苹果主要病虫害全程生物农药防控效果

为研究苹果主要病虫害全程生物农药防控效果,2020、2021年在苹果休眠期使用石硫合剂和腐殖酸铜,在生长期选择多种生物农药,包括苦参碱、中生菌素、多抗霉素、大黄素甲醚、枯草芽胞杆菌、苏云金芽胞杆菌和鱼藤酮等,监测了苹果斑点落叶病、褐斑病、苹果黄蚜和苹果小卷叶蛾的发生与为害。结果显示,2020年全程喷施生物农药对苹果斑点落叶病、褐斑病、苹果黄蚜和苹果小卷叶蛾的防治效果最低值分别为82.08%、80.07%、86.04%和86.77%;2021年则分别为87.90%、86.90%、89.67%和88.25%,均接近于化学农药为主的防控区。同时,生物农药防控区未出现任何药害。研究表明苹果全生育期喷施生物农药,可有效控制苹果主要病虫害,对苹果园化学农药减施增效具有重要指导意义。     

一株侵染草地贪夜蛾成虫的球孢白僵菌的分离鉴定

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是一种全球性重大玉米害虫,于2019年入侵我国云南。2020年8月,从云南省大理弥渡西庄村玉米田采集被虫生真菌感染的草地贪夜蛾雌成虫,经在室内分离培养,结合病原菌分生孢子与菌丝等形态及ITS序列相似性分析,确定感染草地贪夜蛾成虫的真菌为球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana,菌株编号为SHL-2020。经生物测定,该菌对草地贪夜蛾雌、雄成虫均具有较强的侵染致病作用。用该菌1×10~8个/mL分生孢子菌悬液接种处理后第7天时,草地贪夜蛾雌、雄成虫累计死亡率分别为90.0%和86.7%。以上结果表明,从罹病草地贪夜蛾雌成虫上分离获得的球孢白僵菌SHL-2020菌株对草地贪夜蛾雌雄成虫具有良好的生防潜力,该研究为草地贪夜蛾生物防治提供了理论依据和物质基础。     

新疆荒漠绿洲区越冬亚洲玉米螟病原真菌种类鉴定及多样性分析

为探明新疆荒漠绿洲区越冬亚洲玉米螟病原真菌多样性,2019-2020年采集了新疆5个地/州6个县/市185个样点的越冬玉米螟幼虫,进行病原真菌分离、鉴定。2年共获被感染越冬玉米螟幼虫534个,分离出136株昆虫病原真菌,隶属于7目7科9属14种。其中,红绶曲霉Aspergillus nomius（22.1%）、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana（19.9%）、镰孢霉Fusarium sp.为优势种,相对分离频率（RDF）分别为22.1%、19.9%和13.2%;花腐镰孢菌Fusarium anthophilum（9.6%）、波兰青霉菌Penicillium polonicum（2.9%）、雷斯青霉菌Penicillium raistrickii（1.5%）、渐狭蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium attenuatum（6.6%）、木贼镰孢菌Fusarium equiseti（3.7%）、层出镰孢菌Fusarium proliferatum（2.2%）、多头被孢霉Mortierella polycephala（5.9%）、链格孢菌Alternaria alternata（5.2%）、直立枝顶孢霉Acremonium strictum（2.9%）、C. perangustum（3.68%）为常见种;腐皮镰孢菌Fusarium solani（0.7%）为稀有种。乌鲁木齐市新市区昆虫病原真菌相对多度最高（41.4%）,昌吉州昌吉市次之（21.4%）,喀什地区疏勒县（11.4%）最低;伊犁州霍尔果斯市病原真菌丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度均较高;昌吉州昌吉市与乌鲁木齐新市区、伊犁州新源县与昌吉州昌吉市及伊犁州霍尔果斯市与喀什地区疏勒县的越冬玉米螟病原真菌中等相似。2年真菌致死率最高的均为乌鲁木齐新市区,分别为28%和14.6%,2019年各采集地区间亚洲玉米螟感染优势病原真菌致死率差异性均显著,2020年各采集地区玉米螟感染白僵菌属致死率差异性显著,而曲霉属和镰刀菌属无显著差异性。本研究结果为保护与利用当地真菌资源,促进亚洲玉米螟绿色可持续控制具有重要意义。     

陕西省大葱叶部镰刀菌枯萎病病原菌的鉴定

<正>0引言大葱(Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makino)为石蒜科(Amaryllidaceae)葱属(Allium)植物，是常见的调味品，具有杀菌祛痰、强心降压等多种功效。已报道的大葱叶枯病病原菌包括匍柄霉属(Stemphylium)、泛菌属(Pantoea)、疫霉属(Phytophthora)^[1-3]等。调查发现陕西乾县漠西大葱种植基地一种大葱叶部枯萎病发病率较高，成为影响当地大葱生产的主要病害之一。     

成株期小麦对荻草谷网蚜的田间抗蚜性和耐蚜性评价

为拓展和获取对荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi表现稳定的小麦抗源,以我国146个小麦品种（系）为材料,利用2020年麦田蚜虫发生严重的机会,采用有蚜株蚜害级别计算抗蚜指数,采用耐蚜值（调查株蚜害级别/千粒重损失率）计算耐蚜指数,以此评估小麦的抗蚜性水平和耐蚜性水平;2022年利用人工辅助接蚜的方法对2020年表现稳定的部分小麦品种（系）的评估结果进行验证。结果显示,在自然感蚜条件下2个试验点6次调查中仅山农116、泉麦31和濮麦116表现稳定的抗蚜性,在人工接蚜时仅郑麦132表现稳定的抗蚜性;中育1220、泰禾麦2号和瑞华1408在自然感蚜时蚜量较低,千粒重损失率低于5.00%,人工接蚜亦表现良好的耐蚜性,表明其兼具耐蚜性和一定的抗蚜性;泰麦601、瑞华592、轮选166和中农麦4007在自然感蚜的高蚜量情况下和人工辅助接蚜时均能保持较低的千粒重损失率（小于15.00%）,表明成株期小麦的抗蚜性减弱是一种普遍现象,耐蚜性是比抗蚜性更稳定的遗传特征。     

几种杀菌剂对小麦茎基腐病的防治效果

小麦茎基腐病是小麦上重要的真菌性茎基部病害,在黄淮海冬麦区呈广泛流行态势,对我国小麦生产安全构成严重威胁.本研究评价了不同拌种剂、拔节期喷施杀菌剂以及两者结合使用对小麦茎基腐病的防治效果.药剂拌种防治结果表明:60 g/L戊唑醇FS、25 g/L咯菌腈FS和25％氰烯菌酯SC拌种处理能显著降低苗期病株率,其病株防治效果...     

基于粮食需求的黄土高原地区淤地坝建设规模与论证

从黄土高原地区粮食需求、总来沙量和建设能力三方面论证了黄河流域黄土高原地区淤地坝的建设规模。结果表明:黄土高原地区到2020年共需布设淤地坝16.3万座,其中骨干坝2.7万座,中小型淤地坝13.6万座;到2020年黄土高原地区将新增加坝地面积49.5万hm2,可退耕陡坡地297万hm2,退耕面积占2000年黄土高原地区坡耕地总面积823万hm2的36%。因此,《黄土高原地区水土保持淤地坝规划》提出的到2020年的淤地坝建设目标切实可行。     

基于离散二阶差分算法的中国碳排放预测

在系统研究国内外目前碳排放预测文献的基础上,总结其中的预测方法,发现方法中的局限性。离散二阶差分方程预测模型是基于时间序列的预测方法,能够有效弥补目前预测方法的局限性。在论述离散二阶差分方程预测模型(DDEPM)推导过程的基础上,应用DDEPM方法,借助Matlab软件,基于1980-2009年的碳排放数据,计算中国2020年碳排放的碳排放量,并估算1984-2009年碳排放预测值的误差率;随后基于1980-2009年的中国GDP数据,应用相同的方法,对2020年中国GDP的数值进行计算。通过单位GDP碳排放的运算,计算出中国降低单位GDP碳排放的潜力。     

黄脊竹蝗在中国的发生及防控技术

黄脊竹蝗为重大林业害虫,多在竹林造成为害。2020年黄脊竹蝗从老挝、越南等地跨境进入中国云南省并在农区造成了严重为害。本文主要综述了黄脊竹蝗在我国发生的历史与现状、暴发的原因以及主要的防治措施,归纳了黄脊竹蝗不同发育阶段的有效防治措施,重点总结了利用生防天敌和生物农药防治黄脊竹蝗的研究进展,为黄脊竹蝗综合防控提供参考依据。     

秸秆带状覆盖对土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响

为了探讨秸秆带状覆盖对旱地不同剖面深度土壤总有机碳(TOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)和易氧化态碳(EOC)的影响,于2017—2020年在甘肃省布设秸秆带状覆盖试验,设玉米整秆带状覆盖(TSM)处理,以黑膜双垄沟全膜覆盖(TPM)和传统露地平作(TNM)为对照.结果表明:土壤有机碳和活性碳组分含量...     

Scenario simulation of water retention services under land use/cover and climate changes: a case study of the Loess Plateau,China

Comprehensive assessments of ecosystem services in environments under the influences of human activities and climate change are critical for sustainable regional ecosystem management. Therefore, integrated interdisciplinary modelling has become a major focus of ecosystem service assessment. In this study, we established a model that integrates land use/cover change (LUCC), climate change, and water retention services to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of water retention services in the Loess Plateau of China in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050). An improved Markov-Cellular Automata (Markov-CA) model was used to simulate land use/land cover patterns, and ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to simulate and assess water retention services from 2000 to 2050 under six combined scenarios, including three land use/land cover scenarios (historical scenario (HS), ecological protection scenario (EPS), and urban expansion scenario (UES)) and two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, where RCP is the representative concentration pathway). LUCCs in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050) are dominated by transformations among agricultural land, urban land and grassland. Urban land under UES increased significantly by 0.63×10³ km²/a, which was higher than the increase of urban land under HS and EPS. In the Loess Plateau, water yield decreased by 17.20×10⁶ mm and water retention increased by 0.09×10⁶ mm in the historical period (2000-2015), especially in the Interior drainage zone and its surrounding areas. In the future (2020-2050), the pixel means of water yield is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (96.63 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (95.46 mm), and the pixel means of water retention is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (1.95 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (1.38 mm). RCP4.5-EPS shows the highest total water retention capacity on the plateau scale among the six combined scenarios, with the value of 1.27×10⁶ mm. Ecological restoration projects in the Loess Plateau have enhanced soil and water retention. However, more attention needs to be paid not only to the simultaneous increase in water retention services and evapotranspiration but also to the type and layout of restored vegetation. Furthermore, urbanization needs to be controlled to prevent uncontrollable LUCCs and climate change. Our findings provide reference data for the regional water and land resources management and the sustainable development of socio-ecological systems in the Loess Plateau under LUCC and climate change scenarios.     

番茄斑驳花叶病毒在广东省的首次报道

番茄斑驳花叶病毒(tomato mottle mosaic virus, ToMMV)是2013年发现的烟草花叶病毒属一个新种,目前在多国(地区)有发生。本文采用小RNA深度测序及RT-PCR检测方法在广东省广州市南沙区辣椒疑似病样中检测到ToMMV,命名为番茄斑驳花叶病毒广东分离物(ToMMV-GD-2020)。采用RT-PCR分段扩增获得了ToMMV-GD-2020的基因组全序列,该分离物基因组全长6 399 nt,包含4个开放阅读框,分别编码4个蛋白。序列相似性分析表明,ToMMV-GD-2020与已登录GenBank的14个ToMMV分离物基因组序列相似性分别为99.0%～99.7%,其中与中国辽宁分离物ToMMV-LN(GenBank登录号：MN853592)的相似性最高(99.7%),与危害我国番茄、同属烟草花叶病毒属的番茄花叶病毒(tomato mosaic virus, ToMV)、番茄褐色皱果病毒(tomato brown rugose fruit virus, ToBRFV)代表分离物的相似性分别为84.6%和81.0%。系统进化分析表明,ToMMV-GD-2020...     

草地贪夜蛾在玉米单作及玉米-大豆间作田的扩散规律

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith)是新入侵我国的一种重大致灾性害虫,对我国玉米生产构成严重威胁.本研究于2019年和2020年在田间调查研究了草地贪夜蛾在玉米单作以及玉米-大豆间作模式下的田间扩散规律.结果 表明:草地贪夜蛾幼虫在2019年的36 m2和2020年的64 m2小...     

Spatiotemporal variation of forest land and its driving factors in the agropastoral ecotone of northern China

As an important natural resource,forest land plays a key role in the maintenance of ecological security.However,variations of forest land in the agropastoral ecotone of northern China(AENC)have attracted little attention.Taking the AENC as an example and based on remote-sensing images from 2000,2010 to 2020,we explored the spatiotemporal variation of forest land and its driving factors using the land-use transfer matrix,spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial error model.The results showed that from 2000 to 2020,the total area of forest land in the AENC increased from 75,547.52 to 77,359.96 km² and the changes were dominated by the transformations among forest land,grassland and cropland,which occurred mainly in areas with the elevation of 500-2000 m and slope of 15°-25°.There was obvious spatial agglomeration of forest land in the AENC from 2000 to 2020,with hot spots of forest land gathered in the southern marginal areas of the Yanshan Mountains and the low mountainous and hilly areas of the Loess Plateau.The sub-hot spots around hot spots moved southward,the sub-cold spots spread to the surrounding areas and the cold spots disappeared.The spatiotemporal variation of forest land resulted from the interactions of natural environment,socioeconomic and policy factors from 2000 to 2020.The variables of average annual precipitation,slope,terrain relief,ecological conversion program and afforestation policy for barren mountains affected the spatial pattern of forest land positively,while those of annual average temperature,slope and road network density influenced it negatively.     

2015年—2020年河南漯河越冬代劳氏黏虫的种群动态及虫源性质分析

为了解河南漯河越冬代劳氏黏虫的种群动态,本研究分析了1984年-2020年测报灯下越冬代劳氏黏虫成虫的种群数量变化情况,2015年-2020年测报灯和高空探照灯下越冬代劳氏黏虫的种群动态、雌蛾卵巢发育级别、迁飞情况和虫源性质等,同时结合漯河地区冬季温度和降雨量数据,分析了近年来漯河地区越冬代劳氏黏虫成虫数量变化的原因,希望本研究能够为河南省劳氏黏虫的预测预报和综合防治提供参考。     

乌拉盖河及其主要支流的水资源评价与合理利用的探讨

乌拉盖河是内蒙古高原最大的一条内流河,发源于大兴安岭山地,向西流经乌珠穆沁草原中部。水资源充沛而稳定。流域内多年平均径流量为１．１３亿立方米,Ｐ＝５０％保证率年径流量为０．８８亿立方米。根据本流域的中长期发展预测,到２０００年及２０２０年,人口、养畜、农田与草地建设、工业等均有大幅度增长,工农牧业产值将由２．８亿元达到２０００年的５．４亿元及２０２０年的１９．５亿元。按照合理的用水定额和水资源供需平衡分析,预计到２０００年,总需水量将达到０．６８亿立方米;到２０２０年,总需水量１．２亿立方米。因此,本流域的发展中,必须多方开发各项水资源,合理用水,节约用水,科学管理水资源。使乌拉盖河成为草原区可持续发展的资源与环境保障。     

Spatiotemporal evolution and prediction of habitat quality in Hohhot City of China based on the InVEST and CA-Markov models

With the acceleration of urbanization, changes in the urban ecological environment and landscape pattern have led to a series of prominent ecological environmental problems. In order to better coordinate the balanced relationship between city and ecological environment, we selected land use change data to evaluate the habitat quality in Hohhot City of China, which is of great practical significance for regional urban and economic development. Thus, the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) and Cellular Automata-Markov (CA-Markov) models were used to analyze, predict, and explore the Spatiotemporal evolution path and characteristics of urban land use, and forecast the typical evolution pattern of land use in 2030. The results showed that the land use types in Hohhot City changed significantly from 2000 to 2020, and the biggest change took place in cultivated land, grassland, shrub, and artificial surface. The decrease of cultivated land area and the increase of artificial surface area were the main impact trend of land use change. The average value of habitat quality had been decreasing continuously from 2000 to 2020, and the values of habitat degradation were 0.2605, 0.2494, and 0.2934 in 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively, showing a decreasing trend. The decrease of habitat quality was caused by the needs of economic development and urban construction, as well as the impact of land occupation. During this evolution, many cultivated land and urban grassland had been converted into construction land. The simulated land use changes in 2030 are basically the same as those during 2000-2020, and the habitat quality will still be declining. The regional changes are influenced by the urban rapid development and industrial layout. These results can provide decision-making reference for regional urban planning and management as well as habitat quality evaluation.     

2019年-2020年甘肃省小麦条锈菌生理小种变异监测

2019年-2020年, 对甘肃省不同生态区于小麦不同生育期采集的661份条锈菌标样, 在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所兰州温室进行条锈菌生理小种变异监测, 结果表明:两年共监测到52个生理小种及致病类型, 其中贵农22仍为优势致病类群, 居第一位, 2019年和2020年出现频率分别为36.7%和 49.5%, 低于2018年的50.3%; 其次是HY和水源致病类群, 出现频率分别为25.3%?25.5%和10.2%和15.5%; 中四致病类群出现频率分别为22.8%和7.6%, 2020年居第五位, 低于2018年的13.9%?流行小种条中34号出现频率分别为23.4%和22.5%, 居第一位; 条中32号出现频率分别为19.6%和17.9%, 居第二位; 条中33号?贵22-14出现频率分别为4.4%?4.0%和2.5%?6.0%; 新类型ZS-1出现频率分别为7.0%和0.6%?次要致病类型如HY8?HY29?HY103?水11-192及贵22-13?贵22-108?贵22-244和贵22-271等出现频率在1.0%~1.9%之间, 其他致病类型均在0.6%以下?毒性分析发现, VYr9?VYr3b+Yr4b?VYrsu?VYr26为甘肃省条锈菌主要毒性致病基因, 毒性频率在50.6%~93.7%之间?甘肃小麦条锈菌群体结构仍处于以条中34号为主的贵农22致病类群占优势阶段?对感染中四的新致病菌系ZS进行持续监测是今后一段时期甘肃省小麦条锈菌变异研究的重点?小麦抗条锈育种应以兼抗条中34号?条中32号为主, 兼顾贵农22其他类型及中四新菌系?     

Glacier mass balance and its impacts on streamflow in a typical inland river basin in the Tianshan Mountains,northwestern China

Glaciers are known as natural 'solid reservoirs', and they play a dual role between the composition of water resources and the river runoff regulation in arid and semi-arid areas of China. In this study, we used in situ observation data from Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in combination with meteorological data from stations and a digital elevation model, to develop a distributed degree-day model for glaciers in the Urumqi River Basin to simulate glacier mass balance processes and quantify their effect on streamflow during 1980-2020. The results indicate that the mass loss and the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of glaciers in the last 41 years had an increasing trend, with the average mass balance and ELA being -0.85 (±0.32) m w.e./a (meter water-equivalent per year) and 4188 m a.s.l., respectively. The glacier mass loss has increased significantly during 1999-2020, mostly due to the increase in temperature and the extension of ablation season. During 1980-2011, the average annual glacier meltwater runoff in the Urumqi River Basin was 0.48×10⁸ m³, accounting for 18.56% of the total streamflow. We found that the annual streamflow in different catchments in the Urumqi River Basin had a strong response to the changes in glacier mass balance, especially from July to August, and the glacier meltwater runoff increased significantly. In summary, it is quite possible that the results of this research can provide a reference for the study of glacier water resources in glacier-recharged basins in arid and semi-arid areas.     

Anastomosis groups and sensitivity to fungicides of Rhizoctonia solani strains isolated from potato in Russia

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - A survey of Rhizoctonia solani isolates from potato tubers and stems grown in European and Far Eastern regions of Russia in 2012–2020 was conducted....