Perspective on oil flax yield and dry biomass with reduced nitrogen supply

Field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design to determine effects of nitrogen (N) application levels (J0: 150 ​kg/hm², J1: 120 ​kg/hm², J2: 90 ​kg/hm², J3: 60 ​kg/hm²) on regulating dry biomass accumulation, allocation and translocation, and grain yield of oil flax during 2018 cropping season. Significant promotion was observed in dry matter during accumulation stage of oil flax, when N rate was reduced by 40% (from 150 to 90 ​kg/hm²). Under J2 treatment, translocation of dry matter from vegetative organs to pod increased by 38.46% and 61.54% respectively, when compared with J1 and J0 treatment. Dry matter distribution proportion of pod at maturity increased 4.47%–7.61%, contribution rate of leaf to grain upgraded 5.09%–8.77%, and number of effective pods and grains per pod increased by 27.16%–45.38% and 6.49%–26.59% respectively compared to other treatments. As a result, seed yield of oil flax under J2 treatment was 2.23%–18.21% higher than those of other treatments. Our study recommended 90 ​kg/hm² as the best N fertilizer level to improve seed yield of oil flax.     

施氮量对新疆滴灌冬小麦根系生长及产量的影响

为探明滴灌冬小麦高产需氮肥规律,利用大田试验研究了N_0(0 kg·hm~(-2))、N_1(90kg·h~(-2))、N_2(180kg·h~(-2))、N_3(270kg·h~(-2))、N_4(360kg·h~(-2))施氮量对新冬18号0~60cm土层根系生长的影响及其与产量和氮肥利用率的关系。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,拔节至成熟期间0~60cm土层根系干重、根长和根系活力均增加,N_3处理孕穗期小麦0~60cm土层根干重、根长分别较N_0处理增加11.93%、29.0%,增幅基本表现为0~20cm20~40cm40~60cm土层;N_3处理较N_0处理小麦产量增加30.35%,氮肥农学利用效率为6.90kg·kg-1。拔节期前后施适量氮肥可促进0~60cm土层根系生长和活力增强,是氮肥增产的重要原因。本试验条件下最适宜施氮量为180~270kg·h~(-2),可获得产量7 591.49~8 004.85kg·h~(-2),氮肥农学利用效率为6.90~8.06。     

西北绿洲氮磷配施对冬小麦产量及养分利用效率的影响

为了解氮磷配施对西北地区冬小麦产量和养分利用效率的影响.在甘肃凉州区黄羊镇甘肃农业大学试验农场开展了4个施肥处理(N165 P105:165 kg N·hm-2 +105 kg P2O5·hm-2;N165 P165:165 kg N·hm-2 +165kg P2O5·hm-2;N225 P105:225 kg N·hm-2+105 kg P2O5·hm-2;N225 P165:225 kg N·hm-2 +165 kg P2O5·hm-2)的大田试验.结果表明,4个施肥处理中,N165 P105、N225 P165和N165 P165三个处理间产量差异不显著,但均显著高于N225 P105;N165 P105是河西绿洲冬小麦高产节肥的最佳施肥处理.少施N肥有利于WUE的提高(7.89%),而氮磷合理配施才能获得较高的WUE.多施N、P肥可增加N(36.72%)和P(58.94%)的消耗量,但明显降低N(44.48%)、P(53.50%)利用效率,不同处理间N、P利用效率差异显著或极显著,但N、P肥在养分利用上彼此影响不大.因此,肥料的合理配施是提高养分利用效率、实现西北地区高产的主要途径.     

早熟型冬小麦群体性状及产量对氮磷肥和种植密度的响应

为确定早熟型冬小麦品种中麦8号在高肥力田达到最佳群体质量时合理的氮磷肥施用量和适宜的种植密度,采用两因素裂区试验设计,主区设4个氮磷肥施用量水平,分别为N120P96(纯氮120kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 96kg·hm~(-2))、N_(180)P_(144)(纯氮180kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 144kg·hm~(-2))、N240P192(纯氮240kg·hm~(-2),P_2O_5 192kg·hm~(-2))、N_(300)P_(240),(纯氮300kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 240kg·hm~(-2));副区设3个种植密度,分别为D180(180万株·hm~(-2))、D240(240万株·hm~(-2))和D300(300万株·hm~(-2)),研究了氮磷肥和种植密度对小麦群体性状、产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,随着氮磷肥施用量的增加,小麦开花后干物质积累量和产量均降低;种植密度的增加提高了成熟期群体总茎数和单位面积穗数,而千粒重表现出相反的趋势。在N180P144至N_(300)P_(240),范围内,同一施肥条件下花后干物质积累量随种植密度的增加而增加。在土壤肥力较高的条件下,早熟品种中麦8号在种植密度180万株·hm~(-2)、施纯氮120kg·hm~(-2)和P_2O_5 96kg·hm~(-2)的条件下,产量达到最高。     

豫北高地力条件下施氮量对冬小麦花后氮代谢特征及产量的影响

为探讨施氮量对高地力条件下冬小麦花后氮代谢特征及产量的影响,以矮抗58为供试材料,采用大田试验法,研究了0、150、200、250和300 kg.hm-2施氮水平对小麦花后旗叶和籽粒GS活性、游离氨基酸含量、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及小麦成熟后0-100 cm土壤各层硝态氮积累量的影响。结果表明,施氮量达200 kg.hm-2时能够显著提高旗叶和籽粒中GS活性及游离氨基酸含量,但与250和300 kg.hm-2的施氮量处理间差异不显著;小麦成熟后随着施氮量的增加,0~100 cm土层内硝态氮的残留量上升,小麦成穗数增加,千粒重下降,籽粒蛋白质含量提高;小麦产量在施氮200 kg.hm-2时为最高,在施氮300 kg.hm-2时最低,说明在高地力条件下,小麦实现高产的适宜施氮量为200 kg.hm-2。     

施氮量对半湿润区小麦-玉米轮作系统土壤氮的影响

为探讨不同施氮量对黄土高原半湿润地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统土壤氮动态变化的影响,2016-2018年采用田间试验,研究了不同氮肥用量下冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统作物不同生育时期0～200 cm土层土壤氮的动态变化。结果表明,不同氮肥处理间0～60 cm土层土壤全氮储量差异显著,两年试验后较试验前,施氮0 kg·hm~(-2)(N_0)、100 kg·hm~(-2)(N_(100))、200 kg·hm~(-2)(N_(200))、300 kg·hm~(-2)(N_(300))和400kg·hm~(-2)(N_(400))处理的土壤全氮增量分别为-180、-245、288、627和709 kg·hm~(-2)。不同氮肥处理间0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量及其储量差异显著,土壤铵态氮含量无显著性差异。两年试验后较试验前,N_0和N_(100)处理0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮储量明显降低,N_(200)处理变化不显著,3者均无明显硝态氮下移,而N_(300)和N_(400)处理0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮储量显著增加,向深层土壤(100～200 cm)下移明显。每季作物施氮200 kg·hm~(-2)可以减少深层土壤硝酸盐累积量。     

施氮对滴灌春小麦干物质、氮素积累和产量的影响

为给北疆地区滴灌春小麦生产中氮素管理提供依据,以新春6号为材料,设置5个施氮水平(施纯氮0、150、300、450和600 kg·hm-2,分别用N0、N1、N2、N3、N4表示),分析了施氮量对滴灌春小麦干物质、氮素积累和产量的影响.结果表明,滴灌春小麦植株干物质和氮素积累特征符合Logistic曲线,施氮能促进其干物质和氮素积累,以N2处理表现最佳,其干物质量和氮素积累量分别达到19 745.03和310.97kg·hm-2,比其他处理分别高4.42％～60.74％和3.68％～79.65％.滴灌春小麦产量和氮肥当季利用率受施氮量影响均显著,且均随施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中产量以N2最大,比N0增产45.04％.经函数拟合,施氮量为366.83 kg·hm-2时,滴灌春小麦产量最高.     

冬小麦产量及土壤肥力的水氮调控效应

为了解水分和氮素调控对冬小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响,通过长期定位试验,设置0、150和225kg N·hm-2 3个施氮水平以及不灌水(CK)、越冬期灌水80mm(WF)、越冬期灌水40mm(WS)、秸秆覆盖+越冬期灌水40mm(MWS)、秸秆覆盖+拔节期灌水40mm(MJS)和拔节期灌水40mm(JS)6个水分调控模式,比较分析了不同水氮处理间小麦产量和土壤肥力的差异。结果表明,施氮可增加冬小麦产量,施氮量150与225kg N·hm-2的产量差异不显著(P0.05);水分调控模式中JS的产量最高,但与MJS差异不明显;水氮处理中,以施氮150kg N·hm-2条件下JS的产量最高。施氮降低了土壤速效磷和速效钾含量,但提高了速效氮、全氮和有机质含量;不同水分调控模式中MJS改善耕层土壤肥力的效果最佳;以施氮150kg N·hm-2水平下MJS处理的综合效应最好。     

水氮运筹对强筋小麦干物质转运与籽粒产量的影响

为探讨冀东麦区水氮运筹对强筋小麦干物质转运与籽粒产量的影响,以强筋小麦品种津农7号为材料,采用裂区试验设计,以追氮春灌时间为主区［返青期追氮灌水（T₁）、起身期追氮灌水（T₂）和拔节期追氮灌水（T₃）］,氮肥运筹为副区［基施N 120 kg·hm^-2+追施N 120 kg·hm^-2（N₁）、基施N 90 kg·hm^-2+追施N 120 kg·hm^-2（N₂）和基施N 120 kg·hm^-2+追施N 90 kg·hm^-2（N₃）］,比较分析不同处理下津农7号籽粒产量、干物质转运和氮肥偏生产力的差异。结果表明,水氮运筹对津农7号的籽粒产量和穗粒数影响显著,不同处理下小麦籽粒产量为8 734.82～9 763.22 kg·hm^-2,其中T₂N₁和T₂N₂处理的籽粒产量显著高于其他处理;T₂的平均氮肥偏生产力较T₁和T₃分别高4.84%和1.88%,且T₂N₂处理最高。各处理花后干物质转运对籽粒产量的贡献率为57.35%～89.74%,说明小麦籽粒产量多源于花后干物质积累。T₂条件下成熟期小麦营养器官氮素积累量和籽粒氮素积累量均显著高于T₁和T₃,且N₃下花前氮素转运效率较N₂无显著变化,说明追氮灌水前移至起身期可促进强筋小麦氮素转运及籽粒氮素积累。在本试验条件下,基施N 90 kg·hm^-2,起身期灌水并追施N 120 kg·hm^-2可在协调小麦干物质和氮素的积累、转运和分配的同时稳定产量,提高氮肥利用率,从而实现强筋小麦节氮稳产。     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对麦田氮素平衡和籽粒产量的影响

为明确秸秆还田配施不同水平氮肥下麦田的氮素平衡状况,在夏玉米秸秆全部还田的基础上设置了不同的氮肥处理,测定了小麦植株全N含量、土壤硝态氮含量、氮肥氨挥发量和籽粒产量,分析了麦田不同土层硝态氮含量和积累量的变化趋势以及施氮量对氮素利用效率和麦田氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,小麦植株氮含量、植株氮素总积累量、籽粒产量均随施氮量的增加而显著增加;施加氮肥使氮素养分利用率、氮肥偏生产力显著降低。与播种时期土壤硝态氮含量相比,成熟期硝态氮含量降低,且施氮处理下土壤硝态氮含量、硝态氮积累量高于不施氮处理;硝态氮积累量主要分布在麦田土壤表层,与施氮量成正相关关系。施氮量为0、160、220、280kg·hm~(-2)时,硝态氮淋失量分别为5.04、13.10、17.10、37.26kg·hm~(-2)。氮肥的氨挥发速率在施肥后第一天达到最高,随后逐渐降低,遇到降雨或灌溉迅速降低至不施氮处理的氨挥发水平,氮肥氨挥发量与施氮量及时间存在正相关关系。160、220、280kg·hm~(-2)施氮量处理下,氮肥氨挥发量分别为0.65、0.77、1.01kg·hm~(-2)。从麦田氮素平衡来看,不施氮肥处理耗竭土壤氮素资源;施氮量为160kg·hm~(-2)时,有消耗土壤氮的风险;施氮量为220kg·hm~(-2)时,氮素投入与氮素输出保持平衡;施氮量为280kg·hm~(-2)时,有大量氮素损失到环境中的风险。为有效控制氮素淋溶和氨挥发损失,兼顾产量和节约生产成本,该区推荐施氮量为220kg·hm~(-2)。     

北方设施菜地夏季休闲期甜玉米最佳行株距和播期研究

在北京市郊区设施菜地对夏季敞棚休闲期甜玉米不同株距和不同播期进行试验,研究高效吸氮、有效减少NO3--N淋溶同时有较好经济效益的甜玉米种植模式。结果显示,以83 cm大行距、50 cm小行距、26 cm株距为最佳行株距,吸氮量达289 kg/hm2,收获后0～200 cm土层NO3--N含量减少649 kg/hm2,鲜穗产量达到19 573kg/hm2,均显著优于其他行株距处理(P0.05)。甜玉米提前10 d播种(比休闲开始当日提前10 d)为最佳播期,吸氮量达到328 kg/hm2,收获后0～200 cm土层NO3--N含量减少357.7 kg/hm2,鲜穗产量达19 853 kg/hm2,显著优于其他播期处理(P0.05)。     

Influence of Crop Nutrition on Grain Yield, Seed Quality and Water Productivity under Two Rice Cultivation Systems

The system of rice intensification (SRI) is reported to have advantages like lower seed requirement,less pest attack,shorter crop duration,higher water use efficiency and the ability to withstand higher degree of moisture stress than traditional method of rice cultivation.With this background,SRI was compared with traditional transplanting technique at Indian Agricultural Research Institute,New Delhi,India during two wet seasons (2009-2011).In the experiment laid out in a factorial randomized block design,two methods of rice cultivation [conventional transplanting (CT) and SRI] and two rice varieties (Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa 44) were used under seven crop nutrition treatments,viz.T 1,120 kg/hm2 N,26.2 kg/hm2 P and 33 kg/hm2 K;T 2,20 t/hm2 farmyard manure (FYM);T 3,10 t/hm2 FYM+ 60 kg/hm2 N;T 4,5 t/hm2 FYM+ 90 kg/hm2 N;T 5,5 t/hm2 FYM+ 60 kg/hm2 N+ 1.5 kg/hm2 blue green algae (BGA);T 6,5 t/hm2 FYM+ 60 kg/hm2 N+ 1.0 t/hm2 Azolla,and T 7,N 0 P 0 K 0 (control,no NPK application) to study the effect on seed quality,yield and water use.In SRI,soil was kept at saturated moisture condition throughout vegetative phase and thin layer of water (2-3 cm) was maintained during the reproductive phase of rice,however,in CT,standing water was maintained in crop growing season.Results revealed that CT and SRI gave statistically at par grain yield but straw yield was significantly higher in CT as compared to SRI.Seed quality was superior in SRI as compared to CT.Integrated nutrient management (INM) resulted in higher plant height with longer leaves than chemical fertilizer alone in both the rice varieties.Grain yield attributes such as number of effective tillers per hill,panicle length and panicle weight of rice in both the varieties were significantly higher in INM as compared to chemical fertilizer alone.Grain yields of both the varieties were the highest in INM followed by the recommended doses of chemical fertilizer.The grain yield and its attributes of Pusa 44 were significantly higher than those of Pusa Basmati 1.The seed quality parameters like germination rate and vigor index as well as N uptake and soil organic carbon content were higher in INM than those in chemical fertilizer alone.CT rice used higher amount of water than SRI,with water saving of 37.6% to 34.5% in SRI.Significantly higher water productivity was recorded in SRI as compared to CT rice.     

测墒补灌条件下施氮量对冬小麦耗水特性和水氮利用效率的影响

为明确黄淮麦区冬小麦高产节水条件下的适宜施氮量,以小麦品种山农23为材料,在大田拔节期和开花期0~40cm土壤含水量分别补灌至田间持水量的70%和65%条件下,设置每公顷施纯氮0kg(N0)、180kg(N1)、240kg(N2)、300kg(N3)4个施氮水平,研究小麦耗水特性和水氮利用效率对施氮量的响应。结果表明,N2处理较N0和N1处理显著提高了20~160cm土层土壤贮水消耗量,但与N3处理无显著差异。N2处理灌水量较N0和N1处理分别降低7.35%和9.51%,显著提高土壤贮水消耗量、开花至成熟阶段的耗水量和耗水模系数;N3处理的灌水量较N2处理增加9.59%,两个处理间土壤贮水消耗量、开花至成熟阶段的耗水量和耗水模系数均无显著差异。N2处理的籽粒产量、降水利用效率和灌水利用效率比N1处理分别高9.53%、9.54%和21.04%,施氮量增加至300kg·hm-2时,籽粒产量无显著变化,灌水利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别降低7.55%和18.94%。因此,在本试验条件下,施氮240kg·hm-2的增产、水氮高效利用效果最佳。     

Identification and evaluation of high nitrogen nutrition efficiency in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) germplasm

To establish identification and evaluation methods of N (nitrogen) absorption and utilization of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), difference of N nutrition efficiency (NNE) among rapeseed germplasms and relationship between NNE and plant traits under various N application rates were analyzed in this research. Pot cultivating experiments were conducted to investigate NNE with 3 ​N application rates in soil (0.05, 0.2 and 0.3 ​g/kg). A total of 12 rapeseed germplasms were planted, nitrogen absorption efficiency (NAE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) in seedling stage, bolting stage, initial flowering stage, final flowering stage, and maturity stage were obtained. Results showed that bolting stage was the best period for NAE identification and evaluation. Low N application rate in soil (0.05 ​g/kg) was the best for NAE, and the indirect indexes were basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight. Maturity stage was the best period for NUE identification and evaluation. High N application rate in soil (0.3 ​g/kg) was the best for NUE, and indirect indexes were above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter. N application rates of 0.05 ​g/kg in soil was the best for nitrogen harvest index at maturity stage, and indirect indexes was number of pods per plant. Plant traits of rapeseed germplasms affected NNE. Higher basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight at bolting stage under low N application rate were important characteristics of N absorption in rapeseed. Higher above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter at maturity stage under high N application rate were important characteristics of N utilization. Higher number of pods per plant at maturity stage under lowe N application rate was an important characteristic of N harvest index. These results provided a reliable index for N management and provided theoretical basis for guiding rapeseed breeding.     

玉米施肥量优化模型与土壤无机氮变化特征

对"3414"田间试验各处理玉米产量和不同氮水平(N0=0、N1=93.75、N2=187.5、N3=281.25 kg/hm~2)下测定土壤无机氮,探究N、P、K不同配比施肥对玉米产量的影响和不同氮水平下土壤无机氮的变化特征。结果表明,施氮对玉米产量的影响达到差异显著水平,施磷、钾肥对玉米产量的影响差异不显著。随着施氮量升高,玉米产量先升高后稳定,通过方差分析确定当地最佳推荐施氮量变化范围为93.75～281.25 kg/hm~2。施氮可以提高1 m土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的积累量。铵态氮易被固定,拔节期以后,土壤中铵态氮积累较为稳定。硝态氮在土壤中变异较大,尤其在高施氮量(281.25 kg/hm~2)时,1 m土体中硝态氮积累量显著增加。无机氮总量与施氮量显著相关,当施氮量为281.25 kg/hm~2时,大大增加中期(抽雄期)氮素损失风险,确定安全施氮量处于187.5～281.25 kg/hm~2。提高产量、减少氮素损失的生产目标,207.27 kg/hm~2的施氮量为当地经济安全施氮量。     

Tracing the fate of nitrogen with <Superscript>15</Superscript>N isotope considering suitable fertilizer rate related to yield and environment impacts in paddy field

While the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer is believed to dramatically influence rice fields and improve the soil conditions in paddy fields, fertilization with low use efficiency and nitrogen loss may cause environmental pollution. In this paper, ¹⁵N-labeled urea was used to trace the fate of nitrogen at four rates (0, 75, 225 and 375 kg N/ha) of urea fertilizer over three split applications in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, in 2014. Plant biomass, the soil nitrogen content of different layers, NH₃ volatilization and N₂O emissions were determined using the ¹⁵N abundance to calculate the portion from nitrogen fertilizer. The results indicated that rice yields increased with the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer. NH₃ volatilization is the main nitrogen loss pathway, and N₂O emissions were significantly associated with nitrogen application rates in the paddy. The percent of nitrogen loss by NH₃ volatilization and N₂O emissions increased with the nitrogen application rate. This study showed that the suitable N fertilizer in a loam clay paddy, considering the yield requirements and environmental issues, is approximately 225 kg N/ha in Hangzhou, with a distribution of 50.06% of the residual in the rice and soil and 48.77% loss as NH₃ volatilization and N₂O emissions. The nitrate from fertilization mainly remained in the 0–20 cm level of the topsoil.     

Effects of rates and times of application of starter dressings of nitrogen fertilizer to surface sown perennial ryegrass-white clover on hill peat

The effects on clover and grass growth of five levels of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) applied before sowing, at sowing and after nodule initiation have been investigated. A pot experiment in which S184 white clover was grown in a peat soil showed that NH₄-N up to 688 mg N per pot (approx. equivalent to a field rate of 120 kg ha^-1 N) applied before sowing and at sowing did not affect clover growth. N-fixing activity (C₂H₂-reduction), on the other hand, was reduced progressively up to the highest level (688 mg N per pot). Application after nodule initiation increased growth relative to the zero-N treatment at all levels of application. Maximum growth and N fixation occurred at 516 mg N per pot where the DM yield was 70% higher than in the absence of added N. A field trial in which S184 clover and S24 perennial ryegrass were surface sown on to a peat soil showed an increase in grass and clover growth in the first year in response to 120 kg ha^-1 N applied at sowing. Grass growth alone was increased at 120 kg ha ^-1 N applied 40 d before sowing. Lower rates of application before sowing and at sowing did not affect clover or grass growth. The effect of the delayed application of NH₄-N on legume growth was less marked than that in the pot experiment, 90 kg ha^-1 N stimulating clover growth by 40% in the first year. The effect was however different from that in the pot experiment, in that, whilst 30kg ha^-1 N increased N fixation relative to the zero-N treatment, plants exposed to higher levels showed a depression in N-fixing capacity. N-fixation was correlated with nodule numbers in the delayed NH₄-N application, the closest correlation being with the number of multilobed nodules which was highest at 30 kg ha^-1 N and lowest at 120 kg ha^-1 N. It is suggested that circumstances exist when the use of a relatively low starter N dressing (20–60 kg ha^-1 N) at sowing would not increase clover or grass growth in the early stages of the establishment of a hill reseed. Under such circumstances higher rates of application (100 kg ha ^-1 N), preferably delayed until the seedlings are in a position to take up the nitrogen rapidly, would have the greatest effect.     

氮素形态配比对玉米氮素积累及转运的影响

通过田间试验,研究6种(N_1~N_6)硝态氮与铵态氮配比处理对旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米植株氮素积累、转运、氮素利用及子粒产量的影响。结果表明,单施硝态氮时玉米的养分吸收、氮素利用及产量均最低。N6(硝态氮与铵态氮3∶1配比)处理下玉米全生育期氮素积累量最高,氮素吸收强度较单施硝态氮处理高55.19%~73.28%(P0.05),该处理下叶片和茎中氮素转移量较单施硝态氮处理高78.99%和93.52%(P0.05);叶片和茎中分别有66.50%~71.89%和43.44%~55.59%的氮素转移到子粒中;叶片和茎对子粒的氮素贡献率分别较单施硝态氮处理高43.80%和56.00%(P0.05);玉米子粒产量、氮素吸收效率及氮肥偏生产力较其他处理显著增加3.31%~9.94%、4.62%~33.89%和3.31%~9.93%。硝态氮和铵态氮配施对玉米的养分吸收有明显的促进作用,提高硝态氮的施用比例有利于提高玉米叶片和茎对子粒氮素的贡献率,硝态氮与铵态氮按3∶1比例配施有利于提高当地玉米子粒产量。     

施氮对稻茬冬小麦氮肥吸收利用及转运的影响

为推动稻茬冬小麦氮肥高效利用,采取15N微区试验,研究了施氮量(N₀、N_{120、N210、N300)对稻茬小麦氮素吸收、转运、产量和氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,增加施氮量能够显著提高成熟期植株对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收量。小麦对基肥氮的吸收以越冬至拔节期最高,对追肥氮的吸收以拔节至开花期最高。植株对追肥氮的积累量均高于基肥氮,对土壤氮的积累量在N120 处理下高于肥料氮,在N210、N300 处理下则相反;N120、N210、N300 处理下植株中土壤氮积累量占总吸氮量的比例分别为57%、48%、45%。成熟期叶片、茎鞘、穗轴+颖壳和籽粒中的氮素分配比例分别为6.09%~9.70%、9.01%~11.14%、7.19%~7.48%、71.96%~ 77.42%。肥料氮对籽粒氮素的贡献率随施氮量增加而显著增加,N120、N210、N300 处理分别为45.78%、 56.22%、61.25%。植株中肥料氮的转运量、花后积累量和土壤氮的花后积累量均随施氮量增加而显著增加,而土壤氮的转运量则随施氮量的增加而下降。基肥氮、追肥氮、肥料氮和土壤氮的转运效率分别为 77.31%~79.96%、77.89%~81.80%、77.61%~81.13%、51.55%~67.64%。植株花后氮积累量对籽粒氮素的贡献率约为1/5,肥料氮和土壤氮花后积累量对籽粒中肥料氮和土壤氮的贡献率分别为9.59%~ 14.56% 和 24.11%~34.48%。施氮量超过210 kg·hm^-2 时产量增加不显著,N120、N210、N300 处理氮肥回收率分别为54.48%、48.15%、41.64%。}     

测墒补灌条件下施氮量对小麦干物质积累转运和产量的影响

为筛选测墒补灌节水条件下实现小麦高产和氮素高效利用的最优施氮量,以小麦品种烟农1212为材料,在拔节期和开花期将0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水量补灌至70%条件下,设置0、120、180和240 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理（分别用N0、N1、N2和N3代表）,分析施氮量对测墒补灌小麦旗叶光合特性、干物质积累与转运和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,N2处理下小麦花后7~28 d旗叶光合性能显著高于N0和N1处理,但施氮量增至N3时光合性能无显著变化。N2处理的营养器官花前贮藏干物质在花后向籽粒的转运量显著高于其他处理;花后光合同化物积累量显著高于N0和N1处理,但与N3处理无显著差异。成熟期N2处理干物质在籽粒中的分配比例较N0和N1处理分别高5.00和2.86个百分点。N2处理的籽粒灌浆持续时间和活跃灌浆期长,最大灌浆速率下粒重高,籽粒产量较N0和N1处理分别高41.01%和22.44%,且氮肥农学效率最高,氮肥偏生产力较高。综合考虑,180 kg·hm^-2施氮量为测墒补灌节水条件下最佳施氮量。