减氮增密提高寒地水稻产量与氮素吸收利用

针对水稻氮肥过量施用和移栽密度过低的问题,研究减氮增密对水稻产量与氮素利用效率的影响,以期为东北寒区水稻生产提供科学依据。于2019—2020年在吉林省前郭县红光农场进行田间试验,共设4个处理,分别为不施氮肥+移栽密度1.80×10⁵穴·hm^-2(N0）、传统施氮（氮肥用量235 kg·hm^-2）+移栽密度1.80×10⁵穴·hm^-2(FP）、较传统施氮减量20%（氮肥用量188 kg·hm^-2）+移栽密度2.40×10⁵穴·hm^-2（SNHD1）、较传统施氮减量20%（氮肥用量188 kg·hm^-2）+移栽密度3.00×10⁵穴·hm^-2(SNHD2）。对水稻产量、地上部干物质积累与分配、氮素积累与分配以及氮素利用效率进行测定分析。结果表明：SNHD1和SNHD2处理相较于FP处理显著增加了水稻有效穗数,提高了水稻产量,其中SNHD1处理水稻产量增幅达显著水平,两年平均增幅为7.8%。减氮增密提高了水稻各生育时期干物质积累量和氮素积累量,以及水稻齐穗后干物质积累量与氮素积累量占总生育期积累量的比例,且均为SNHD1处理最高。SNHD1和SNHD2处理较FP处理显著提高了氮素吸收率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥吸收利用率,且均为SNHD1处理最高,较FP处理两年平均分别提高0.3、6.2、14.4 kg·kg^-1和16.4个百分点。氮素表观平衡结果显示,FP、SNHD1和SNHD2处理两年平均表现为盈余,其中SNHD1处理氮盈余量最低。水稻齐穗前、后的干物质积累量和氮素积累量与水稻产量均呈显著正相关,其中水稻齐穗后干物质积累量和氮积累量的相关性高于齐穗前。综上所述,合理的氮肥用量与移栽密度提高了水稻整个生育期干物质积累量和氮素积累量,并提高齐穗后积累比例,进而提高水稻产量和氮素利用效率,综合水稻产量、氮素吸收利用等因素,东北寒地稻区适宜的水稻栽培模式为氮肥用量188 kg·hm^-2、移栽密度2.40×10⁵穴·hm^-2。     

海南水稻机插泥浆育秧配套技术

海南省水稻机插秧育秧所用营养土,以红砖土或黄;沙土混合为主,并添加各种壮秧剂配制而成;不仅 育秧成本高;而且面临营养土供应及营养土运费问题.以泥浆渊水稻土冤为营养土,参考国内外泥浆育秧技术袁以省 工\省力.节本为基础结合海南特色气候条件,通过多次试验,建立一套水稻机插育秧配套技术.     

配方施肥对水稻生产和经济、环境效益的影响

苏州市吴中区是农业面源污染防控的重点区域,推行配方施肥模式是该区实现种植业肥料减量的主要手段。但是,测土配方施肥模式的制定以作物产量的提升和保障为侧重,缺少对经济、环保等多方综合性需求的回应。针对该区已沿用4 a的水稻配方施肥模式,本研究设置包含配方施肥模式和常规施肥模式的缺素试验,测定水稻养分利用、农田氮磷排放、农户经费收支等指标,分析配方施肥模式的经济、环境效益。研究结果显示,现有配方施肥模式在减少养分投入的条件下仍能够保障水稻产量,且提高磷钾肥利用效率6.35~28.59个百分点,降低氮流失量36%,减少用于肥料购置的经济投入35%,增加农户净利润2 558元·hm^-2,实现生产、经济和环境多方效益的兼顾。基于养分利用效率,现有配方施肥模式仍有进一步减少肥料投入的余地。为保障土壤生产力的可持续性,建议增加一定比例的有机肥投入,且以4~5 a为周期,对配方肥养分配比和配方施肥模式进行调整,构筑生产中的动态物质平衡,为农业绿色发展提供技术支撑。     

施氮量与栽插密度对杂交香稻香两优875产量的影响

为探索杂交香稻品种在贵阳高海拔地区高产栽培的技术,为大面积生产推广应用提供技术参考,2007年在贵阳市郊(海拔1350 m)对优质杂交香稻香两优875进行了不同施氮量和不同栽插株数的裂区栽培试验。结果表明:施用农家厩肥1000 kg/667m2作基肥,4月5日播种和秧龄50 d的条件下,施纯氮6.9 kg/667m2和栽插1万株苗/667m2的处理产量达681.8 kg/667m2,获得较好结果。并对香优875在高海拔1200~1400 m地区的栽培技术和经济效果进行了讨论。     

调整氮肥基追比减少稻田氮素损失和保证直播稻产量

水稻直播条件下,苗期防涝排水会增大稻田氮素流失风险,适当调整氮肥基施和追施的比例,可降低这种风险。在N、P₂O₅、K₂O用量分别为180、75、105 kg·hm^-2的条件下,以江汉平原稻田氮肥习惯施用比例(基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥比例为6∶4∶0)为对照(CK),另设7个氮肥基追比的处理(基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥的比例分别为：T1,4∶6∶0;T2,4∶4∶2;T3,4∶2∶4;T4,2∶6∶2;T5,2∶4∶4;T6,0∶8∶2;T7,0∶6∶4),开展田间试验,实测不同处理下氨挥发损失、氮径流损失和水稻成熟期的产量。结果表明：T7处理总氮径流流失最小(8.79 kg·hm^-2),T3处理的氨挥发损失最小(11.90 kg·hm^-2),T7处理总的氮素损失最小(22.89 kg·hm^-2),T4处理的产量最高(9 270.0 kg·hm^-2)、T5处理的产量次之(9 150.0 kg·hm^-2)。综...     

杂交水稻制种母本机械化育插秧技术

介绍了杂交水稻制种母本机械化育插秧技术,主要包括调整好父母本播差期、母本软盘育秧要点、适时机插、合理运筹肥水等.     

不同秧龄移栽对烟后稻影响试验

研究不同机插秧龄对烟后稻生长及产量的影响,结果表明:机插秧龄以13~17 d为宜,烟后稻主要性状表现较优,产量较高.     

不同育秧方式对水稻机插秧苗素质的影响

分析了水育秧、旱育秧和淤泥育秧3种方式对机插秧苗素质的影响。结果表明：旱育秧更有利于机插健壮秧形成，同时在增加秧龄弹性、延长秧龄方面也具有明显的优势；淤泥育秧有一定的可行性，但成秧率较低，且受土壤质地影响较大，实际生产中要慎重使用。在培育机插长秧龄秧苗过程中，肥料宜少施或不施。     

水稻工厂化机插育秧技术

水稻工厂化机插育秧技术是利用机械化生产线精量播种,采用温室和大棚控制水、肥、土、温、湿、气等条件的一种规模化育秧方式。该文着重从水稻品种搭配、利用相关配套设备进行催芽、营养土的配制、流水线播种作业及秧苗管理等方面总结了水稻工厂化机插育秧技术。     

基本苗数和施氮量对水稻氮吸收与利用的影响

以迟熟中粳稻武香粳 9号为材料 ,研究了基本苗和施氮量对水稻氮素吸收与利用的影响。结果表明 ,施氮量增加 ,水稻吸氮量增多 ,但营养器官的氮转运率、氮收获指数和产谷效率显著下降 ;基本苗增加 ,水稻吸氮量也增多 ,而营养器官的氮转运率、氮收获指数、氮素产谷效率和氮肥利用率则明显提高。因此 ,适当增加基本苗是提高水稻氮素利用效率、减少施氮量的有效方法。研究还发现 ,在 8 5t·hm-2 以上的高产条件下 ,10 0kg稻谷需氮量和氮肥利用率基本稳定 ,每生产 10 0kg稻谷需氮量约为 2 1kg ,氮肥利用率在 4 2 %左右。     

水稻盐粳187的群体植伤研究

给出了用于度量水稻群体植伤的一组指标；植伤持续期，植伤强度和相对植伤势。分析了栽插密度，施用N素对盐粳187群体植伤的影响。结果表明，栽插密度对盐粳187群体植伤影响不显著，而施用N素则对群体植伤有显著影响。     

Comparison of agronomic performance between inter-sub-specific hybrid and inbred japonica rice under different mechanical transplanting methods

Mechanical transplanting has been applied to rice cultivation to save labor costs and ease labor shortages in Asian countries, especially in China. However, little information is available related to the characteristics of agronomic performance when comparing inter-sub-specific hybrid rice (IHR) and inbred japonica rice (IJR) under mechanical transplanting method. In 2013 and 2014, field experiments were conducted using IHR (Yongyou 2640) and IJR (Wuyunjing 24) under two cultivation patterns, that is, pot seedlings mechanically transplanted (PS) and carpet seedlings mechanically transplanted (CS). Grain yield, yield components, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), aboveground biomass, crop growth rate (CGR), nitrogen (N) uptake, and N accumulation were investigated. When compared with CS, PS displayed significantly increased grain yield for both varieties because the larger sink size allowed higher N accumulation from panicle initiation to maturity. Moreover, total aboveground biomass under PS increased significantly compared with that under CS; that is, higher photosynthetic productivity resulted from a greater LAI and higher LAD during the grain filling stage. Higher N absorption capacity in the middle and late growth periods resulted in significantly enhanced total N uptake under PS. When compared with IJR for both treatments, IHR generated 75.2% more grain yield. However, the characteristics creating high yield of IHR were different from those of IJR. Greater aboveground biomass production as well as higher N uptake and accumulation created higher grain yield in IHR than in IJR. These results suggest higher yield could be achieved using PS with IHR, attributing to exploit both yield superiority and productive potential.     

氮素营养对水稻干物质和氮分配的影响及氮肥需求量

研究了氮素营养对杂交水稻 51 8的干物质和氮素分配的影响,结果表明:在营养生长期高氮肥用量显著增加了叶片干物质重。叶片干物质的分配量随着叶片氮含量的减少而减少。与干物质相比,在营养生长早期叶片氮素的分配量高,并且变化很小。但从幼穗分化开始叶片氮素的分配量可能因叶片、茎和颖穗发育的竞争而显著减少。采用Stanford模型估计和预测了水稻氮肥的需要量,发现Stanford模型可作为我国南方水稻生产施用氮肥的一个实用工具。     

不同播期及秧龄对机械栽插晚稻产量形成的影响

采用大田试验,设计15 d(Y1)和20 d (Y2)2个秧龄以及6月25日(播期一,B1)、6月30日(播期二,B2)、7月5日(播期三,B3)3个播期处理,以探讨机械插秧下秧龄和播期对晚稻产量的影响.结果表明:播期二和播期一的产量间无显著差异,但分别高于播期三产量8.7％、3.5％,随着播期延后,播期三各产量构成因子除千粒重外,呈下降趋势.H优518最高产量相比最低产量降低速度显著高于鄂粳403,分别达45.0％、13.5％,花后干物质积累H优518也显著大于鄂粳403.综合分析可知,晚籼稻比晚粳稻对低温反应更敏感,前者高产需提早播种,推迟播期不利于结实灌浆,后者高产也需在较早播种基础上保证足够苗数,两者秧龄都不宜超过20 d.播期和秧龄可能导致生理上的变化,还需要进一步研究.     

Determining nitrogen status and quantifying nitrogen fertilizer requirement using a critical nitrogen dilution curve for hybrid indica rice under mechanical pot-seedling transplanting pattern

Field experiments of nitrogen(N) treatment at five different application rates(0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg ha~(-1)) were conducted under pot-seedling mechanical transplanting(PMT) in 2018 and 2019. Two high-quality and high-yielding hybrids of indica rice, Huiliangyou 898 and Y Liangyou 900, were used in this study. The N nutrition index(NNI) and accumulated N deficit(N_(and)), used to assess the N nutrition status in real-time, were calculated for the indica cultivars under PMT with a critical nitrogen concentration(N_c) dilution model based on shoot dry matter(DM) during the whole rice growth stage. The relationships between NNI and N_(and) with relative yield(RY) were determined, and accurate N application schemes were developed for hybrids indica rice under PMT. The results indicated that high application rate of N-fertilizer significantly increased the concentrations of shoot DM and N in aboveground organs during the observed stages in the two cultivars for two years(P0.05). The N_c dilution model of hybrid indica cultivars was N_c=4.02 DM~(-0.42)(R~2=0.97) combining the two cultivars under PMT. Root-mean-square error and normalized root-mean-square error of the curve verification were 0.23 and 10.61%, respectively. The NNI and N_(and) ranged from 0.58 to 1.31 and 109 to –55 kg ha~(-1), respectively, in the two cultivars for all N treatments. NNI showed a linear relationship with N_(and) during the entire growth stage(0.53R~20.99, P0.01). In addition, NNI showed a linear-plateau relationship with RY(0.73R~20.92, P0.01) throughout the observed stages. These results suggest that the models can accurately diagnose the N-nutrition status and support effective N-fertilizer management in real-time for hybrid indica rice under PMT.     

Review grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice production regions in China

As one of the staple food crops, rice(Oryza sativa L.) is widely cultivated across China, which plays a critical role in guaranteeing national food security. Most previous studies on grain yield or/and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of rice in China often involved site-specific field experiments, or small regions with insufficient data, which limited the representation for the current rice production regions. In this study, a database covering a wide range of climate conditions, soil types and field managements across China, was developed to estimate rice grain yield and NUE in various rice production regions in China and to evaluate the relationships between N rates and grain yield, NUE. According to the database for rice, the values of grain yield, plant N accumulation, N harvest index(HIN), indigenous N supply(INS), internal N efficiency(IE_N), reciprocal internal N efficiency(RIE_N), agronomic N use efficiency(AE_N), partial N factor productivity(PEPN), physiological N efficiency(PE_N), and recover efficiency of applied N(RE_N) averaged 7.69 t ha~(–1), 152 kg ha~(–1), 0.64 kg kg~(–1), 94.1 kg kg~(–1), 53.9 kg kg~(–1), 1.98 kg kg~(–1), 12.6 kg kg~(–1), 48.6 kg kg~(–1), 33.8 kg kg~(–1), and 39.3%, respectively. However, the corresponding values all varied tremendously with large variation. Rice planting regions and N rates had significant influence on grain yield, N uptake and NUE values. Considering all observations, N rates of 200 to 250 kg ha~(–1) commonly achieved higher rice grain yield compared to less than 200 kg N ha~(–1) and more than 250 kg N ha~(–1) at most rice planting regions. At N rates of 200 to 250 kg ha~(–1), significant positive linear relationships were observed between rice grain yield and AE_N, PE_N, RE_N, IE_N, and PFPN, and 46.49, 24.64, 7.94, 17.84, and 88.24% of the variation in AE_N, PE_N, RE_N, IE_N, and PFPN could be explained by grain yield, respectively. In conclusion, in a reasonable range of N application, an increase in grain yield can be achieved accompanying by an acceptable NUE.     

沈阳地区水稻生产的生态环境影响研究

为明确沈阳地区水稻生产对环境的影响,促进水稻清洁生产水平提升,采用生命周期评价法,以1 t稻谷为功能单位,对沈阳地区水稻生产系统的原料开采、农资生产和水稻种植阶段的10种潜在环境影响进行评价。结果表明,水稻生产对环境影响潜力较大的是水体毒性、富营养化、土壤毒性和人体毒性,环境影响指数分别为16.278、1.558、1.457和0.960。加权处理后,环境影响综合指数为2.267。水稻种植阶段化肥和农药的大量使用,增加了该阶段对环境酸化、富营养化、水体毒性和土壤毒性的影响潜值;其中化肥的大量投入,尤其是氮肥的大量投入,加重了其上游生产环节的能源消耗,从而提高了农资生产阶段对全球变暖的贡献率;而生产阶段能源的大量消耗又扩大了原料需求量,从而增加了原料开采阶段重金属排放量,使得潜在人体毒性成为原料开采阶段的主要环境影响。因此,减少化学肥料和农药的使用,是控制水稻生产潜在环境影响的关键。     

不同栽培模式对华南双季晚稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

为探讨氮肥运筹和栽插规格等栽培管理措施对华南双季稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响,以杂交稻粤杂889为材料,设置6种栽培模式,分别为不施氮肥(N0),前期重施氮肥的农民习惯栽培(FP,N肥 200 kg·hm^-2,栽插规格20.0 cm×23.3 cm),氮肥后移与不同栽插规格组成的4种栽培模式(简称优化模式),即高产高效1(M1,N肥180 kg·hm^-2,氮肥后移,20.0 cm×20.0 cm)、高产高效2(M2,N肥200 kg·hm^-2,氮肥后移,30.0 cm×13.3 cm,宽行窄株)、高产高效3(M3,N肥180 kg·hm^-2,氮肥后移,25.0 cm×13.3 cm,宽行窄株)和高产高效4(M4,N肥220 kg·hm^-2,氮肥后移,30.0 cm×13.3 cm,宽行窄株),比较不同栽培模式下水稻产量形成特点和氮素吸收利用特征。M1、M2、M3和M4栽培模式,2011年较FP分别增产16.7%、20.5%、18.3%和24.1%,2012年较FP模式分别增产6.3%、16.0%、22.9%和12.8%。与M1相比,M2、M3和M4增产1.3%~15.6%。两年中,M1、M2、M3和M4的氮肥吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力平均比FP提高65.2%~82.4%、55.6%~88.1%和7.9%~33.9%,差异显著。优化模式产量的提高主要与单位面积颖花数和结实率的增加密切相关;4种优化管理模式的平均增产量分别与抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量、成熟期干物质积累量、穗分化始期和成熟期氮素积累量、氮素农学利用率和吸收利用率呈显著或极显著的线性正相关。结果表明,在现有技术的基础上通过优化氮肥用量和栽插规格综合措施具有进一步提高产量和氮肥利用效率的潜力。     

海南机插水稻大田高产栽培技术

鉴于机插水稻的生长发育特性与手插水稻存在着一定的差异,其田间管理技术也有所差别。根据机插水稻的生育特点和生产实践,总结了海南机插水稻大田高产栽培技术。     

施氮量和栽培密度对超高产早稻Y两优302产量及其构成因素的影响

【目的】筛选适宜的施氮量和栽培密度,为广西桂北生态条件下超级稻高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以超高产早稻Y两优302为材料,探讨2个施氮水平150kg/ha（N1）、225kg/ha（N2）和4个栽培密度24.4万蔸/ha（D1）、30.6万蔸/ha（D2）、36.8万蔸/ha（D3）、42.6万蔸/ha（D4）在生育期内对水稻产量的影响。【结果】Y两优302产量主要受有效穗数和每穗粒数的影响,穗长和千粒重对产量影响不明显。在施氮量为225kg/ha,栽培密度为24.4万~30.6万蔸/ha时,有利于Y两优302增产。【结论】较高的施氮量和较低的栽培密度有利于Y两优302产量的进一步提高。