne javanica in South Africa

The host suitability of 20 locally available genotypes of Capsicum, 10 of Daucus carota, 7 of Beta vulgaris- and 3 of Spinacea oleracea were assessed in separate greenhouse studies for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 2 and M. javanica, respectively. Substantial variation existed amongst the vegetable genotypes in the greenhouse screenings with regard to their host status to the respective root-knot nematode species. None of the genotypes of D. carota, B. vulgaris and S. oleracea showed resistance to the nematode species tested. However, resistance to M. incognita race 2 was identified in Capsicum genotype “Tobasco”, which was subsequently verified in a follow-up microplot trial using a range of initial population densities together with a susceptible Capsicum genotype “Paprika”. Reproduction factors of the nematodes were used as the main criterion to evaluate resistance. In the microplot trial, genotype “Tobasco” showed resistance at the lower inoculum levels but not at the higher nematode population levels. The need exists for more frequent and extensive screenings of the various vegetable genotypes in order to provide small-scale farmers with better options for improved and sustainable yields.     

南方根结线虫二龄幼虫对不同类型盐离子的趋化反应

为了明确南方根结线虫对不同类型盐离子的趋化性,在琼脂糖平板培养基上测试了南方根结线虫2龄幼虫对37种无机盐和11种有机盐的趋化反应。结果表明,Cl-和SCN-盐对南方根结线虫均有排斥作用;对南方根结线虫有排斥作用的NO-3盐为Ba(NO3)2、NH4NO3、Mn(NO3)2;H2PO-4或HPO2-4盐为KH2PO4、K2HPO4;CO2-3或HCO-3盐为 Na2CO3、K2CO3、(NH4)2CO3 和KHCO3;OH-盐为KOH和 NaOH;有机酸为C2H4O2、C3H6O3和C4H6O6。含有相同阳离子的不同盐对南方根结线虫的吸引或排斥作用不受影响。阴离子对南方根结线虫的排斥作用大小为SCN->NO-3>Cl->OH->CO2-3> H2PO-4>有机酸>SO2-4。只有KCl、Ba(NO3)2、NH4NO3、Mn(NO3)2、(NH4)2CO3、C2H4O2和 C4H6O6对线虫的趋化性随浓度的增加而增加,而其他被测试的41种盐浓度对线虫的趋化性没有显著影响。     

毒杀南方根结线虫的木霉种类鉴定及活性研究

木霉是国际上研究与应用非常普遍的生防真菌之一,具有重要的科研价值和广阔的应用前景。本研究采用形态学鉴定、ITS和β-tubulin序列分析法对4株具有杀线虫活性的木霉菌株进行种类鉴定,结果显示FT311和FT312为绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride),FT1937和FT85为哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)。利用贝氏皿浸没法测定,4株木霉发酵滤液均能显著降低南方根结线虫卵的孵化和2龄幼虫(J2)的活性,其中FT1937和FT85对卵孵化抑制率和J2致死率均达到85%~92%,而FT311能够达到80%~85%,但FT312毒性较低,仅达40%~60%;2株哈茨木霉的活性好于2株绿色木霉;同时观察到发酵液对线虫卵和幼虫体壁有消解作用、抑制和延迟卵孵化,并使幼虫体内空泡化。本研究为根结线虫病害的生防防治提供了更多的木霉资源信息。     

Expression of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in kenaf cultivars (Hibiscus cannabinus) under field conditions

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Field studies were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to investigate the reaction of 10 varieties of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) to natural infestation of...     

Reactions of Cowpea to Meloidogyne incognita in Eastern Nigeria

Abstract

One hundred and three cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) were rated in replicated trials in the field and glasshouse for their reactions to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Forty-one cultivars consistently showed some resistance to the nematode in both field and glasshouse trials; 25 were consistently susceptible and the remaining 37 were inconsistent.     

Biometrical, biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of Meloidogyne incognita isolates and related species

Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most polyphagous species of root-knot nematodes occurring in Brazil and worldwide. Eight M. incognita isolates were studied, representing two enzymatic phenotypes (esterase and malate desydrogenase: I1/N1, I2/N1) and four cryptic Meloidogyne sp.1 (S2/N1) isolates, representing one cytological type (3n?=?40–46). Three M. hispanica isolates (Hi3/N1, 2n?=?32–36) and two of an atypical Meloidogyne sp.2 (S2a/N3, 3n?=?40–44) were included in this study for comparison. All isolates were tested with three M. incognita-specific molecular markers. The primer pairs B06F/R, miF/R and incK14F/R amplified three species-specific fragments of 1,200?bp, 955?bp and 399?bp, respectively for M. incognita and Meloidogyne sp.1 isolates. No amplification occurred in the M. hispanica and Meloidogyne sp.2 isolates, except with primers miF/R (1,650?bp). The genetic variability of the Meloidogyne spp. isolates was evaluated, using RAPD and ISSR markers. The phylogenetic analyses revealed two strongly supported monophyletic clades: clade I, consisting of M. hispanica and the atypical Meloidogyne sp.2 isolates, and clade II, clustering together all M. incognita and the Meloidogyne sp.1 isolates. Considering the biometrical, cytological and molecular approaches, it was possible to conclude that the isolates with three enzymatic phenotypes (I1/N1, I2/N1 and S2/N1) presented the characteristics described for M. incognita. Some correlations were detected between the isozymatic phenotypes and the tree topology (S2a/N3, Hi3/N1, I1/N1, S2/N1), but no strict correlation could be observed for the phenotype I2/N1 and one isolate of S2/N1. Morphologically, the Msp.2 isolates differ from M. incognita and M. hispanica by the female stylet features presenting straight cone tip and round pear shaped knobs, posteriorly sloping. The results of this study suggested that the Msp.2 isolates with phenotypes S2aN3 belong to a new or an unidentified species closely related to M. hispanica.     

Physiological and morphological response of tomato plants to nano-chitosan used against bio-stress induced by root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV)

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) have been reported to be responsible for large economic losses of agricultural crops due to their wide host range and...     

铵类化合物对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫存活的影响

在实验室内寄主体外测定了铵类化合物对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫（Meloidogyne incognita J2）存活的影响。结果表明：供试的8种化合物在不同浓度下对南方根结线虫J2有不同程度的致死作用,并且随着浓度的升高致死效果均显著增加。其中NH4HCO3对J2作用最为敏感,浓度为0.025 mol/L（25 ℃,pH 7.95）时校正死亡率达53.5%,浓度达到0.05 mol/L（25 ℃,pH 8.20）时校正死亡率可达100%,而其他化合物只有在高浓度时致死效果才显现出来。致死浓度由低到高的顺序为：NH4HCO3＜(NH4)2SO4＜NH4CNS＜NH4NO3 ＜NH4H2PO4＜NH4Cl＜(NH4)3PO4&#8226;3H2O＜(NH4)2HPO4。同时测定了南方根结线虫J2的酸度适应范围是pH4.1~11.0。     

Selection of virulent populations of Meloidogyne javanica by repeated cultivation of Mi resistance gene tomato rootstocks under field conditions

Field trials were conducted in a plastic house artificially infested with an avirulent population of Meloidogyne javanica to determine the durability of the resistance mediated by the Mi gene in tomato rootstocks after repeated cultivation for three consecutive years. Treatments included an experimental rootstock cv. PG76 ( Solanum lycopersicum  ×  Solanum sp.), a commercial rootstock cv. Brigeor ( S. lycopersicum  ×  S. habrochaites ), a resistant tomato cv. Monika ( S. lycopersicum ), and a susceptible cv. Durinta ( S. lycopersicum ). Based on the reproduction index (RI: number of eggs per g root on the resistant cultivar divided by number of eggs per g root on the susceptible cultivar × 100), rootstock cv. PG76 responded as highly resistant (RI = 7%) after the first cropping cycle (3·4 nematode generations), showed intermediated resistance (RI = 33%) after the second cropping cycle (3·3 generations), and was fully susceptible (RI = 94%) after the third cycle (3·3 generations). In contrast, rootstock cv. Brigeor and resistant cv. Monika retained intermediate resistance levels (RI = 41 and 25%, respectively) after the third cropping cycle. Virulent nematode populations were rapidly selected from an avirulent one after repeated cultivation of resistant tomatoes under field conditions. Bioassays conducted under controlled conditions confirmed that selection for virulence occurred more rapidly in plots with cv. PG76 followed by Brigeor and Monika. The nematode population in the field not exposed to Mi resistance remained avirulent to Mi genotypes. The genetic background of the resistant rootstocks and the frequency of cropping were critical factors for the appearance of virulent nematode populations. Irrespective of nematode infection, all resistant tomatoes yielded more than the susceptible cultivar.     

Selection of virulent Meloidogyne individuals within mixed isolates by continuous cultivation on a Mi gene resistant tomato genotype

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Two isolates of Meloidogyne spp. from two districts (Thrace and Crete) of Greece have been identified as M. arenaria and M. incognita using perineal...     

Screening of Urfa pepper landraces for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are significant pathogens that affect the yield and fruit quality in pepper cultivars (Capsicum spp.)....     

Relationship between physiological response of French beans of different age to Meloidogyne incognita and subsequent yield loss

A study was made of the effect of a single generation of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on the growth of potted French bean plants ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) inoculated at different stages of plant maturity. In separate experiments. 3-, 11- and 13-day-old plants were inoculated before primary leaf expansion (BPLE). at the appearance of trifoliate leaves (TRIF) and at the flower bud (BDS) stages respectively, with 0, 2000, 4000 or 8000 second-stage juvenile nematodes and maintained in a growth chamber under controlled conditions. The photosynthetic rate of the plants inoculated at the TRIF and BDS stages decreased significantly with increasing inoculum level 7 days after inoculation. Although the respiration rate did not significantly change throughout the experimental period, the ratio of photosynthetic to respiration rate decreased significantly with increasing nematode inoculum level and duration of infection. Chlorophyll content, plant dry weight and the numbers of buds, flowers, pods and seeds were significantly lower in infected plants than in the controls; this effect increased with increasing levels of nematode inoculum for all three plant stages. The leaf area was significantly smaller only when nematode infection occurred at the BPLE stage. The plants which were youngest at the time of nematode infection produced the lowest yield; this appeared to result from the effect of nematodes on photosynthesis and related physiological processes.     

植物源提取物防治根结线虫的分子研究

针对内生真菌的生物防治,重点阐述了中草药提取物的杀虫活性、植物抗线虫基因的发现以及植物防御系统激发的最新研究.植物源提取物作为潜在的线虫杀虫剂,为生物源农药开发和利用提供新的思路.同时,对于今后线虫杀虫剂开发中存在的问题及解决方案进行了探讨,就其发展方向提出了建议.     

华南地区主要番茄品种对南方根结线虫的抗性评价

通过人工接种方式, 对华南地区番茄主要栽培品种对优势根结线虫——南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）的抗性进行了评价。结果表明,广东栽培品种年丰、红宝石、新星、福安、粤红玉、穗丰、金丰、益丰、丰顺、大丰顺、满丰和法国品种SAINT PIERRE均高度感病; 而法国品种 PIERSOL VFN高度抗病,根结率为0。根据SAS8.0多重比较分析表明,在F0.01的水平上, 品种PIERSOL VFN与其余品种之间对根结线虫的抗性均存在显著性差异,而其他12个品种间对根结线虫的抗性差异不显著。     

An Interpretation of the Ultrastructural Response of Tomato Roots Susceptible and Resistant to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitwood

Giant cells, which are nutrient sources for the developing larvae of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitwood in susceptible tomato roots, are characterized by proliferation of cytoplasm and organelles, lobing of nuclei and irregularly thickened walls. The hypersensitive response of resistant tomato roots occurs more quickly than does the susceptible response and is characterized initially by intercellular deposits, loss of vacuolar electron-dense deposits, increased electron-density of the cytoplasm and an increase in the number of ribosomes. Eventually there is a loss of membrane-distinctness in the cell. The sequence and type of organelle changes suggest that the oesophageal secretions of the nematode into susceptible cells may de-repress a gene (s) to induce DNA synthesis. Subsequently auxin activity increases ribosomal RNA synthesis so facilitating protein synthesis and water and solute translocation. In a resistant plant the oesophageal secretions may activate a gene that produces a thermolabile enzyme that rapidly releases substances from the vacuoles or lysosomes and so manifests the hypersensitive response. The effect of this enzyme is overcome by exogenous kinetin thus supporting the role of cytokinins in the host response.     

Effect of humic acid on Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood infecting banana (Musa spp.)

Humic acid, a natural by-product from lignite coals, was evaluated for its potential to control root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incogntia infecting banana. Hatching of M. incognita eggs was inhibited 50%–100% following incubation in 0.08%-2.0% humic acid in vitro. Exposure of juveniles (J2) of M. incognita to different humic acid concentrations significantly affected the mobility of J2 in vitro. The percent immobility of J2 increased with concentrations of humic acid up to 0.08%. In pot experiments, soil treatment with humic acid reduced the root galling in banana plantlets. All the humic acid tested concentrations (0.04%, 0.08%, 0.2% and 0.4%) significantly reduced the nematode soil density by 53.5%–56.7%, root infection by 61.9%–63.8%, egg population by 61.9%–63.8% and reproduction rate by 55.7%–56.6%. A significant improvement of growth of banana plantlets in terms of number of leaves, pseudostem height, girth, weight, root length and weight was noticed in humic acid treated pots. Humic acid did not suppress growth of the biocontrol agents Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride in vitro. Results suggest that soil treatment with humic acid at 0.04% not only offers significant nematode control but also improves growth of banana.     

Diversity of Meloidogyne incognita populations from cotton and aggressiveness to Gossypium spp. accessions

The root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita is the main nematode causing losses to the cotton crop in Brazil. In order to implement control strategies within integrated management, an accurate identification of the nematode populations prevailing in the cotton production areas is necessary. This study aimed to assess the genetic variability and aggressiveness of RKN populations from cotton production areas in Bahia state, Brazil. All populations were characterized biochemically and molecularly and identified as M. incognita. RAPD and AFLP markers detected 44% of polymorphic fragments among the 13 populations of this species. The 10 M. incognita populations collected in Bahia presented 33.7% of diversity when compared to each other, and 25% when the population from Barreiras (the most polymorphic) was excluded. This polymorphism increased when populations from other Brazilian states were included. The aggressiveness and virulence among populations from Bahia towards different cotton accessions (susceptible/resistant) was also studied. None of the populations showed virulence against the moderately resistant (Clevewilt 6, Wild Mexican Jack Jones and LA 887) and highly resistant (CIR1348 and M-315 RNR) cultivars. Two M. incognita populations from Barreiras were the most aggressive, reaching reproduction factors of 539 and 218, respectively, in the susceptible cultivar FiberMax 966. The most aggressive population (8) was also the most genetically divergent in phylogenetic analyses. These results demonstrate that diversity of M. incognita populations from cotton farms in Bahia is not related to virulence against resistant accessions, which suggests that cultivars containing one or two resistance genes with good agronomic characteristics could be used in infested commercial areas in Bahia state, Brazil.