Effect of low-nitrogen stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with different low-nitrogen tolerances

Nitrogen(N) is a critical element for plant growth and productivity that influences photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. We investigated the effect of low-N stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with difference in tolerance to low N levels. The low-N tolerant cultivar ZH311 and low-N sensitive cultivar XY508 were used as the test materials. A field experiment(with three N levels: N0, 0 kg ha–1; N1, 150 kg ha–1; N2, 300 kg ha–1) in Jiyanyang, Sichuan Province, China, and a hydroponic experiment(with two N levels: CK, 4 mmol L–1; LN, 0.04 mmol L–1) in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China were conducted. Low-N stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content and rapid light response curves of the maximum fluorescence under light(Fm′), fluorescence instable state(Fs), non-photochemical quenching(qN), the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark-adaption(Fv/Fm), potential activity of PSII(Fv/Fo), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ΦPSII) of leaves. Further, it increased the chlorophyll(Chl) a/Chl b values and so on. The light compensation point of ZH311 decreased, while that of XY508 increased. The degree of variation of these indices in low-N tolerant cultivars was lower than that in low-N sensitive cultivars, especially at the seedling stage. Maize could increase Chl a/Chl b, apparent quantum yield and light saturation point to adapt to N stress. Compared to low-N sensitive cultivars, low-N tolerant cultivars maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate to maintain stronger PSII activity, which further promoted the ability to harvest and transfer light. This might be a photosynthetic mechanism by which low-N tolerant cultivar adapt to low-N stress.     

Effects of sodium benzoate on growth and physiological characteristics of wheat seedlings under compound heavy metal stress

In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous sodium benzoate on wheat seedlings(Yangmai 16) grown under heavy metal stress. The results showed that 2.4 mmol kg~(–1) of heavy metals significantly inhibited growth and delayed emergence of wheat seedlings. Under compound heavy metal stress, application of 2–4 g L~(–1) sodium benzoate significantly increased(P0.01) chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters F_v/F_m and F_v/F_o of wheat, compared to the control(water treatment). Further analysis showed that application of 2–4 g L~(–1) sodium benzoate alleviated osmotic stress by promoting the accumulation of osmolytes such as soluble proteins and free proline, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and reduced malondialdehyde content(MDA). In contrast, higher concentrations of sodium benzoate solution(6 g L~(–1)) inhibited the growth of wheat seedlings and even caused damage to seedlings. Correlation analysis showed that when the sodium benzoate concentration was in the range of 1.97–3.12 g L~(–1)(2016) and 1.58–3.27 g L~(–1)(2017), values of chlorophyll and its components, root activity, SOD activity, soluble protein, and free proline content were the highest. When the sodium benzoate concentration was raised to 2.59 g L~(–1)(2016) or 3.02 g L~(–1)(2017), MDA content was the lowest. Ultimately, exogenous sodium benzoate(2–4 g L~(–1)) facilitates root development and improves the root activity of wheat seedlings grown under compound heavy metals stress, thereby effectively alleviating the damage of compound heavy metal stress in wheat seedlings.     

Increasing nitrogen absorption and assimilation ability under mixed NO3− and NH4+ supply is a driver to promote growth of maize seedlings

Compared with sole nitrate (NO₃⁻) or sole ammonium (NH₄⁺) supply, mixed nitrogen (N) supply may promote growth of maize seedlings. Previous study suggested that mixed N supply not only increased photosynthesis rate, but also enhanced leaf growth by increasing auxin synthesis to build a large sink for C and N utilization. However, whether this process depends on N absorption is unknown. Here, maize seedlings were grown hydroponically with three N forms (NO₃⁻ only, 75/25 NO₃⁻/NH₄⁺ and NH₄⁺ only). The study results suggested that maize growth rate and N content of shoots under mixed N supply was little different to that under sole NO₃⁻ supply at 0–3 d, but was higher than under sole NO₃⁻ supply at 6–9 d. ¹⁵N influx rate under mixed N supply was greater than under sole NO₃⁻ or NH₄⁺ supply at 6–9 d, although NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ influx under mixed N supply were reduced compared to sole NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ supply, respectively. qRT-PCR determination suggested that the increased N absorption under mixed N supply may be related to the higher expression of NO₃⁻ transporters in roots, such as ZmNRT1.1A, ZmNRT1.1B, ZmNRT1.1C, ZmNRT1.2 and ZmNRT1.3, or NH₄⁺ absorption transporters, such as ZmAMT1.1A, especially the latter. Furthermore, plants had higher nitrate reductase (NR) glutamine synthase (GS) activity and amino acid content under mixed N supply than when under sole NO₃⁻ supply. The experiments with inhibitors of NR reductase and GS synthase further confirmed that N assimilation ability under mixed N supply was necessary to promote maize growth, especially for the reduction of NO₃⁻ by NR reductase. This research suggested that the increased processes of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ assimilation by improving N-absorption ability of roots under mixed N supply may be the main driving force to increase maize growth.     

Beneficial effects of silicon on photosynthesis of tomato seedlings under water stress

Silicon can improve drought tolerance of plants,but the mechanism still remains unclear.Previous studies have mainly concentrated on silicon-accumulating plants,whereas less work has been conducted in silicon-excluding plants,such as tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.).In this study,we investigated the effects of exogenous silicon(2.5 mmol L~(–1))on the chlorophyll fluorescence and expression of photosynthesis-related genes in tomato seedlings(Zhongza 9)under water stress induced by 10%(w/v)polyethylene glycol(PEG-6000).The results showed that under water stress,the growth of shoot and root was inhibited,and the chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations were decreased,while silicon addition improved the plant growth and increased the concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoid.Under water sterss,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as PSII maximum photochemical efficiency(F_v/F_m),effective quantum efficiency,actual photochemical quantum efficiency(Ф_(PSII)),photosynthetic electron transport rate(ETR),and photochemical quenching coefficient(q_P)were decreased;while these changes were reversed in the presence of added silicon.The expressions of some photosynthesis-related genes including PetE,PetF,PsbP,PsbQ,PsbW,and Psb28 were down-regulated under water stress,and exogenous Si could partially up-regulate their expressions.These results suggest that silicon plays a role in the alleviation of water stress by modulating some photosynthesis-related genes and regulating the photochemical process,and thus promoting photosynthesis.     

滴灌施肥水肥耦合对温室番茄产量、品质和水氮利用的影响

【目的】水肥是限制作物增产的两大因子,不合理的灌溉与施氮不仅难于增加产量,还会增加土壤剖面硝态氮累积、降低作物品质及水氮利用效率。针对西北半干旱地区温室蔬菜灌水和施肥存在的问题,通过滴灌施肥水肥耦合对温室番茄产量品质和水氮利用的影响,研究滴灌施肥条件下温室番茄高产优质高效的灌水施肥制度。【方法】通过温室番茄小区试验,设常规沟灌施肥（100%ET₀,N240-P₂O₅120-K₂O150 kg·hm^-2）以及3个滴灌水量（高水W₁：100%ET₀、中水W₂：75%ET₀、低水W₃：50%ET₀）和3个施肥水平（高肥F₁：N240-P₂O₅120-K₂O150 kg·hm^-2、中肥F₂：N180-P₂O₅90-K₂O112.5 kg·hm^-2、低肥F₃：N120-P₂O₅60-K₂O75 kg·hm^-2）,共10个处理,分析番茄生长产量、品质、土壤硝态氮分布以及水氮吸收利用对不同灌水量和施肥量的响应规律。【结果】与常规沟灌施肥相比,滴灌施肥增加番茄产量31.04 t·hm^-2、干物质量3 208 kg·hm^-2和总氮吸收量73.13 kg·hm^-2,增幅分别为46.9%、54.0%和82.4%,同时增加果实中维生素C（Vc）含量61.8%;降低土壤中硝态氮含量;水分利用效率（WUE）和氮肥利用率（NUE）分别增加46.4%和76.5%。滴灌施肥条件下,W₁F₂处理总干物质量最大（9 248 kg·hm^-2）,产量和植株氮素吸收量均与灌水量和施肥量正相关,增加施肥量带来的增产效应大于灌水,且W₁F₂处理产量和氮素吸收量增加幅度最大。增加灌水量,降低施肥量,WUE逐渐下降,NUE逐渐上升,W₃F₁处理WUE最大（47.7 kg·m^-3）,W₁F₃处理NUE最大（65.6%）,且W₃F₂处理的WUE和W₁F₂处理的NUE增加幅度明显大于其他处理。土壤中硝态氮含量受灌水、施肥以及水肥交互效应影响显著,随灌水量的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势,随施肥量的增加逐渐增大,在滴头正下方没有明显累积,在湿润土体的横向边缘产生累积,W₁F₂处理土壤中硝态氮含量较小,分布更均匀。增大灌水量显著降低番茄Vc、番茄红素和可溶性糖含量以及营养累积量;增大施肥量,品质含量以及营养累积量呈先增大后降低的趋势;W₃F₂处理获得最大的Vc和番茄红素含量及营养累积量,最大的可溶性糖含量及较大的营养累积量。【结论】温室番茄滴灌施肥技术能够达到高产优质和高效的目的,当追求产量和氮肥利用率时,高水中肥（W₁F₂：100%ET₀,N180-P₂O₅90-K₂O112.5 kg·hm^-2）处理能获得较高的产量和NUE以及较低的土壤硝态氮含量;当追求品质和水分利用效率时,低水中肥（W₃F₂：50%ET₀,N180-P₂O₅90-K₂O112.5 kg·hm^-2）处理获得最大的维生素C、可溶性糖和番茄红素含量以及较高的水分利用效率。     

The positive function of selenium supplementation on reducing nitrate accumulation in hydroponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

High nitrate(NO_3~- ) in vegetables, especially in leaf vegetables poses threaten to human health. Selenium(Se) is an important element for maintaining human health, and exogenous Se application during vegetable and crop production is an effective way to prevent Se deficiency in human bodies. Exogenous Se shows positive function on plant growth and nutrition uptake under abiotic and/or biotic stresses. However, the influence of exogenous Se on NO_3~- accumulation in hydroponic vegetables is still not clear. In the present study, hydroponic lettuce plants were subjected to six different concentrations(0, 0.1, 0.5, 5, 10 and 50 μmol L–1) of Se as Na2 Se O3. The effects of Se on NO_3~- content, plant growth, and photosynthetic capacity of lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) were investigated. The results showed that exogenous Se positively decreased NO_3~- content and this effect was concentration-dependent. The lowest NO_3~- content was obtained under 0.5 μmol L–1 Se treatment. The application of Se enhanced photosynthetic capacity by increasing the photosynthesis rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Cs) and the transpiration efficiency(Tr) of lettuce. The transportation and assimilation of NO_3~- and activities of nitrogen metabolism enzymes in lettuce were also analysed. The NO_3~- efflux in the lettuce roots was markedly increased, but the efflux of NO_3~- from the root to the shoot was decreased after treated with exogenous Se. Moreover, Se application stimulated NO_3~- assimilation by enhancing nitrate reductase(NR), nitrite reductase(Ni R), glutamine synthetase(GS) and glutamate synthase enzyme(GOGAT) activities. These results provide direct evidence that exogenous Se shows positive function on decreasing NO_3~- accumulation via regulating the transport and enhancing activities of nitrogen metabolism enzyme in lettuce. We suggested that 0.5 μmol L–1 Se can be used to reduce NO_3~- content and increase hydroponic lettuce yield.     

Soil pH Dynamics and Nitrogen Transformations Under Long-Term Chemical Fertilization in Four Typical Chinese Croplands

Long-term fertilization experiment provides the platform for understanding the proton budgets in nitrogen transformations of agricultural ecosystems. We analyzed the historical （1990-2005） observations on four agricultural long-term experiments in China （Changping, Chongqing, Gongzhuling and Qiyang） under four different fertilizations, i.e., no-fertilizer （control）, sole chemical nitrogen fertilizer （FN）, sole chemical phosphorous and potassium fertilizers （FPK） and chemical nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium fertilizers （FNPK）. The significant decline in topsoil pH was caused not only by chemical N fertilization （0.29 and 0.89？pH at Gongzhuling and Qiyang, respectively） but also by chemical PK fertilization （0.59？pH at Gongzhuling）. The enhancement of available nutrients in the topsoil due to long-term direct nutrients supply with chemical fertilizers was in the descending order of available P （168-599%）〉available K （16-189%）〉available N （9-33%）. The relative rate of soil pH decline was lower under long-term judicious chemical fertilization （-0.036-0.034 ？pH yr-1） than that under long-term sole N or PK fertilization （0.016-0.086 ？pH yr-1）. Long-term judicious chemical fertilization with N, P and K elements decreases the nutritional limitation to normal crop growth, under which more N output was distributed in biomass removal rather than the loss via nitrate leaching. We concluded that the N distribution percentage of nitrate leaching to biomass removal might be a suitable indicator to the sensitivity of agricultural ecosystems to acid inputs.     

外源NO对缺氮胁迫下棉花幼苗形态及生长的调控效应

【目的】探讨外源一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）对缺氮胁迫下棉花幼苗不同部位叶片以及不同直径范围根系等形态特征及生长情况的影响,分析不同浓度NO对棉花形态生长的调控效应,为外源NO调控棉花生长发育提供理论依据。【方法】在光照培养室内采用水培方法,以农大棉8 号为供试品种,设7 个不同处理,其中以Hoagland全营养液培养的棉花幼苗为对照（CK）,以缺氮Hoagland营养液培养的棉花幼苗为外源NO处理对象,利用外源NO供体硝普钠（sodium nitroprusside,SNP）处理棉花幼苗,设置6 个浓度梯度0 μmol·L^-1（T0）、50 μmol·L^-1（T1）、100 μmol·L^-1（T2）、200 μmol·L^-1（T3）、500 μmol·L^-1（T4）和1 000 μmol·L^-1（T5）,研究不同NO水平对缺氮胁迫下棉花幼苗叶面积、根系形态、耗水量及干物重的影响。【结果】缺氮胁迫抑制棉花幼苗地上部以及地下部的生长,抑制棉花幼苗叶片数和叶面积的增加,降低了幼苗细根（0.05-0.20 mm）、中等根（0.2-0.45 mm）的根长、根表面积、根体积,减少了耗水量以及干物重。不同浓度外源NO对缺氮胁迫下棉花幼苗地上及地下部生长情况的影响不同。低浓度外源NO（SNP浓度为50-100 μmol·L^-1）能缓解缺氮胁迫对棉花幼苗的伤害,显著促进棉花幼苗上部和下部叶片的生长,促进细根和中等根生长,增加细根和中等根的根长、根表面积及根体积,增加棉花幼苗耗水量,显著增加幼苗干物重。当SNP浓度大于100 μmol·L^-1后,随浓度增加,其缓解作用下降。幼苗叶片数、上部和下部叶片的叶面积、细根和中等根的根长、根表面积、根体积、耗水量以及干物重均下降。综合分析认为氮素缺乏环境下,不同浓度外源NO通过影响棉花幼苗地上部以及根系的生长来缓解缺氮胁迫,以100 μmol·L^-1 SNP处理的棉花幼苗生长最好,而高浓度的SNP则加剧缺氮胁迫对棉苗的抑制。【结论】缺氮胁迫下棉花幼苗长势减弱,适宜浓度外源NO（SNP浓度为50-100 μmol·L^-1）能够在一定程度上缓解缺氮胁迫对棉花幼苗造成的伤害,促进棉花幼苗地上和地下部的生长,提高棉花幼苗对缺氮胁迫的耐性。其中以100 μmol·L^-1 SNP缓解效果最显著。     

氮素对不同基因型紫玉米光合特性及氮素利用效率的影响

以3个不同血缘的紫玉米杂交组合ZS15、FS11和68G1为供试材料进行大田试验,研究不同氮肥水平[不施氮肥(N0)和施纯N 225kg/hm2(N225)]对不同基因型紫玉米光合特性及氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明:与N0处理相比,N225处理下紫玉米单株叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、叶面指数(LAI)、SPAD值、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ活性(F_v/F_o)、叶片氮质量分数分别较N0处理平均提高9.21%、7.51%、3.78%、1.94%、13.72%、5.75%,且不同基因型紫玉米光合特性对氮肥反应不同。相关分析表明,开花期紫玉米穗上叶和穗位叶的SPAD值与叶片含氮量呈极显著正相关,紫玉米氮素利用效率和产量分别与开花期、灌浆期、成熟期的SPAD值呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.853、0.860、0.973与0.819、0.827、0.985。紫玉米氮素利用效率和产量与开花期的P_n呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.999和0.994。LAI差异不是紫玉米氮素利用效率和产量差异的原因。紫玉米叶片的叶绿素F_v/F_m与氮素利用效率和产量呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.502和-0.554。     

Physiological evaluation of nitrogen use efficiency of different apple cultivars under various nitrogen and water supply conditions

Nitrogen(N) deficiency is a common problem for apple(Malus×domestica) production in arid regions of China. However, N utilization efficiency(NUE) of different apple cultivars grown under low N conditions in arid regions has not been evaluated. In this study, NUE was assessed for one-year-old seedlings of six apple cultivars, Golden Delicious, Qinguan, Jonagold, Honeycrisp, Fuji and Pink Lady, grafted onto Malus hupehensis Rehd. rootstocks. Four treatments were used, including control water with control N(CWCN), limited water with control N(LWCN), control water with low N(CWLN) and limited water with low N(LWLN). Our results showed that growth indices such as biomass, plant height and stem diameter, and photosynthetic rate of all cultivars decreased in the order CWCNCWLNLWCNLWLN. When subjected to LWLN treatment, Qinguan showed better growth and photosynthetic characters than other tested cultivars. Additionally, Qinguan and Pink Lady had higher NUE, while Honeycrisp and Jonagold had lower NUE, based on the determination of biomass, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII(F_v/F_m), ~(15) N and N contents.     

Precision phenotyping of contrasting potato(Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties in a novel aeroponics system for improving nitrogen use efficiency: In search of key traits and genes

With increasing population, degrading soil health, limited arable land area, and high cost of nitrogen(N) fertilizers, improving nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of potato is an inevitable approach to save the environment and achieve sufficient tuber yields with less N fertilizer supply. Recently, we have developed an aeroponics system to study NUE in potato using genomics, physiology, and breeding approaches. This study aims on precision phenotyping of plants of two distinct potato varieties(Kufri Gaurav, N efficient; Kufri Jyoti, N inefficient) in the novel aeroponics system. Plants were grown in aeroponics under controlled conditions with low N(0.75 mmol L~(-1) NO_3~-) and high N(7.5 mmol L~(–1) NO_3~-) levels. Plant biomass, root traits, total chlorophyll content, and plant N were increased with increasing N supply, whereas higher NUE parameters namely NUE, agronomic NUE(Ag NUE), N uptake efficiency(NUp E), harvest index(HI), and N harvest index(NHI) were observed at low N. An NUE efficient cv. Kufri Gaurav showed higher tuber dry weight, fresh tuber yield, tuber number per plant, early start of tuber harvesting, root traits, stolon traits, NUE parameters, and higher amino acid(aspartic acid and asparagine) content at low N supply. Higher expression of nitrate reductase(NR), nitrite reductase(NIR), and asparagine synthetase(AS) genes was observed in the leaf tissues of Kufri Gaurav at high N. Thus, aeroponics-based precision phenotyping enables identification of NUE efficient genotypes based on key traits and genes involved in improving NUE in potato. Further, this study suggests that the potential of aeroponics can be utilized to investigate N biology in potato under different N regimes.     

Overexpression of IbSnRK1 enhances nitrogen uptake and carbon assimilation in transgenic sweetpotato

Nitrogen is an important nutrient for plant development. Nitrogen and carbon metabolisms are tightly linked to physiological functions in plants. In this study, we found that the IbSnRK1 gene was induced by Ca(NO₃)₂. Its overexpression enhanced nitrogen uptake and carbon assimilation in transgenic sweetpotato. After Ca(¹⁵NO₃)₂ treatment, the ¹⁵N atom excess, ¹⁵N and total N content and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) were significantly increased in the roots, stems, and leaves of transgenic plants compared with wild type (WT) and empty vector control (VC). After Ca(NO₃)₂ treatment, the increased nitrate N content, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, free amino acid content, and soluble protein content were found in the roots or leaves of transgenic plants. The photosynthesis and carbon assimilation were enhanced. These results suggest that the IbSnRK1 gene play a important role in nitrogen uptake and carbon assimilation of sweetpotato. This gene has the potential to be used for improving the yield and quality of sweetpotato.     

不同基因型高粱的氮效率及对低氮胁迫的生理响应

【目的】探讨不同基因型高粱氮素吸收效率和利用效率及其差异机制,研究低氮胁迫对不同基因型高粱叶片无机氮含量和氮同化酶活性的影响,为耐低氮型高粱品种的选育提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验,选取2个低氮敏感型高粱(冀蚜2号和TX7000B)和2个耐低氮型高粱(SX44B和TX378)为试验材料,设置高氮(0.24g·kg-1风干土)和低氮(0.04 g·kg-1风干土)2个处理,分别在挑旗期和灌浆期测定高粱叶片NO3--N、NO2--N及NH4+-N含量和硝酸还原酶(NR)、亚硝酸还原酶(Ni R)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性,分析不同基因型高粱在2个氮处理下的氮效率相关指标及其差异。【结果】(1)不同基因型高粱籽粒产量对低氮的响应不同,低氮处理显著降低了冀蚜2号和TX7000B的籽粒产量,与高氮处理比较分别降低13.87%和19.25%,但没有降低SX44B和TX378的籽粒产量。(2)与高氮处理比较,低氮处理的相对籽粒氮累积量、相对植株氮累积量和相对氮收获指数不能表征各基因型高粱是否具有耐低氮特性;但相对低氮敏感型高粱,耐低氮型高粱在低氮处理下有着较高的相对氮肥偏生产力和相对氮素利用效率。低氮处理下SX44B和TX378的氮肥偏生产力是高氮处理的6.19和7.49倍,而冀蚜2号和TX7000B则分别为5.17和4.85倍;低氮处理下SX44B和TX378的氮素利用效率是高氮处理的1.84和1.85倍,而冀蚜2号和TX7000B则分别为1.67和1.35倍。(3)通径分析表明,高氮处理下,植株氮累积量和氮素利用效率对籽粒产量贡献相同;而在低氮处理下,氮素利用效率对籽粒产量关联作用更大。(4)高粱的叶片无机氮含量不能表征高粱是否具有耐低氮特性,灌浆期叶片无机氮含量较挑旗期显著降低。(5)与高氮处理比较,低氮处理时冀蚜2号和TX7000B叶片中NR、GS和GOGAT活性显著降低,SX44B酶活性变化不显著,而TX378叶片中GS活性增加。【结论】耐低氮型高粱在低氮胁迫时有着较高的相对籽粒产量和相对氮素利用效率。低氮胁迫时叶片较高的氮同化酶活性是高粱耐低氮的生理基础。发掘和利用低氮条件下具有较高的叶片氮同化酶活性和氮素利用效率的高粱种质资源,有助于提高耐低氮高粱品种的培育效率。     

秸秆还田与氮肥管理对稻田杂草群落和水稻产量的影响

为了研究秸秆还田和氮肥管理对稻油轮作夏季稻田杂草群落分布特征和水稻产量的影响,试验设5个处理：常规施肥NPK+秸秆不还田,N基追肥比例为6：2：2（F₀NS,CK）;常规施肥NPK+秸秆全量还田,N基追肥比例为6：2：2（F₀S）;常规施肥NPK+秸秆全量还田+秸秆腐解剂,N基追肥比例为6：2：2（F₀SA）;常规施肥NPK+秸秆全量还田+秸秆腐解剂,N基追肥比例为7：2：1（F₁SA）;常规施肥PK,N减量15%+秸秆全量还田+秸秆腐解剂,N基追肥比例为6：2：2（F₂SA）。记录杂草种类、数量、密度、生物量等指标,并于2016年9月底进行水稻实收测产。结果表明,与CK相比,F₀S、F₀SA、F₁SA和F₂SA处理的杂草总密度分别降低50.3%、29.2%、20.3%和6.8%,秸秆还田可以有效降低稻田杂草密度、生物量和杂草多样性;与F₀S相比,F₀SA、F₁SA和F₂SA处理的杂草发生数量和发生密度差异不显著,但禾本科和莎草科杂草不同程度地减少,柳叶菜科和玄参科杂草显著增加,配施秸秆腐解剂对农田杂草种类影响显著。在秸秆腐解剂和不同施氮措施下,与F₀SA相比,F₁SA和F₂SA处理杂草种类、生物量增加,杂草相对密度降低,但差异不显著;各处理间优势杂草种类和种群数量减少,但F₂SA处理下生物多样性指数明显高于F₀SA和F₁SA处理。与CK相比,F₀S、F₀SA、F₁SA和F₂SA处理的水稻产量分别提高7.13%、16.55%、17.80%和10.67%,其中F₁SA处理作物产量增幅最高。研究表明,秸秆还田和氮肥管理能有效降低稻田杂草的发生密度、总生物量和和生物多样性,有利于提高水稻产量。     

Exogenous application of a low concentration of melatonin enhances salt tolerance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) seedlings

Melatonin is a naturally occurring compound in plants. Here, we tested the effect of exogenous melatonin on rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) grown under salt stress. Application of 30 μmol L~(–1) melatonin alleviated salt-induced growth inhibition, and the shoot fresh weight, the shoot dry weight, the root fresh weight, and the root dry weight of seedlings treated with exogenous melatonin increased by 128.2, 142.9, 122.2, and 124.2%, respectively, compared to those under salt stress. In addition, several physiological parameters were evaluated. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase(POD), catalase(CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase(APX) were enhanced by 16.5, 19.3, and 14.2% compared to their activities in plants without exogenous melatonin application under salt stress, while the H_2O_2 content was decreased by 11.2% by exogenous melatonin. Furthermore, melatonin treatment promoted solute accumulation by increasing the contents of proline(26.8%), soluble sugars(15.1%) and proteins(58.8%). The results also suggested that higher concentrations(50 μmol L~(–1)) of melatonin could attenuate or even prevent the beneficial effects on seedling development. In conclusion, application of a low concentration of exogenous melatonin to rapeseed plants under salt stress can improve the H_2O_2-scavenging capacity by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as POD, CAT and APX, and can also alleviate osmotic stress by promoting the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances such as soluble proteins, proline, and water soluble glucan. Ultimately, exogenous melatonin facilitates root development and improves the biomass of rapeseed seedlings grown under salt stress, thereby effectively alleviating the damage of salt stress in rapeseed seedlings.     

滴灌水氮管理对玉米种植土壤无机氮含量和氧化亚氮排放的影响

【目的】获得玉米种植土壤氧化亚氮(N₂O)减排的滴灌施肥模式,揭示不同滴灌灌水量和施氮比例下土壤无机氮含量对土壤N₂O排放的影响。【方法】在移动防雨棚内开展2季玉米3种滴灌灌水量(W60、W80和W100分别为田间持水量的50%～60%、70%～80%和90%～100%)和2种滴灌施氮比例(等N量为180 kg·hm-2,其中,F55为50%氮肥作基肥土施、50%氮肥作滴灌施肥,F37为30%氮肥作基肥土施、70%氮肥作滴灌施肥)的田间试验,测定生育期内土壤N₂O通量和不同生育时期土壤无机氮含量,计算不同生育时期和全生育期土壤N₂O排放量,分析土壤N₂O通量与土壤无机氮含量之间的关系。【结果】2季玉米土壤的N₂O排放规律相似;相同施氮比例下,W100水分处理下土壤N₂O排放通量在多数玉米生育时期高于W60和W80,表明高水分处理下土壤N₂O排放通量高于中、低水分处理;相同水分处理下,除夏季玉米苗期外,土壤N     

不同形态氮肥对设施黄瓜生长及氮素吸收的影响

为了揭示同等氮水平下不同形态氮肥对设施黄瓜生长和氮素吸收利用的影响,通过无土盆栽研究6种不同形态氮肥(100% NH⁺₄-N、50% NO^-₃-N + 50% NH⁺₄-N、100% NO^-₃-N、50% NO^-₃-N + 50% CO(NH₂)₂、100% CO(NH₂)₂、50%NH⁺₄-N + 50%CO(NH₂)₂)对黄瓜干质量、氮素吸收效率、吸收速率、¹⁵N转运量及总N的积累量的影响。结果表明：叶干质量、果干质量、植株干质量、氮素吸收效率、氮素吸收速率以及根、叶、果、植株¹⁵N转运量和总N的积累量均在50% NO^-₃-N+50%CO(NH₂)₂时最大。茎部¹⁵N的转运量、总N的积累量在50%NH⁺₄-N+50% CO(NH₂)₂处理时达到最大。氮素的生理效率和根干质量具有相同的变化规律,均在100%NH⁺₄-N处理时达到最大值,100%NO^-₃-N处理时最小;叶片和果部¹⁵N转运量和总N的积累量明显高于根和茎。相关性和隶属函数分析表明50% NO^-₃-N+50% CO(NH₂)₂为黄瓜最优氮肥配方,单一氮肥中100%NO^-₃-N最有利于黄瓜生长和对N的吸收,100% NH⁺₄-N最不适合黄瓜,这一结论为设施黄瓜生产中氮肥的选择和使用提供了科学依据。     

大豆5个新发现ERF基因的生物信息学及表达分析

ERF转录因子广泛存在于植物中并且参与植物对生物及非生物胁迫的响应。从NCBI数据库中获得5个新的ERF基因,GmERFa/b/c/d/e。蛋白序列分析显示,5个ERF基因均含有一个保守的AP2/ERF结合域。进化分析表明,GmERFe与GmERF3和GmERF7同源性最高,GmERFb、GmERFc与GmERF5的同源性最高,GmERFd与GmEREBP1的同源性较高,而GmERFa与其他ERF蛋白的同源性均较低。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,5个基因都主要在大豆的根和叶中表达。逆境处理后的实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,GmERFd/e主要对乙烯信号和低温产生响应,GmERFb主要对干旱产生响应,而GmERFa主要对低温产生响应。     

Nitrogen Deficiency Limited the Improvement of Photosynthesis in Maize by Elevated CO2 Under Drought

Global environmental change affects plant physiological and ecosystem processes. The interaction of elevated CO₂, drought and nitrogen (N) deficiency result in complex responses of C₄ species photosynthetic process that challenge our current understanding. An experiment of maize (Zea mays L.) involving CO₂ concentrations (380 or 750 µmol mol⁻¹, climate chamber), osmotic stresses (10% PEG-6000, −0.32 MPa) and nitrogen constraints (N deficiency treated since the 144th drought hour) was carried out to investigate its photosynthesis capacity and leaf nitrogen use efficiency. Elevated CO₂ could alleviate drought-induced photosynthetic limitation through increasing capacity of PEPC carboxylation (V_pmax) and decreasing stomatal limitations (SL). The N deficiency exacerbated drought-induced photosynthesis limitations in ambient CO₂. Elevated CO₂ partially alleviated the limitation induced by drought and N deficiency through improving the capacity of Rubisco carboxylation (V_max) and decreasing SL. Plants with N deficiency transported more N to their leaves at elevated CO₂, leading to a high photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency but low whole-plant nitrogen-use efficiency. The stress mitigation by elevated CO₂ under N deficiency conditions was not enough to improving plant N use efficiency and biomass accumulation. The study demonstrated that elevated CO₂ could alleviate drought-induced photosynthesis limitation, but the alleviation varied with N supplies.