Fumigant activity of plant essential oils and components from horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), anise (Pimpinella anisum) and garlic (Allium sativum) oils against Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae)

Plant essential oils from 40 plant species were tested for their insecticidal activities against larvae of Lycoriella ingénue (Dufour) using a fumigation bioassay. Good insecticidal activity against larvae of L. ingenua was achieved with essential oils of Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Eucalyptus smithii RT Baker, horseradish, anise and garlic at 10 and 5 microL L(-1) air. Horseradish, anise and garlic oils showed the most potent insecticidal activities among the plant essential oils. At 1.25 microL L(-1), horseradish, anise and garlic oils caused 100, 93.3 and 13.3% mortality, but at 0.625 microL L(-1) air this decreased to 3.3, 0 and 0% respectively. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to the identification of one major compound from horseradish, and three each from anise and garlic oils. These seven compounds and m-anisaldehyde and o-anisaldehyde, two positional isomers of p-anisaldehyde, were tested individually for their insecticidal activities against larvae of L. ingenua. Allyl isothiocyanate was the most toxic, followed by trans-anethole, diallyl disulfide and p-anisaldehyde with LC(50) values of 0.15, 0.20, 0.87 and 1.47 microL L(-1) respectively.     

4种植物精油对瓜实蝇毒杀及驱避作用

瓜实蝇 Bactrocera cucurbitae (Copullett)是我国瓜类蔬菜的重要入侵害虫, 为筛选出对瓜实蝇具有毒杀及驱避作用的植物精油, 室内测定了4种植物精油在不同浓度下对瓜实蝇的毒杀及产卵驱避效果, 并进行了田间验证。结果表明:4种植物精油对瓜实蝇成虫的毒杀效果随精油浓度升高而升高, 浓度为7 mg/mL和10 mg/mL的肉桂精油对瓜实蝇的毒杀效果极显著高于其他精油, 处理后24 h瓜实蝇校正死亡率分别为75.9%和100%;雌虫对冬青精油的嗅觉反应率为93.3%, 显著高于紫苏精油和山苍子精油。不同植物精油对雌虫产卵的驱避效果不同，当植物精油浓度为10 mg/mL时, 冬青精油对雌虫的产卵驱避率为69.04%, 显著高于其他精油。田间试验结果显示:不同植物精油对瓜实蝇成虫具有一定防控效果, 但处理间差异不显著, 可能是由于田间环境复杂、植物精油理化性质存在差异等因素导致。     

Insecticidal effects of essential oils from various plants against larvae of pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae)

Along with sulfate turpentine, the essential oils obtained by steam distillation from nine plant species naturally grown in Turkish forests were tested at three different concentrations to evaluate their effectiveness against the larvae of pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff). The results indicated that the essential oils from the nine species and sulfate turpentine were effective against the larvae of T pityocampa. The most effective essential oil in the control of the larvae was steam-distilled wood turpentine, followed by thyme herb oil, juniper berry oil, laurel leaf oil, lavender flower oil, eucalyptus leaf oil, lavender leaf oil, cypress berry oil, essential oil of styrax and sulfate turpentine, respectively, in terms of mean mortality time. It is therefore feasible to use these essential oils as environment-friendly insecticides in the control of T pityocampa.     

Insecticidal toxicity of thirteen commercial plant essential oils against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spodoptera exigua</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

We evaluated the chemical composition of thirteen commercially available plant essential oils and their insecticidal activity against the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to characterize the chemical components of the essential oils. A total of 113 compounds were identified, with terpenes (>80%) and aromatic compounds as primary constituents. The toxicity of each pure essential oil was tested separately on third instar larvae and adult beet armyworms by topical application of 0.5 μl oil/ insect. All plant essential oils were found to be harmful to S. exigua, with third instar larvae showing significantly more susceptibility than adults. Essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Juniperus virginiana showed the highest toxicity (mortality above 90%) to larvae, while C. zeylanicum and Pogostemon cablin oils were the most harmful compounds (95% mortality) to adults. Cymbopogon winterianus oil caused delayed mortality (similar to the effects of insect growth regulators) as well as malformations in pupae. C. winterianus, Ocimum basilicum and Rosmarinus officinalis oils significantly reduced fecundity, whereas no significant effects were observed on fertility.     

Composition and toxic, repellent and feeding deterrent activity of essential oils against the stored-grain pests Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

BACKGROUND: The composition and bioactivity of essential oils from Tagetes terniflora Kunth, Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. and Elyonurus muticus (Spreng) Kuntz were evaluated against stored‐grain pests. RESULTS: Fumigant and contact toxicities were observed with T. terniflora on adults of both pests. In contact toxicity, this oil was less toxic to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Essential oils from C. citratus and E. muticus showed contact toxicity on S. oryzae. All essential oils produced: (a) repellency on larvae and adults of T. castaneum and adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.); (b) post‐ingestive toxicity on T. castaneum larvae and S. oryzae adults and alteration of nutritional index on T. castaneum and S. oryzae adults. Cymbopogon citratus reduced the relative growth rate and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food in T. castaneum larvae. Tagetes terniflora produced a feeding stimulant effect in T. castaneum adults. In addition, they had a feeding deterrent action against S. oryzae adults. The composition of essential oils from C. citratus and E. muticus varied only in one component. CONCLUSION: These results showed that the essential oils from T. terniflora, C. citratus and E. muticus should be studied further for their use in integrated pest management programmes for T. castaneum and S. oryzae control. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Weeds for weed control: Asteraceae essential oils as natural herbicides

The aim of this study was to test the botanical family of Asteraceae as a source of natural herbicides. Twenty Asteraceae species were collected during flowering time and evaluated in terms of the yield and quality of essential oils (germination inhibition and growth of weeds). Half the species showed a sufficient yield of essential oil (from about 0.1% to 1.43%) when testing these phytochemicals in vitro as germination inhibitors of two typical weeds, Amaranthus retroflexus and Setaria viridis. Despite the higher tolerance of S. viridis, the concentration of 100 μg L^?1 of essential oils of the two Artemisia species and Xanthium strumarium could totally inhibit germination. In addition, at 10 μg L ^?1, the same essential oils showed full inhibition of A. retroflexus seeds. A comparison of their effectiveness at suboptimal doses led to a further selection of the most promising sources of essential oils. After their chemical characterisation, the essential oils were tested as post‐emergence herbicides on seedlings of the above‐cited weeds. After spraying the weeds at different concentrations (10, 100 and 1000 mg L^?1) during two different phenological stages of weed seedlings (cotyledons and the third true leaf), the essential oils of Artemisia annua and X. strumarium showed the best performance. The essential oils of X. strumarium were then tested again on both weeds to monitor the dynamics of plant injury. A reduction in plant fresh weight (about 20%–30% after 10 days) and chlorophyll content (destroyed, after the same amount of time) was found, thus confirming the total and rapid effectiveness of these essential oils. In summary, A. annua and X. strumarium have elicited considerable agronomic interest and appear to be suitable as a source of essential oils to act as natural herbicides.     

Composition and biological activity of essential oils against Metopolophium dirhodum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) cereal crop pest

BACKGROUND: Natural pesticides based on plant essential oils may represent alternative crop protectants. This study analysed the chemical constituents and bioactivities of essential oils from Schinus areira L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Tagetes terniflora Kunth against winged and wingless adults of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walk.). RESULTS: The major component of S. areira was α‐phellandrene, that of R. officinalis was 1,8‐cineole and that of T. terniflora was cis‐ocimene. Rosemary essential oil was more effective than the others in immersion method tests. In contact toxicity, the rosemary oil was the most toxic to wingless adults and the S. areira leaf oil was the most toxic to winged adults. All the EOs produced some degrees of repellency in adults and effects on the reproduction and demographic parameters. CONCLUSION: These results showed that the essential oils from S. areira, R. officinalis and T. terniflora could be used as an alternative in the management of M. dirhodum. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

九种植物精油对玉米象成虫的熏蒸作用比较

采用广口瓶密闭方法,测定红桔油Citrus tangerina、柠檬叶油Citrus limonum、 红河橙油Citrus hongheensis、 山苍子油Litsea cubeba、留兰香油Mentha spicata、松节油Pinus tabulaeformis、黄樟油Cinnamonum camphora、互叶白千层油Melaleuca alternifolia、蓝桉叶油Eucalyptus globulus等9种植物精油,在熏杀浓度为16 μL/L、熏蒸时间为24、36、48及60 h条件下,对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais成虫的熏蒸活性。结果表明:黄樟油、互叶白千层油、柠檬叶油、留兰香油及松节油的熏杀效果较好,尤以黄樟油的效果最佳。黄樟油在12、24、36、48和60 h不同熏蒸时间下的LC50值分别为31.43、11.26、6.16、2.72和1.11 μL/L。可考虑将黄樟油作为磷化氢及溴甲烷的替代药物用于控制玉米象的危害。     

Composition and biological activity of essential oils from Labiatae against Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) soybean pest

BACKGROUND: Plant essential oils have been recognised as an important natural source of insecticide. This study analysed the chemical constituents and bioactivity of essential oils that were isolated via hydrodistillation from Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) and Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) against eggs, second instar and adults of Nezara viridula (L.). RESULTS: The major component of oregano was p‐cymene, and, for thyme, thymol. The ovicidal activity was tested by topical application; the essential oil from thyme was more effective. The fumigant activity was evaluated in an enclosed chamber; the LC₅₀ values for oregano were 26.8 and 285.6 µg mL^?1 for nymphs and adults respectively; for thyme they were 8.9 µg mL^?1 for nymphs and 219.2 µg mL^?1 for adults. To evaluate contact activity, a glass vial bioassay was used; the LC₅₀ values for oregano were 1.7 and 169.2 µg cm^?2 for nymphs and adults respectively; for thyme they were 3.5 and 48.8 µg cm^?2 respectively. The LT₅₀ analyses for contact and fumigant bioassays indicated that thyme was more toxic for nymphs and adults than oregano. Both oils produced repellency on nymphs and adults. CONCLUSION: These results showed that the essential oils from O. vulgare and T. vulgaris could be applicable to the management of N. viridula. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

The relationship between the chemical composition of three essential oils and their insecticidal activity against Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)

The chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from various parts of three Greek aromatic plants (Lavandula hybrida Rev, Rosmarinus officinalis L and Eucalyptus globulus Labill) collected at different seasons was determined by GC/MS analysis. The insecticidal action of these oils and of their main constituents on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) adults was evaluated and their LC50 values were estimated. All essential oils tested exhibited strong activity against A. obtectus adults, with varying LC50 values depending on insect sex and the composition of the essential oils. A correlation between total oxygenated monoterpenoid content and activity was observed, with oxygenated compounds exhibiting higher activity than hydrocarbons. Among the main constituents, only linalyl and terpinyl acetate were not active against A. obtectus, while all the others exhibited insecticidal activity against both male and female adults, with LC50 values ranging from 0.8 to 47.1 mg litre(-1) air. An attempt to correlate the insecticidal activity to the monoterpenoid's structure is presented, and the difference in sensitivity between male and female individuals is also explored.     

Insecticidal activity of 23 essential oils and their major compounds against adult Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) (Aphididae: Homoptera)

Essential oils from 23 species of plants comprising 14 genera and 4 plant families were obtained by Clevenger-type water distillation. The major compounds in these essential oils were identified with GC-MS and their insecticidal activity against adult turnip aphids, Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis), tested with dosage-mortality bioassays. We examined mortality only for viviparous adults because sizeable aphid populations on crucifer (Brassicaceae) hosts are largely produced by these wingless, parthenogenic females. Twenty-two of the oils were directly applied to aphid females in randomized blocks at concentrations of 0.0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg ml(-1). Essential oils mixed with a non-toxic emulsifying agent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), more easily penetrated the waxy insect cuticle. Probit analysis and LC(50) at three different exposures showed aphids were quickly incapacitated and killed by aliphatic aldehydes, phenols and monocyclic terpenes contained in Bifora and Satureja oils and at applied concentrations as low as 0.3 to 1.0 mg ml(-1). Only enough Pimpinella isaurica oil and its three phenylpropanoid fractions were available for testing at a single concentration of 10 mg ml(-1). We could not spare any additional P. isaurica oil for testing at other concentrations. Phenylpropanoids isolated from P. isaurica oil when recombined or left naturally blended in the oil were highly bioactive against L. pseudobrassicae at 10 mg ml(-1).     

植物精油应用于害虫防治研究进展

从植物精油对害虫的生物活性(驱避、拒食、引诱、触杀、熏蒸、抑制生长发育)、植物精油的增效研究,以及植物精油对害虫的作用机理方面综述了植物精油用于植物保护领域防治害虫的研究进展,并展望了植物精油在植物保护中的应用前景。     

Nematicidal activity of essential oils and their components against the root-knot nematode

ABSTRACT Nematicidal activity of essential oils extracted from 27 spices and aromatic plants were evaluated in vitro and in pot experiments. Twelve of the twenty-seven essential oils immobilized more than 80% of juveniles of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica at a concentration of 1,000 mul/liter. At this concentration, most of these oils also inhibited nematode hatching. Essential oils of Carum carvi, Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha rotundifolia, and Mentha spicata showed the highest nematicidal activity among the in vitro tested oils. These oils and those from Origanum vulgare, O. syriacum, and Coridothymus capitatus mixed in sandy soil at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg reduced the root galling of cucumber seedlings in pot experiments. The main components of these essential oils were tested for their nematicidal activity. Carvacrol, t-anethole, thymol, and (+)-carvone immobilized the juveniles and inhibited hatching at >125 mul/liter in vitro. Most of these components mixed in sandy soil at concentrations of 75 and 150 mg/kg reduced root galling of cucumber seedlings. In 3-liter pot experiments, nematicidal activity of the essential oils and their components was confirmed at 200 and 150 mg/kg, respectively. The results suggest that the essential oils and their main components may serve as nematicides.     

Effects of patchouli and wormwood oils on the bioassays and behaviors of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract

The fumigation bioassays, the oviposition inhibition and repellent bioassays of patchouli and wormwood oils to T. cinnabarinus were determined in the laboratory with the methods of fumigation and repellency. Ethovision XT6 was used to analyze the effects of two essential oils at sublethal dosages on the behaviors of T. cinnabarinus. Based on the results, compared with wormwood oil, the fumigation bioassay of patchouli oil was stronger against T. cinnabarinus. In a simultaneous fumigation experiment, the effects of patchouli oil on the inhibition of oviposition of T. cinnabarinus were significantly higher (P?<?0.01) than those of wormwood oil at the tested dosages. When T. cinnabarinus was exposed to the two essential oils at LD₁₀, LD₂₀, and LD₃₀, the spontaneous movement tracks of T. cinnabarinus changed significantly, with the highest mobility frequencies at LD₁₀. Moreover, the effects of exposure to patchouli oil on the spontaneous movement abilities of T. cinnabarinus were greater than those on movements following exposure to wormwood oil. Thus, patchouli oil is a promising candidate as a green vegetable, botanical acaricide.     

5种植物精油抑菌活性及其化学成分研究

从植物精油中寻找新型抑菌剂是植物化学研究的一个方向。本试验提取了丁香、八角、孜然、薄荷和生姜5种药食兼用植物的精油,采用抑制菌丝生长法和96孔板法测试了5种精油对8种植物病原真菌和5种细菌的抑菌活性。结果表明5种植物精油对测试真菌有不同程度的抑制作用,丁香的抑制作用最强,对梨黑星病菌的抑制作用最强,其IC_(50)为93.44 mg/L;5种植物精油对测试细菌的抑菌作用较弱,孜然和生姜精油对青枯菌的抑制最强,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)也仅为125 mg/L。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析了各精油的主要化学成分,八角主要成分为茴香脑(53.16%),薄荷主要成分为长叶薄荷酮(15.85%),丁香主要成分为丁子香酚(82.68%),生姜主要成分为香叶醛(16.80%),孜然主要成分为茴香甲醛(46.06%)。本研究结果表明丁香具有开发为新型植物源抑菌剂的潜力。     

8种植物精油对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性及椒蒿精油的GC-MS成分分析

为探究植物精油对4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,通过水蒸汽蒸馏法提取8种植物精油,菌丝生长抑制法测定精油对尖孢镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌、黄色镰孢菌和立枯丝核菌的抑菌活性。结果表明：驱虫斑鸠菊精油无抑菌活性,其他7种植物精油均有一定的抑菌活性,其中香青兰和椒蒿精油的活性最强,在体积浓度为0.5 µL/mL时,香青兰精油对尖孢镰刀菌、黄色镰孢菌和立枯丝核菌的抑菌率在95%以上,椒蒿精油对4种病原真菌的抑菌率在70%以上。在体积浓度为0.05 µL/mL时,椒蒿精油对4种病原真菌的抑菌率均在50%以上,香青兰精油对尖孢镰刀菌、黄色镰孢菌和立枯丝核菌的抑菌率在35%以上。通过气相色谱−质谱联用（Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometer, GC−MS）技术对椒蒿精油进行化学成分分析,a,a-二甲基-1,4-二氧-2-奈乙醛的相对含量最高,占比72.17%。本研究可为植物病原微生物的绿色防控提供基础资料。     

植物精油对三种鳞翅目害虫的杀虫活性

测试了27种植物精油对粘虫、棉铃虫和小菜蛾的杀虫活性。结果表明:①用100倍精油丙酮液处理的小麦叶碟饲喂粘虫3龄幼虫48h后,砂地柏果实、玳玳花、甜橙果皮和姜根4种精油对试虫的拒食率均达80％以上;砂地柏果实、玳玳花、甜橙果皮等7种精油对粘虫4龄幼虫历期和蛹重均产生一定的影响,尤以砂地柏果实、玳玳花、甜橙果皮精油致幼虫死亡率最高,砂地柏果实和甜橙果皮精油对蛹重影响最为明显;②以含1％精油的人工饲料饲喂棉铃虫3龄幼虫9天后,山苍子果实、甜橙果皮精油处理组幼虫重量均仅为对照的20％左右,且各精油对幼虫历期、蛹重和化蛹率均有一定的影响;③八角茴香果实精油对小菜蛾的拒食活性达59.1％以上。     

Comparative repellent activity of single,binary and ternary combinations of plant essential oils and their major components against Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - In the present study, repellent activity of three plant essential oils (EOs) [anise (Pimpinella anisum&nbsp;L.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis...     

两种亚菊属植物挥发油及其主要成分对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的触杀活性

为探究植物挥发油对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的防治效果，本研究用丝裂亚菊和光苞亚菊挥发油及其主要组分对该线虫进行触杀毒杀活性的测试。采用药物浸泡法，将提取的两种植物挥发油及其主要的共有组分桉叶油醇和马鞭草烯醇作用于马铃薯腐烂茎线虫，测试致死中浓度，进而将桉叶油醇和马鞭草烯醇按不同比例进行复配混合，测试两者复配后的杀线虫活性，结果显示：处理24 h后，丝裂亚菊和光苞亚菊的挥发油均对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫有一定的触杀毒杀活性，致死中浓度（LC_{50/24 h}）分别为1.50 mg/mL和1.23 mg/mL；处理48 h后，丝裂亚菊和光苞亚菊的挥发油对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的致死中浓度（LC_{50/48 h}）分别为1.06 mg/mL和0.70 mg/mL，较处理24 h后杀虫作用更显著。处理24 h后，桉叶油醇（LC₅₀＝0.49 mg/ml）与马鞭草烯醇（LC₅₀＝1.09 mg/mL）的杀线虫活性强于两种亚菊属植物挥发油；桉叶油醇和马鞭草烯醇以2：6、4：4和3：5的体积比混配后，其LC₅₀（0.18、0.17和0.20 mg/mL）都明显比两种化合物单独处理时要低，说明这两种化合物在挥发油中发挥了协同杀线虫的作用，且效果明显。本研究可为亚菊属植物挥发油及其主要组分绿色防控马铃薯腐烂茎线虫奠定基础。     

11种植物精油对茶橙瘿螨的触杀和驱避作用研究

分别采用喷雾法和半叶法测定了11种植物精油对茶橙瘿螨的触杀和驱避活性。结果表明, 浓度为1%、0.5%、0.25%、0.125%(V/V)的11种植物精油对茶橙瘿螨都表现出了不同程度的触杀活性。随着作用时间的延长和精油浓度的增加, 其校正死亡率均有不同程度的升高。总体来看, 肉桂精油触杀效果最好, 在不同试验浓度和处理时间条件下校正死亡率均高于其他精油。所试精油对茶橙瘿螨都有一定的驱避作用, 其中百里香等8种精油的驱避率达80%以上。以上结果将为筛选对茶橙瘿螨具有较好防效的新型低毒高效植物源农药提供重要依据。