The determination of trace levels of ethylenethiourea

All currently utilized herbicides have been identified by random screening and related compounds developed by subsequent imitative chemistry. Little success has as yet been achieved by rational design. Ideas for herbicide design are discussed in relationship to enzyme inhibition, enzyme regulation and the accumulation of toxic metabolites. A number of herbicides in current use function either by promoting the formation of toxic radicals or by inhibiting protective systems. There is scope for the development of protective enzyme inhibitors, as well as the modulation of other scavenging systems. Natural or synthetic photosensitizers as well as a number of allelopathic chemicals could be used as herbicides. Herbicide selectivity could be investigated by the selective inhibition of C⁴ photosynthesis enzymes, by a detailed examination of enzyme diversity, or by the modulation of mono-oxygenase enzymes or glutathione conjugation.     

马拉硫磷对映体对人成神经细胞瘤细胞生长影响的选择性差异

首次报道了马拉硫磷及其对映体对神经细胞生长的影响及其对映体对神经细胞毒性的选择性差异。以人成神经细胞瘤(SH-SY5Y)细胞为体外研究模型,利用高效液相色谱法对马拉硫磷进行手性拆分,分别研究其外消旋体(rac-)、R- 和S-体对神经细胞生长的影响。用10-7~10-4 mol/L 的马拉硫磷及其对映体分别处理SH-SY5Y细胞,通过噻唑兰(MMT)法分析细胞的生长率,同时用显微镜观察细胞的生长状态以评价化合物的毒性。结果表明:SH-SY5Y细胞生长受到马拉硫磷的抑制,且对时间、剂量呈现出一定的依赖性。10-4 mol/L浓度下其抑制作用最为显著,在该浓度下处理48 h马拉硫磷R-体对细胞生长的相对抑制率为75%左右,比S-体的作用强近2倍。显微观察结果显示,处理后的SH-SY5Y细胞形态发生了一定的变化,出现细胞变形、增大等现象。研究结果表明,马拉硫磷对SH-SY5Y神经细胞生长具有一定的抑制作用,且其对神经细胞的毒性存在着明显的对映体选择性。     

Evaluation of soil solarization for control of root diseases of row crops in Victoria

The effect of soil solarization on the viability of plant pathogens and disease was evaluated in Victoria. The treatment was tested in NW and S Victoria with natural soil inoculated with high inoculum levels of Eusarium oxysporum, Plasmodiophora brassicae, Sclerotium cepivorum, Sclerotinia minor, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Verticillium dahliae and the nematodes Meloidogyne javanica and Pratylenchus penetrans. Other experiments were established at sites with a previous history of disease.
Solarization of artificially inoculated soils reduced inoculum levels to at least a depth of 10 cm and effectively controlled diseases caused by P. brassicae on broccoli, and S. minor and S. sclerotiorum on lettuce. The treatment reduced inoculum levels but not disease of carnations and watermelons affected by E. oxysporum , tomatoes affected by M. javanica , celery affected by P. penetrans , and onions affected by S. cepivorum. Results were inconclusive for tomatoes affected by V. dahliae.
Experiments in naturally infested soils established that solarization reduced disease and increased yields of Chinese cabbage affected by P. brassicae , celery affected by P. penetrans , lettuce affected by S. minor and watermelon affected by root rot.
Solarization reduced disease of onions affected by S. cepivorum but did not significantly increase yield. At all sites the treatment reduced the number of viable propagules of the pathogens to at least a depth of 10 cm.     

Inhibition of germination of sporangia of Peronospora hyoscyami by cation deprivation: the effects of substrate and chelating agents

Germination of sporangia of Peronospora hyoscyami de Bary (tobacco blue mould) was affected by the germination substrate. Washed sporangia germinated freely in water on glass slides, but failed to germinate on agarose. Germination was reduced on detached tobacco leaves, being lower on cv. Hicks Q46 than on cv. ZZ100. Inhibition of germination by agarose was reversed by the addition to the inoculum of an extract obtained by centrifuging a suspension of non-living, powdered torula yeast Candida utilis (Hennenberg) Lodder & van Rij. Yeast extract also improved germination in vivo. The siderophore rhodotorulic acid, the chelating agents ferric and sodium citrate, and riboflavin combined with calcium and magnesium salts, also stimulated germination of sporangia on agarose. The chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) inhibited germination on glass slides. Inhibition by EDTA was partially reversed by the addition of ferric salts. The inhibition of germination by agarose and stimulation by additives may have been due to effects on the availability of cations to sporangia of P. hyoscyami. The reduction in germination on tobacco leaves may have involved a similar mechanism.     

The Effect of Film-Forming Polymers on Powdery Mildew of Cucumber

In pot experiments, powdery mildew of cucumber, caused bySphaerotheca fuliginea, was reduced by 64-82% by the film-forming polymer Vapor Gard and by up to 55% by Wilt Pruf. In experiments in polyethylene-covered greenhouses, no harmful effect to the crop was caused by these materials. In one experiment significant disease reductions of 19-67% and 60-96% were obtained by 3% Safe Pack and by the fungicide fenarimol (Rubigan), respectively. The combined treatment of Safe Pack with the fungicide was significantly more effective than either treatment alone, 72-78 days after planting. In another experiment, disease that appeared late in the season was reduced by up to 80, 100, 30 and 96% by Vapor Gard, Folicote, Wilt Pruf and fenarimol, respectively, and was statistically different from the nontreated control in some of the treatments and dates. Most tested substances inhibited germination ofS. fuliginea conidia and growth of its hyphae on leaves of cucumber.     

Strobilurin类杀菌剂作用靶标的研究进展

Strobilurin类杀菌剂是在具有杀菌活性的天然β-甲氧基丙烯酸酯衍生物的基础上研发出来的,具有广谱、高效、安全的特点。主要以粘噻唑为例综述了该类杀菌剂作用靶标及作用位点的研究过程及最新进展。生化作用机理的研究明确了粘噻唑作用于线粒体呼吸链bc1复合物中的细胞色素b及铁硫蛋白,阻止了从细胞色素b到细胞色素c1的电子传递,从而抑制线粒体的呼吸作用;蛋白质晶体学研究明确了粘噻唑的作用位点(Qo位点)是通过氢键与铁硫蛋白及细胞色素b的残基结合的。其他strobilurin类杀菌剂和粘噻唑具有相同的靶标,但由于各化合物之间存在一定的结构差异,其具体作用位点亦有一定的差别。     

黄土区旱地长期施用微肥对冬小麦农艺性状及产量的影响

以长达20年的微量元素肥料定位实验数据为基础,分析长期施用微肥对冬小麦农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明:长期施用微肥对冬小麦有明显的增产效果,小麦施B增产481.8 kg/hm2,增产率30.3%;施Zn增产610.8 kg/hm2,增产率38.4%;施Mn肥籽粒增产368 kg/hm2,增产率23.1%;施Cu籽粒产量无明显变化。施用微肥小麦,籽粒、秸秆中微量元素含量增加,籽粒中含锌量增加10.47 mg/kg,增加率为49.79%;秸秆中含锌量增加3.84 mg/kg,增加率为47.5%;与施KH2PO4肥相比,籽粒中含锌量增加8.03 mg/kg,增加率为33.0%;秸秆中含锌量增加4.78 mg/kg,增加率为66.8%。     

Identification of helminth species by means of disc electrophoresis

Soluble proteins of 25 helminth species of the classes Trematoda, Cestoidea and Nematoda, were separated by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gel columns. Differences between the species were investigated on the basis of Rm values of the bands. Protein spectra were complemented by the detection of lipoproteins and glycoproteins and by identification of LDH, SHD, peroxidase, esterase and alkaline phosphatase. On the basis of comparison of protein spectra of parasitic worms belonging to three taxonomic classes it was found by means of numerical taxonomy that individual classes are characterized by a certain number of proteins of the same migration properties.     

纳米SiO2表面改性及其对阿维菌素吸附性能的影响

采用硅烷偶联剂KH-570对纳米SiO2进行了表面接枝改性,并探讨了改性材料对阿维菌素的吸附性能。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等技术对表面改性纳米SiO2的结构和性能进行了分析。结果表明,纳米SiO2粒子经KH-570进行表面改性后,其分散性得以改善,对阿维菌素的包封率比改性前的大幅提高,提高率最高达92.6%。用KH-570改性的纳米SiO2可作为一种较为理想的新型生物农药载体。     

Lack of prevention of chlorsulfuron-induced inhibition by amino acids

The amino acids valine and isoleucine, which had been indicated by Ray (1984) as antidotes against growth inhibition of pea plants induced by chlorsulfuron, were ineffective in preventing the damage induced by chlorsulfuron on the plasma membrane of maize roots as measured by K⁺ uptake. In addition, in seedlings of two corn genotypes and three pea genotypes grown in culture solution containing chlorsulfuron, growth inhibition was not alleviated by valine and isoleucine. However, in agreement with Ray's results, acetolactate synthase, the key enzyme of the biosynthesis of valine and isoleucine, was inhibited in vitro by chlorsulfuron in both maize and pea. It is suggested that the chlorsulfuron mechanism of action involves several sites.     

文心兰病毒病病原鉴定

在云南省昆明市的文心兰栽培基地发现了具有病毒病典型症状的感病文心兰植株。感病样品在电镜下可观察到长460-500 nm的线状病毒粒体和长约300 nm的杆状病毒粒体中的一种或两种,分别与已报道的建兰花叶病毒和齿兰环斑病毒粒体大小一致。感病样品可以和建兰花叶病毒和齿兰环斑病毒血清中的一种或两种呈阳性反应。利用建兰花叶病毒和齿兰环斑病毒的特异性引物,运用RT-PCR方法可以扩增到与引物设计预期大小一致的核酸条带。由此证明,云南文心兰病毒病的病原是建兰花叶病毒和齿兰环斑病毒中的一种或两种。     

The effects of white clover mosaic virus on vegetative growth and yield of clones of S.100 white clover

Ramet of eight clones of cultivar S.100 white clover were infected with white clover mosaic virus (WCMV) and compared with uninfected ramets. Infection reduced herbage yield over two cuts by between 25 and 75%, with a mean of 40% at both. Petiole length was reduced significantly by 8% at the first cut, but not at the second. There was an overall reduction of about 6% in mid-rib length. The mean length of the longest stolon was reduced by about 20% at both cuts, but this did not reflect the reaction of whole plants as total stolon length was reduced by a mean of 43%, within a range of 25–75%. The mean dry weight of stolon was reduced by 47%, while stolon specific weight (weight per unit length) was reduced by 7%. The reduced leaf yield in WCMV-infected plants was caused mainly by a reduction in stolon growth and not by a reduction in leaf size. Virus infection reduced the total number of growing points per plant by over 30%, but the number per metre of stolon was increased by over 20%. The total acid-soluble carbohydrate content of stolons was unaffected.
For all growth parameters measured, there was considerable variation between the eight clones in their reaction to WCMV infection, most clones being affected detrimentally. In one clone, however, leaf dry weight yield of infected plants at the first cut was double that of healthy plants. At the second cut, both leaf and total stolon dry weights were greater by 40%, the total number of growing points by 80%, and the growing points per metre of stolon by 30%.     

柑橘中13种农药残留量的检测

本文介绍了柑橘样品中农药残留监测分析的研究，结果表明利用乙腈对柑橘中氧乐果等13种农药进行提取、经固相萃取柱净化、气相色谱仪带FPD、ECD检测器定量检测，13种农药分离的效果良好，回收率为82．3％～95．0％，相对标准偏差〈5．0％。该方法是对NY／T761—2008的优化．指出了实际分析过程中应注意的问题。优化后的方法精密度高、重现性好，可以为广东省柑橘农药残留检测工作中推广应用。     

不同增施微肥方式对马铃薯块茎产量和Zn、Fe含量的影响

本研究的目的在于揭示土施和喷施两种增施微肥方式对马铃薯块茎产量和Zn、Fe含量的影响。试验选取定薯1号为试材,进行田间试验,设13个处理,依次为:硫酸锌、硫酸亚铁、硫酸锰分别作基肥施入(D1、D2、D3),在现蕾期、开花期和块茎膨大期喷施0.2%水溶液(A1、A2、A3、B1、B2、B3、C1、C2、C3),不喷施为对照(CK)。结果表明:增施微肥能使株高降低0.9~3.9 cm,茎粗增粗0.02~0.13 cm,单株结薯数增加0.13~0.86个,也能使单株产量增加0.002~0.18 kg,平均单薯重增加7.48~12.04 g,使生育期延长1~8 d,在现蕾期、开花期、块茎膨大期喷施硫酸锌和现蕾期喷施硫酸锰能使产量增加18.4%~25.7%;现蕾期喷施硫酸锌可提高块茎Zn含量(提高2.2 mg·kg~(-1)),而在现蕾期喷施硫酸锌、硫酸亚铁、硫酸锰,开花期喷施硫酸亚铁,硫酸锰作基肥施入可提高块茎Fe含量(提高2.0~9.0 mg·kg~(-1))。     

外源5-ALA对干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗生长的缓解效应及抗氧化酶基因表达的影响

以抗旱玉米自交系郑58和干旱敏感自交系TS141为材料,研究了5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-ALA）对15% PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗生长的缓解效应及抗氧化酶基因表达的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,郑58及TS141在干旱胁迫下幼苗的苗长、鲜重、干重明显降低,郑58分别下降18.49%、29.06%和20.00%,TS141分别下降25.66%、23.97%和13.64%;叶片丙二醛（MDA）及过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量明显增高,MDA含量分别提高了164.58%、263.53%,H₂O₂分别提高了134.95%、203.83%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化酶（APX）活性增加,郑58分别提高了65.61%、29.48%、68.49%、141.51%,TS141分别提高了63.01%、48.00%、85.68%、204.29%;叶绿素含量降低,分别降低33.46%、 42.26%;光合参数P_n、G_s、T_r下降,郑58的P_n、G_s、T_r分别下降48.78%、45.31%、52.39%,TS141的P_n、G_s、T_r分别下降57.66%、57.46%、65.14%;抗氧化酶基因SOD3、POD3、CAT1相对表达量提高,郑58分别提高54.58%、34.12%、69.70%,TS141分别提高54.95%、21.36%、59.34%。喷施25 mg·L^-1的5-ALA能明显缓解干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗造成的损伤,与PEG处理相比,玉米自交系郑58和 TS141的幼苗苗长、鲜重、干重明显增加,苗长分别增加了13.31%和11.21%,幼苗鲜重分别增加了22.29%和18.23%,幼苗干重分别增加了16.67%和10.53%;叶片中MDA含量分别降低了17.85%、25.39%,H₂O₂含量分别降低了23.26%、19.15%;SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性进一步增加,郑58分别增加16.49%、18.15%、36.98%和28.13%（P＜0.05）,TS141分别增加16.65%、16.54%、28.49%和26.76%（P＜0.05）;叶绿素含量和光合参数P_n、G_s、T_r增加,叶绿素含量分别增加18.29%、19.87%;光合参数P_n分别增加35.87%、42.12%,G_s分别增加36.63%、36.81%,T_r分别增加37.67%、67.88%;玉米幼苗叶片中抗氧化酶基因SOD3、POD3、CAT1相对表达量较干旱胁迫处理都有进一步提高,郑58分别提高20.99%、32.18%和23.51%,TS141分别提高25.97%、23.16%和40.94%。     

性信息素诱捕器与频振杀虫灯对甜菜夜蛾发生监测作用的比较

通过甜菜夜蛾两种性信息素诱捕器与频振杀虫灯对甜菜夜蛾诱捕效果比较表明,两种性信息素诱捕器与频振式杀虫灯所诱到的成虫消长规律基本一致。通过SAS统计分析,干式性信息素诱捕器、水盆性信息素诱捕器和频振杀虫灯的平均诱虫量变化趋势紧密相关,相关系数分别为r₁=0.950 36,r₂=0.934 55,r₃=0.853 20。但两种性信息素诱捕器的诱蛾量高于频振杀虫灯,干式诱捕器与频振灯诱蛾量差异显著(p<0.05)。     

Experimental verification of the effect of physical condition of Gobio gobio (L.) on the growth rate of micropopulations of Gyrodactylus gobiensis Gl?ser, 1974 (Monogenea)

It has been verified experimentally that the growth rate of G. gobiensis micropopulations is markedly affected by the physical condition of the host (Gobio gobio). If the fish were weakened by 50% oxygen deficiency and lack of food, the number of parasites increased much more rapidly than on the fish also unfed but kept in water with 100% oxygen content. If the fish weakened by oxygen deficiency were intensively fed, the growth of the parasite micropopulations started to slow down after 4-5 days. When the feeding was stopped, the number of parasites increased again after 10-11 days. These time shifts seem to be associated with the physical condition of the host improved by feeding or worsened by starvation.     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

盐酸吗啉胍在烟草中的检测方法及消解动态研究

首次建立了反相高效液相色谱法测定烟草中盐酸吗啉胍残留量的方法。烟草经三氯乙酸提取。庚烷磺酸钠中和,液液萃取净化后,高效液相色谱（DAD检测器）进行测定。通过两年两地田间试验和样品室内检测试验,研究了其在烟草上的消解动态。试验结果表明：在0．053～10．6μ/mL浓度范围内,盐酸吗啉胍的浓度与峰面积线性关系良好,线性相关系数γ为0．9999;添加浓度在0．05～1．0mg／kg时,方法的平均回收率为79．88—90．98％,相对标准偏差为1．27-4．05％：盐酸吗啉胍在烟草上的消解半衰期为5．8—9．1d。本方法简便、快速、准确,适用于盐酸吗啉胍在烟草上的残留量测定。     

锡林郭勒草原饲草料作物需水量计算方法比较及相关性分析

根据2004~2005年锡林郭勒典型草原区节水灌溉基地的试验资料和气象资料,通过水量平衡法直接计算作物需水量及根据作物系数Kc和Penman-Monteith公式、Penman修正式、Blaney-Criddle公式、Hargreaves公式、Priestley-Taylor公式、Markkink公式计算参考作物蒸发蒸腾量等间接求解作物需水量。以逐旬需水量的结果进行了相关分析,对以上各种方法计算苜蓿、披碱草和青贮玉米需水量的结果进行了适用性评价;以PM方法的计算结果对常用的6种计算饲草料作物需水量方法进行了评价,根据建立的回归方程实现了PM方法与其它6种方法的相互转换,并用2006年的实测资料对回归方程进行了检验,精度较高。