Evaluation of yield,stability and adaptability of national winter rapeseed regional trials in the upper Yangtze River region in 2017-2018

Rapeseed variety needs to be tested by regional trial in multiple sites for many years before being applied in market in China. Performants of rapeseed were affected by the interaction of sites and varieties. Evaluation of regional trials is very important for guiding rapeseed breeding. GGE (genotype main effects and genotype ​× ​environment interaction) biplot was used to evaluate yield, stability, adaptability, representativeness and discrimination of national winter rapeseed trials in the upper reaches of Yangtze River in 2017-2018. Results showed that the main effects of genotype (G), environment (E) and genotype ​× ​environment interaction (G × E) were significant (P ​< ​0.01) for yield. Among them, E accounted for 46.95% total variation on average, G and G × E accounted for 19.34% and 33.71% respectively. Eight varieties were found with high-yield, excellent stability and adaptability, including ‘Yiyou 29’, ‘Xiwang 920’, ‘Liyouza 108’, ‘Nanyou 546’, ‘Dadi 195’, ‘Jiayou 1’, ‘Huayouza 28’ and ‘Yuhua 2’. Test sites included Nanchong, Mianyang, Wanzhou, Shuangliu and Chengdu in Sichuan Province and Zunyi together with Guiyang in Guizhou Province were selected for their excellent representativeness and discrimination. These results would provide theoretical basis for rapeseed breeding.     

Lipid analysis of three special nervonic acid resources in China

Nervonic acid plays an important role in nutrition and function of the human body. Malania oleifera, Acer truncatum and Xanthoceras sorbifolium are China’s unique woody plant rich in nervonic acid in seed oil. This study aims to investigate the lipid composition of these 3 special resources. Their fatty acids were detected by gas chromatography coupled with flame detector (GC-FID). Triglycerides (TAGs) and phospholipids (PLs) were detected by shotgun-mass spectrometry (shotgun-MS). Results showed that M. oleifera oil presented the highest level of nervonic acid (46.20 ​± ​0.22%) among the 3 oils. Seeds oil of A. truncatum and X. sorbifolium had 3.53 ​± ​0.20% and 1.83 ​± ​0.21% nervonic acid respectively. 53 species of TAGs and 15 species of PLs were identified in M. oleifera oil, with PLs content of 499.94 ​± ​22.34 ​μg/g. In A. truncatum oil, PL and TAG species were twice more than those in M. oleifera oil, and its’ content of PLs was 76.27 ​± ​3.21 ​μg/g. In X. sorbifolium oil, 75 TAGs and 34 ​PLs were detected, with the lowest PLs at 23.84 ​± ​0.17 ​μg/g. The results demonstrated that these 3 vegetable oils have great potential to become nervonic acid supplements for human health.     

Profiling the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques on the physicochemical attributes of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins

There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications.The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction(MAE and SE) techniques on the functional physicochemical quality characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins extracts. M. oleifera seeds were ground to fine powders and oil was extracted by microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques using petroleum...     

Genetic segregation analysis of unsaturated fatty acids content in the filial generations of high-linolenic-acid rapeseed (Brassica napus)

Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acids that can improve human health. Rapeseed is the second largest oil crop in the world but the ALA content in its seed fatty acids is only about 10%. Two rapeseed germplasms YH25005 and R8Q10 with high content (up to 21%) ALA were developed by intervarietal crossing. They were used as the maternal parent (P₁) when crossed with a low ALA parent SW (P₂) to produce the seeds of the F₁ hybrid, F₂, and backcrosses to P₁ (BCP₁) and P₂ (BCP₂). A multigeneration joint segregation analysis was conducted to determine major gene ​+ ​polygene effects of the content of three major unsaturated fatty acids including oleic (OA), linoleic (LA) and ALA. The results showed that, although some genes favorable to ALA accumulation were not allelic in R8Q10 and YH25005, all the inheritances of OA, LA and ALA in YH25005 ​× ​SW and R8Q10 ​× ​SW followed a genetic model of ‘two pairs of additive major genes ​+ ​additive-dominant polygenes’. It is suggested that the contents of OA, LA and ALA are closely related and the major genes in the parent SW containing loss-of-function mutations in FAD2 and FAD3 loci had strong effect to reduce ALA and elevate OA. However, total genetic effect of the polygenes was greater than that of the two major genes, especial on ALA content. It indicated that it is necessary to employ a larger F₂ population to find the plant that accumulate enough minor-effect polygenes for high ALA content. The results are useful for high ALA rapeseed breeding and future work of gene mapping.     

Dynamic changes of nutrient content in herbaceous peony seed

Herbaceous peony is a promising oilseed crop. ‘Hangshao’ and ‘Fenghuang Niepan’ are two cultivars with high yield and oil content. In this study, seed reserved nutrient of these two genotypes were investigated during seed development process. Results showed that ‘Hangshao’ and ‘Fenghuang Niepan’ matured approximately 85 ​d after flowering (DAF). The development process could be divided into four stages: seed formation and enlargement stage (S1), seed inclusion and enrichment stage (S2), crude fat rapid accumulation stage (S3) and dehydration and color transition stage (S4). During this process, 100-seed fresh weight (HFW) and 100-seed dry weight (HDW) increased, whereas water content (WC) decreased. HFW, HDW and WC for ‘Hangshao’ seed at 85 DAF were 28.56 g, 20.78 ​g and 37.50% respectively, whereas those for ‘Fenghuang Niepan’ seed were 27.2 ​g, 19.78 ​g, and 30.85% respectively. In terms of the primary metabolites measuring, soluble protein content was consistently low (only 2.24%–3.15%), while starch content was relatively high (5.60%–24.81%). They displayed a trend of gradual increasing in early stage, followed by rapid decline. Crude fat tended to accumulate continuously with a linear upward trend starting at 40 DAF, and its maximum level was reached at 85 DAF (27.57% for ‘Hangshao’ and 29.57% for ‘Fenghuang Niepan’). For the secondary metabolites determination, total phenols content was relatively steady, maintaining at 107.7–129.9 ​mg/g for both cultivars, while total flavonoids content varied within 25.33–65.33 ​mg/g for ‘Hangshao’ and 24.33–52.37 ​mg/g for ‘Fenghuang Niepan’. The maximum level for both cultivars occurred at 55 DAF. Furthermore, crude fat content was found to be highly correlated with WC by correlation analysis and linear regression model definition (P ​≤ ​0.01 and r ​= ​0.954). Thus, WC was recommended for evaluating crude fat in peony seed. These findings could provide scientific reference for high-yielding production practice for oleaginous peony plant.     

Production profile and comparison analysis of main toxin components of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. sesami isolates with different pathogenicity levels

Fusarium wilt is a common fungal disease in sesame caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. sesami (FOS). To determine the toxin production profiles of the FOS isolates with different pathogenicity levels under various culture conditions, we assessed the content variation of fusaric acid (FA) and 9, 10-dehydrofusaric acid (9, 10-DFA) produced by the four representative FOS isolates. Results indicated that the concentration of FA reached to a maximum of 2848.66 ​μg/mL in Czapek medium, while 9, 10-DFA was mainly produced in Richard and Low-carbon Richard medium. The concentration of 9, 10-DFA on Richard culture medium varied from 0 ​μg/mL to 716.89 ​μg/mL. Of the five culture media used in this study, Czapek culture medium was the most conductive to produce FA. FA production was significantly affected by culture medium, culture time, and their interactions. Results suggest that there is no correlation between toxin production and pathogenicity level of FOS isolates. These findings provide key information for the mechanism analysis of FOS- sesame interaction and pathogen control.     

Extraction of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum deciduous leaves essential oil using solvent-free microwave extraction: Process optimization and quality evaluation

The optimal process conditions for solvent-free microwave extraction(SFME) of essential oils from Cinnamomum longepaniculatum deciduous leaves after moisture conditioning were established by response surface methodology(RSM). A Box-Behnken design(BBD) was applied to evaluate the effects of three independent variables: moisture content(A: 54%–74%), microwave power(B: 300–500 W) and microwave time(C: 20–40 min), on the extraction yield of essential oil. The compounds of the essential oils obtained...     

Effect of microwave pre-treatment on physical quality,bioactive compounds,safety risk factor,and storage stability of peanut butter

Microwave, as a new heat treatment technology, has the characteristics of uniform and fast heating speed. It is an energy-saving technology known for improving oilseed product quality. Its efficiency mainly depends on the roasting power and time. However, the production of high-quality peanut butter using short-time roasting conditions are limited. Herein, we determined an appropriate microwave roasting power and time for peanuts and evaluated its impacts on the quality of peanut butter. Different roasting powers (400 ​W, 800 ​W and 1200 ​W) and times (4, 4.5, 5, and 5.5 ​min) were preliminarily tested. Among them, 800 ​W at 5 ​min was the most suitable. The roasting efficiency was further evaluated using color, sensory, bioactive compounds, storage stability, and safety risk factors of peanut butter produced from four peanut cultivars (Silihong, Baisha-1016, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414). The pre-treated butter obtained from three cultivars (Silihong, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414) with moisture content between 5% and 7.2% had a similar sensory score (6–7) as the commercial on a 9-point hedonic scale compare to the other. The color of the pre-treated peanut butter varies statistically with the commercial but remained in the recommended range of Hunter L1 values of 51–52, respectively, for high initial moisture peanut cultivars. The total polyphenol (35.20-31.59 ​± ​0.59 ​μmol GAE/g) and tocopherol (19.05 ​± ​0.35 ​mg/100 ​g) content in the butter obtained from three cultivars (Yuahua-9102, Yuhua, and Baisha-1016) and Silihong respectively, were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) higher than those in the commercial butter. The induction times of all pre-treated butter (19.80 ​± ​0.99–7.84 ​± ​0.07 ​h) were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) longer during storage at accelerated temperature than commercial samples. In addition, no benzo[a]pyrene was found in the pre-treated samples. Collectively, the microwave pretreated peanut butter was superior to the commercial one. These findings provided data support and a reference basis to promote microwave use for peanut butter production.     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus application on soil nitrogen morphological characteristics and grain yield of oil flax

In order to identify effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on soil nitrogen morphological characteristics and grain yield of oil flax, a two-factor experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in typical semi-arid and hilly-gully area of Loess Plateau with 3 replicates in 2013 and 2014. Two levels of N application included 150 ​kg/hm² (N₂) and 75 ​kg/hm² (N₁). P application included 150 ​kg P₂O₅/hm² (P₂) and 75 ​kg P₂O₅/hm² (P₁). Temporal and spatial variation of soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) contents in 0–60 ​cm soil layer, and relationship between soil NO₃⁻-N accumulation (SNA) and grain yield of oil flax were analyzed. Results showed that SNA increased with evaluated N application rate in different soil layers (0–20 ​cm, 20–40 ​cm and 40–60 ​cm). With the increased P application, SNA increased at N₁ level but decreased at N₂ level. SNA under N₂P₁ treatment increased by 73.33% in 2013 and 74.97% in 2014 respectively, compared with control treatment (CK) at maturity stage. Grain yield of oil flax also increased by 44.27% in 2013 and 56.55% in 2014, compared with CK under the same treatment. Correlation analysis showed that SNA in different soil layers were respectively positively correlated with grain yield. In conclusion, this research suggested that the optimal fertilizer application rate was 150 ​kg ​N/hm² and 75 ​kg P₂O₅/hm² in the Northwest of China.     

Identification and evaluation of high nitrogen nutrition efficiency in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) germplasm

To establish identification and evaluation methods of N (nitrogen) absorption and utilization of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), difference of N nutrition efficiency (NNE) among rapeseed germplasms and relationship between NNE and plant traits under various N application rates were analyzed in this research. Pot cultivating experiments were conducted to investigate NNE with 3 ​N application rates in soil (0.05, 0.2 and 0.3 ​g/kg). A total of 12 rapeseed germplasms were planted, nitrogen absorption efficiency (NAE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) in seedling stage, bolting stage, initial flowering stage, final flowering stage, and maturity stage were obtained. Results showed that bolting stage was the best period for NAE identification and evaluation. Low N application rate in soil (0.05 ​g/kg) was the best for NAE, and the indirect indexes were basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight. Maturity stage was the best period for NUE identification and evaluation. High N application rate in soil (0.3 ​g/kg) was the best for NUE, and indirect indexes were above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter. N application rates of 0.05 ​g/kg in soil was the best for nitrogen harvest index at maturity stage, and indirect indexes was number of pods per plant. Plant traits of rapeseed germplasms affected NNE. Higher basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight at bolting stage under low N application rate were important characteristics of N absorption in rapeseed. Higher above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter at maturity stage under high N application rate were important characteristics of N utilization. Higher number of pods per plant at maturity stage under lowe N application rate was an important characteristic of N harvest index. These results provided a reliable index for N management and provided theoretical basis for guiding rapeseed breeding.     

Comparative advantages of chemical compositions of specific edible vegetable oils

As important supplementary to major edible oils, comparative chemical advantages of minor edible oils decide their development and usage. In this study, chemical composition of 13 kinds of specific edible vegetable oils were investigated. The comparative advantages of chemical compositions of these edible oils were obtained as follows: (1) camellia, tiger nut and almond oil were rich in oleic acid, the contents of which accounted for 79.43%, 69.16% and 66.26%, respectively; (2) safflower oil contained the highest content of linoleic acid (76.69%), followed by grape seed (66.85%) and walnut oil (57.30%); (3) perilla seed, siritch, peony seed and herbaceous peony seed oil were rich in α-linolenic acid (59.61%, 43.74%, 40.83% and 30.84%, respectively); (4) the total phytosterol contents of these oils ranged from 91.46 mg/100 ​g (camellia oil) to 506.46 mg/100 ​g (siritch oil); and (5) The best source of tocopherols was sacha inchi oil (122.74 mg/100 ​g), followed by perilla seed oil (55.89 mg/100 ​g), peony seed oil (53.73 mg/100 ​g) and herbaceous peony seed oil (47.17 mg/100 ​g). The comparative advantages of these specific edible oils indicated that they possess the high potential nutritional values and health care functions.     

Effects of rainfall,temperature and illumination on outcrossing rate of male sterile line in soybean

To improve seed yield of male sterile line, the relationship between outcrossing rate and climate factors was explored. Data of blooming period, outcrossing rate of male sterile line and climate during 2006–2016 growing seasons were investigated and analyzed. The shortest blooming period was 18.8 ​d with mean temperature of 24^oC–25 ​°C and 18.5 ​d with about 125 ​h natural illumination. More rainfall caused a longer blooming period, and a high outcrossing rate was found with about 100 ​mm rainfall and the mean temperature of 24^oC–25 ​°C. Increased natural illumination time by tapetum lucidum mulching improved outcrossing rate by 42.48% compared tocontrol. Overall, the selective combination of climate and environmental factors could be effective for increasing outcrossing rate and hybrid seed yield in the male sterile line of soybean.     

Chemical composition of walnuts from three regions in China

To reveal the characteristic chemicals of walnuts from different origins, we analyzed fatty acid composition,tocopherols, phytosterols and total phenolic content(TPC) of walnuts from three main producing regions in China. The results showed that walnuts were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the ratio of ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acids was close to the recommendation of Chinese Nutrition Society. Moreover, walnuts contain high contents of tocopherols(331.20–414.71 mg/kg), phytosterols(97.17–110.35...     

Production of monoclonal antibodies against AFLM (Ver-1), a middle key protein involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis

Aflatoxins are potent carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens, and are harmful to both humans and animals. As many as 30 genes are involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Among them, aflM (ver-1) gene was predicted to encode a 28-kDa NADPH-dependent ketoreductase (AFLM), which catalyzed middle enzymatic steps in aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. AFLM (Ver-1) was proved to be necessary for conversion of versicolorin A (VERA) to demethylsterigmatocystin (DMST) in aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) biosynthesis. For these reasons, aflM gene was cloned and specific monoclonal antibodies for AFLM was developed to better define potential pathways of AFLM involved in AFB₁ biosynthesis. Monoclonal antibodies 11B2-1D7 and 3G5-4E7 were successfully screened out by immunizing mouse. Immunoblot analysis revealed that both had high sensitivity and specificity to identify native AFLM protein in A. flavus with detection limit of 11 ​ng/mL and 8 ​ng/mL respectively. These results showed that it was suitable for quantitative detection of AFLM in A. flavus isolate. Further investigation revealed that aflatoxin accumulations of various A. flavus were not dependent on AFLM biosynthesis. Overall, this is the first report for development for AFLM monoclonal antibody development and application in A. flavus quantitative detection.     

Phenotypic identification of peanut germplasm for resistance to southern stem rot

Southern stem rot, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., is a destructive soil fungal disease of peanut in China and other countries. To evaluate resistant germplasm, a total of 256 peanut accessions were investigated on their resistance to southern stem rot in 3 environments by artificial inoculation. Variance analysis indicated that disease index was significantly influenced by environment, genotype and genotype ​× ​environment interactions. Peanut accessions of var. vulgaris type exhibited higher resistance to southern stem rot. Disease index was significantly negatively correlated with linoleic acid content, while positively correlated with oleic acid content. Six resistant accessions were identified, including Hua 28, Shandongzai, ICG 6326, Quanhua 7, Quanhua 9 and Guihua 836, with their disease indexes under 40 and mortality were less than 30% in the three environments. The identified resistant accessions showed the great potential to be applied in resistant peanut breeding, and would be good genetic resources for enhancing the resistance to southern stem rot.     

Absolute quantitative detection of genetically modified soybean MON87708×MON89788 with stacked traits by digital polymerase chain reaction

The main advantage of digital PCR (dPCR) is that it facilitates absolute quantification of the target without reference to the standard/calibration curve. Crystal droplet dPCR has a three-color staining detection function, which enables multiplex PCR reaction. In this study, this technique was used to establish triple dPCR detection for the genetically modified soybean MON87708 ​× ​MON89788 with stacked traits. Specific absolute quantitative detection was accomplished for the genomic DNA extracted from the homogenized seeds of GM stack MON87708 ​× ​MON89788 soybean. Our results can serve as a reference for the absolute quantitative detection of stacked events of genetically modified crops.     

Comprehensive lipidomics and volatile compounds profiling reveals correlation of lipids and flavors in DHA-enriched egg yolk

DHA-enriched eggs have gained popularity due to their unique nutritional value, but their flavor can be challenging for some consumers to accept. The study analyzed the correlation of lipids and flavors in DHA-enriched egg yolks using comprehensive lipidomics and volatile compound analysis. The results showed that 411 lipids were detected in two egg yolk samples. Among them, 148 lipid species, including 48 DHA-containing lipids, were significantly higher in DHA-enriched egg yolks than in Common ...     

玉米成熟胚离体培养体系的建立

以玉米品种豫玉32和安玉12的成熟胚为外植体,利用正交实验研究蔗糖、2,4-D、AgNO3这3个因素及组合对玉米成熟胚胚性愈伤组织诱导的影响。结果表明,对安玉12诱导胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基是MS+20g/L蔗糖+2.0 mg/L2,4-D+5.0 mg/LAgNO3,豫玉32诱导胚性愈伤组织的最佳培养基是MS+20 g/L蔗糖+4.0 mg/L2,4-D+10.0 mg/L AgNO3。     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养中几项技术改进

以大田种植的2个半冬性甘蓝型油菜品种为供体材料,对游离小孢子培养的合适时期、加倍方法、再生苗的继代与移栽技术进行了研究.结果表明:小孢子培养的最佳时期为初花期前后2周左右,游离小孢子经过含有50mg/L或75mg/L秋水仙碱的NLN-16培养基直接处理48h效果最好,其产胚率和加倍效率均显著高于未加秋水仙碱的对照.在固体B5培养基中加入4.5mg/L多效唑并补充液体B5-3培养基,再生苗可不需继代.在固体B5培养基或者补充养分的液体B5-3培养基中加入低浓度的0.5mg/L NAA 0.1mg/L 6-BA,直接移栽到大田的再生苗成活率可以达到90%以上.     

Evaluation of land suitability for Moringa oleifera tree cultivation by using Geospatial technology: The case of Dhidhessa Catchment,Abay Basin,Ethiopia

Land suitability analysis of Moringa oleifera tree cultivation is important to enhance its product, as the demand for this tree for medicinal values and food sources is increasing worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to assess suitable land for Moringa oleifera tree cultivation by using the integration of multi-criteria evaluation with geospatial technologies in the Dhidhessa catchment, western Ethiopia. Five parameters, namely: slope, land use and land cover(LULC), soil texture, land surface ...