不同寄主植物对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用

随着马铃薯甲虫不断扩展其分布范围,其对寄主的适应性也在发生变化.在我国,马铃薯甲虫的主要寄主植物是马铃薯、茄子、番茄和天仙子.为进一步明确马铃薯甲虫对不同寄主植物的嗜食程度,研究了以上4种寄主植物对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用,以及取食量的影响,同时进行了田间寄主选择性的调查.选择性试验结果表明:不同寄主植物对马铃薯甲虫的引诱作用差异显著,其中马铃薯、天仙子引诱作用显著高于茄子和番茄;取食量研究结果表明:马铃薯甲虫各龄期对不同寄主24 h取食量的大小依次为:马铃薯＞茄子＞天仙子＞番茄;1-2龄幼虫取食量小,3-4龄幼虫及成虫暴食寄主叶片,是马铃薯甲虫造成危害的主要阶段.     

Fitness of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda to three solanaceous vegetables

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important agricultural pest that invaded China in the middle of December 2018. As a polyphagous pest, FAW is identified as a serious threat to agricultural production and food security in China. Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.), tomato(Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) and eggplant(Solanum melongena L.) are three of dominant solanaceous vegetables of this country. To our knowledge, the effects of these plants on the performances of FAW have not been well studied. In this study we assessed the fitness of this pest to these three plants. Results showed that FAW can complete its life cycle when fed with tomato and pepper, but not on eggplant. The population parameters of FAW fed with maize(Zea mays L.) and the three solanaceous vegetables were compared using the age-stage, two-sex life table method. Developmental duration was significantly different in the larval stage, but not in the pupae stage. FAW fed with pepper had the longest pre-adult period(41.73 d) and the lightest pupal weight(0.1134 g); the survival rate was lower than FAW fed with tomato. Significant differences were observed in the mean fecundity of female, with the highest(943.95 eggs) laid by FAW fed with tomato. FAW had the shortest mean generation time(T), the highest intrinsic rate of increase(r) and finite rate of increase(λ) on maize, and the highest net reproductive rate(R_0) on tomato. Overall, FAW fitness on the three solanaceous vegetables was: tomatopeppereggplant. This study provides the foundation for further assessment of FAW risk to solanaceous vegetables and for establishing corresponding control strategies in China.     

华南地区番茄和茄子研究历史、现状与展望

华南地区是我国重要的北运蔬菜和粤港澳大湾区菜篮子基地,独特的热带亚热带气候地理条件形成了我国华南特色蔬菜育种和栽培区域。番茄和茄子是我国重要的蔬菜作物,由于华南地区高温、多雨、高湿的天气持续时间长,青枯病爆发等因素严重影响番茄和茄子产业的健康发展。因此,优质、耐热、抗病种质资源收集鉴评与创新,新品种选育与配套栽培技术研究,以及优质、高产、抗病相关的应用基础研究是华南地区番茄和茄子产业的重要研究课题。对60 多年来华南地区番茄和茄子研究的历史和现状、种质资源收集保存与创新利用、优质高产新品种培育、耐高温和抗青枯病等重要性状机理研究、新品种和新技术的产业化推广等方面进行概述,系统阐述了当前华南地区番茄和茄子育种和产业发展的现状,同时提出了华南地区番茄和茄子在种质创新和新品种选育、抗病抗逆和品质应用基础研究、新兴生物和农业技术研究与产业化应用等方面的发展方向,为我国华南地区番茄和茄子种业和产业发展提供参考。     

Management of Colorado potato beetle in invasive frontier areas

Colorado potato beetle(CPB) is one of the most devastating invasive insects and it is native to North America. It feeds on several wild species of the genus Solamum, such as S. elaeagnifolium and S. rostratum Dunal, and is one of the major pests of potato and eggplant. Beginning in the early 19 th century, CPB has rapidly spread across North America, Europe, and Central Asia. CPB was first reported to invade Xinjiang of China in 1993 and it was effectively controlled in Mori County. Since 2013, CPB has also been found in Jilin and Heilongjiang in Northeast China, and it likely migrated to these provinces from Russia. Thus, China has become the frontier for the global CPB spread, and risk management and monitoring systems for this pest are urgently needed. Here, we summarize pest management methods that are used in areas at the frontier of the CPB invasion, and put forward frameworks for further preventing and controlling of the spread of CPB. The management methods for CPB can also serve as an example for the control of invasive species mitigation in frontier areas.     

寄主植物对茄廿八星瓢虫生长发育的影响

对茄廿八星瓢虫在蕃茄,茄子,龙葵、南瓜等４种植物上的生长发育进行了观察。结果表明：该虫在３种茄科植物上各虫态发育历期无显差异;而在南瓜上存在显差异,各虫态历期明显延长,在３种茄科植物上,茄廿八星瓢虫取食量,成虫产卵量,幼虫及蛹的存活率均无显差异,而在南瓜上存在显差异。在南瓜上饲养,茄廿八星瓢虫幼虫及蛹存活率低,成虫丧失产卵能力。     

新疆加工番茄病毒病毒原种类及TMV,CMV株系的鉴定

对１９９１，１９９２和１９９４年采集的４１２份加工番茄病毒病样本的鉴定结果表明，新疆加工番茄主要毒原种类有烟草花叶病毒（ＴＭＶ）、黄瓜花叶病毒（ＣＭＶ）、马铃薯Ｘ病毒（ＰＶＸ）和马铃薯Ｙ病毒（ＰＶＹ），分别为样本数的４０．５％，２４．８％，１４．６％和４．４％。ＴＭＶ主要株系为０株系，占分离物的６５．７％，其次为１株系占３４．３％，没有发现２株系和１．２株系。ＣＭＶ以轻花叶株系为主，占分离物的６６．７％，重花叶株系为次，占３３．３％。     

新疆首次发现水稻重大外来有害生物稻水象甲

[目的]为新疆水稻种植区科学监测和防控稻水象甲提供参考.[方法]普查和定点调查,结合文献报道,明确目前稻水象甲发生、分布和危害,描述其形态特征,介绍国内外稻水象甲生物学特性和发生规律研究成果,提出防治策略和措施.[结果]截止目前该害虫发生涉及伊犁河谷地区察布查尔锡伯自治县和乌鲁木齐市米东区8个乡镇场,发生面积0.397 x 100 hm2(5.95万亩).在发生区稻田稻水象甲幼虫平均发生量3头/穴,最高达20头/穴;成虫平均发生量3.7头/m2.该虫危害造成产量损失约为5;,严重者可达25;以上.[结论]以国内外稻水象甲主要生物学特性、发生规律和防治的最新研究成果为基础,结合稻水象甲人侵初期的特征和新疆水稻的生产实际,初步提出封锁和防控措施.     

马铃薯甲虫病原细菌分离及生防菌的筛选与鉴定

【目的】分离筛选对马铃薯甲虫（Colorado potato beetle,CPB）具强致病性的细菌生防菌株并对其鉴定。【方法】从CPB虫体上分离病原细菌,利用几丁质酶和蛋白酶活性初步筛选致病菌株,然后通过室内和田间试验筛选出可导致CPB大量死亡的生防菌。根据形态学、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析等进行鉴定,确定生防菌株的分类学地位。【结果】从新疆CPB分布区采集的CPB发病成虫虫体上分离纯化获得126个细菌菌株,其中36个菌株对昆虫体壁几丁质和蛋白质具有降解活性。在室内马铃薯叶片饲养的CPB各龄幼虫和成虫上测试,11个菌株对1-2龄幼虫表现出不同程度致病力,在接种后1-3 d始见幼虫死亡,处理后7 d幼虫的累积死亡率达到21.0%-77.9%,所有菌株对2龄以上CPB的致病力不明显或无致病力。在田间种植的马铃薯植株上测试这11个致病菌株,处理后观察,CPB008、CPB012和CPB016等3个菌株在10 d内对CPB的累积致死率达到41.0%-49.9%;另外还有3个菌株对CPB的致死率也在21.1%以上。这6个菌株均为革兰氏阳性菌,从形态学和生理生化特性鉴定它们均属于芽孢杆菌（Bacillus）,通过PCR扩增分别获得它们的16S rDNA序列并登录到NCBI GenBank中,由此分析比对,菌株CPB008、CPB012、CPB016和CPB111为苏云金芽孢杆菌（B. thuringiensis）;CPB072、 CPB108为萎缩芽孢杆菌（B. atrophaeus）。【结论】筛选获得的3株苏云金芽孢杆菌（CPB008、 CPB012、CPB016）对马铃薯甲虫致病性强,具有重要的应用潜力。     

马铃薯甲虫虫生真菌分离及强致病菌株筛选

采用常规组织分离法,从新疆石河子、伊宁和昌吉等地区采集的马铃薯甲虫发病成虫虫体上分离并纯化出36个真菌菌株。经形态学初步观察,这些菌株分属于白僵菌(Beauveria)、轮枝菌(Verticillium)、镰刀菌(Fusarium)、青霉(Penicillium)、木霉(Trichoderma)和曲霉(Aspergillus)等属。用这些菌株的悬浮液喷雾接种家蚕(Bombyx mori)幼虫后显示,有26个菌株(白僵菌19株,轮枝菌4株,镰刀菌2株,木霉1株)对家蚕幼虫表现出不同程度致病力,并在接种后5~9 d始见虫体死亡。白僵菌的19个菌株的致病力都非常强,接菌后11 d幼虫累计死亡率(LR11d)为75.80%~95.76%,致死中时(LT50)为7.5~10.2 d,其中白僵菌MJ01、MJ07、MJ09和MJ19的致病力最强,它们的LR11d和LT50分别达到91.24%~95.76%和7.5~8.0 d。轮枝菌的4个菌株的致病力亦较强,它们的LR11d和LT50分别为56.25%~61.55%和9.1~10.3 d。镰刀菌的2个菌株和木霉的1个菌株的致病力都比较弱,其LR11d和LT50分别为7.2...     

“黑珍珠”番茄温室无土栽培技术

"黑珍珠"番茄是近年从国外引进的番茄新品种,果实为红黑色,药食兼用,营养价值高。文章从育苗、基质及营养钵准备、定植、水肥管理、植株调整、病虫害防治、采收等方面介绍了"黑珍珠"番茄温室无土栽培技术。     

3种茄科蔬菜相互嫁接的综合效应探讨

将番茄、茄子、香瓜茄进行互接，结果表明：3种茄科蔬菜之间互接成活率均在85％以上。以番茄为砧木能促进茄子接穗的茎、叶生长，增强叶片的光合强度，降低脯氨酸含量，提高果实的产量和品质；以茄子和香瓜茄为砧木，随着生育进程，对接穗营养器官和生殖器官的生长有明显的抑制作用，光合强度和产量极显下降。其嫁接亲和性强弱依次是：番茄—茄子、番茄-香瓜茄、茄子—香瓜茄。因此，可以选择适宜的番茄砧木用于茄子的嫁接生产。     

加工番茄品种对番茄细菌性斑点病的抗性鉴定

[目的]番茄细菌性斑点病严重影响加工番茄的品质和产量,种植抗病品种是防治该病害的经济有效措施之一.近年来加工番茄品种更新换代很快,搞清目前加工番茄品种对细菌性斑点病的抗性情况,为其防治提供理论依据.[方法]对当前收集的32个加工番茄品种进行温室育苗,7～8片真叶期进行喷雾接种,利用分级调查法进行病情调查,根据病情指数划分反应型,确定供试品种的抗感类型.[结果]在供试的32个加工番茄品种中没有发现免疫和抗病品种,其中H5503、石番19、H8504、T737、石番28、石番33、石番29和石红401为耐病品种;屯河26、石番15、H9205、石番18和石番36为感病品种,其余为高感品种.[结论]在供试的32个加工番茄品种中没有发现免疫和抗病品种,只有8个耐病品种,其它均为感病或高感品种.     

Botanicals and plant strengtheners for potato and tomato cultivation in Africa

This review provides a summary of botanicals and plant strengtheners that have potential uses for disease and pest management in potato and tomato cultivation in African. We discuss their possible use to prevent major diseases and pests which infest potato and tomato, such as early and late blight, bacterial wilt, potato tuber moth, and tomato leafminer. There are several examples of the successful uses of botanicals for pathogen and pest control relevant for different African climatic conditions; however, most of these studies have been conducted in vitro and often lack field verification. Plant strengtheners(substances that induce and improve crop resistance, yield, and quality) are little studied and used in Africa in comparison to North America and Europe. The possible benefits of using botanicals and plant strengtheners instead of conventional pesticides are discussed here in relation to human health and the environment as well as their modes of action and accessibility to farmers. Lack of knowledge of the composition and active ingredients of extracts, environmental concerns, uncertainties regarding stability and formulation, lack of legislation and limited support from governments, hamper the development of botanicals and plant strengtheners for use in sustainable African agriculture.     

间作对番茄黄化卷叶病毒病发生的影响

番茄黄化卷叶病毒的流行危害引起番茄产量大幅度下降，番茄间作其它作物，可减轻媒介昆虫传毒，是综合防治番茄黄化卷叶病毒的有效方法之一。番茄间作黄瓜、玉米、菜用大豆、黄秋葵、红薯后对发病情况及白粉虱虫口密度的影响试验结果表明，定植58d后，病害发生达高峰期；白粉虱成虫迁飞高峰在1月份，1月中旬至2月中旬白粉虱幼虫虫口密度最大；定植后37、47、58、78d，不同间作作物上白粉虱幼虫虫口密度有显著或极显著差异；黄瓜、菜用大豆是白粉虱偏爱的寄主植物；番茄间作菜用大豆、玉米、红薯、黄瓜对番茄黄化卷叶病毒有一定防效。     

沙棘木蠹蛾潜在分布区预测与分析

利用CLIMEX生态气候模型对沙棘木蠹蛾在中国的适生区进行了预测.结果显示,甘肃省的南部和中部、宁夏回族自治区南部、陕西省和山西省的北部、河北省北部、北京市北部、辽宁省西部和东部部分地区、内蒙古自治区的南部、四川省的西部部分地区、青海省的东部部分地区、新疆维吾尔自治区北部部分地区是该害虫的适生区,这一地区正是中国沙棘人工林分布面积比较大的区域.在综合分析沙棘灌丛林自然分布、沙棘人工林栽培状况、沙棘木蠹蛾危害状况以及生态气候指数EI的基础上,作者认为沙棘木蠹蛾是中国“三北”地区的本地害虫,沙棘木蠹蛾的种群爆发是本地害虫危害引入树种的典型例子.      

番茄潜叶蛾生物防治研究进展

总结了生物防治在番茄潜叶蛾防控领域的研究和应用现状,旨在为该害虫在我国的高效、可持续防控提供参考。番茄潜叶蛾的天敌昆虫资源丰富,其中赤眼蜂科、姬小蜂科和茧蜂科等寄生蜂,以及盲蝽科的捕食性蝽等对该害虫的控害能力较强。近年,相关研究报道了部分天敌昆虫的大规模饲养与释放技术,为其田间应用提供了良好条件,如暖突赤眼蜂Trichogramma achaeae、烟盲蝽Nesidiocoris tenuis等在国际上已被广泛应用于番茄潜叶蛾的田间防治,并取得良好成效。此外,病原微生物,如绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae、苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis等,及植物源提取物,如印楝Azadirachta indica、麻疯树Jatropha curcus种子的提取物等,对该害虫有较强的杀虫活性,且相对于化学农药更为安全。再者,RNAi等新兴生物技术在针对番茄潜叶蛾防治的研究也已逐渐开展。     

异属砧木嫁接对茄子和番茄生长、产量及品质的影响

嫁接是克服茄果类蔬菜连作障碍的重要手段,砧木是影响嫁接蔬菜生长、产量和品质的关键因素之一。试验分别采用番茄属(Lycopersicon Mill.)和茄属(Solanum L.)砧木对番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)及茄子(Solanum melongena L.)进行了嫁接,研究嫁接后对番茄和茄子生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,异属砧木和接穗嫁接亲和力相对较低。番茄属砧木嫁接番茄对其生长无影响,但能显著增加茄子的株高、茎粗和叶片数;茄属砧木显著降低了番茄的生长势,减少了叶片数,显著增加了茄子的株高和叶片数。番茄属砧木嫁接番茄后可显著降低番茄的糖酸比,降低茄子的可溶性糖含量;茄属砧木显著降低了番茄的可溶性糖含量,增加了可滴定酸含量,降低了糖酸比,增加了茄子维生素C和粗纤维含量。番茄属砧木显著提高了番茄和茄子的产量,茄属砧木显著降低了番茄的产量,显著增加了茄子的产量。因此,在生产上建议,茄果蔬菜嫁接采用同属植株为砧木比较合适。     

Identification of Heterodera schachtii on sugar beet in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China

The sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, is a major parasite of sugar beet which has been recognized and listed as a quarantine nematode in China and more than 20 countries and regions worldwide. A survey for important nematodes was undertaken in the sugar beet planting area of China during 2015–2018, and numerous cysts were collected from sugar beet fields in Xinyuan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The observations of morphological and morphometric characteristics revealed that cysts, vulval cones and second-stage juveniles of the Xinjiang population were in the same range of each other and within those of other reported H. schachtii populations. Molecular analysis of rDNA-ITS, 28S-D2/D3 and mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene sequences suggested that the Xinjiang population clustered in a branch with those foreign populations, and the sequence similarity was as high as 99.81–100%. Moreover, this result was confirmed by PCR assay with species-specific primer SHF6 and rDNA2 of H. schachtii, and the pathogenicity test confirmed successful Xinjiang population reproduction in both plant hosts. In conclusion, based on morphological and molecular characterization, this study confirmed that the cyst nematode population collected from sugar beet fields in Xinjiang is H. schachtii. As far as we know, this is the first report of H. schachtii on sugar beets in Xinjiang, China.     

Tomato mottle mosaic virus: Characterization,resistance gene effectiveness,and quintuplex RT-PCR detection system

Tomato mottle mosaic virus(ToMMV), an economically important species of the genus Tobamovirus, causes significant loss in yield and quality of tomato fruits. Here, we identified the Shandong isolate of ToMMV(ToMMV-SD) collected from symptomatic tomato fruits in Weifang, Shandong Province of China. ToMMV-SD caused symptoms such as severe mosaic, mottling, and necrosis of tomato leaves, yellow spot and necrotic lesions on tomato fruits. The obtained full genome of ToMMV-SD was 6 399 nucleotides(ac...     

新疆北部沿天山主要种植区马铃薯病害分析

【目的】研究新疆北部沿天山主要种植区马铃薯病害种类以及病原菌的种类,采集奇台农场、尼勒克县实验站、巴里坤石人子村等地区的感病植株与块茎分离鉴定。【方法】采用组织分离法结合显微形态观察、柯赫氏法则、16S rDNA及ITS鉴定方法,分离鉴定引起马铃薯病害的病原菌。【结果】病原菌有假单胞菌(Pseudomonas lactis)、致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、茄病镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、链格孢菌(Alternaria sp.)、细级链格孢菌(Alternaria tenuissima)、赤星病菌(Alternaria alternata)、白地霉(Galactomyces candidum),分别引起青枯病、枯萎病、干腐病、早疫病、黑斑病、赤星病、白地霉干腐病,其中致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)致病性较强。【结论】新疆马铃薯主产区的病害有枯萎病、干腐病、早疫病,并且青枯病、白地霉干腐病、赤星病、黑斑病。