The influence of drought stress on malt quality traits of the wild and cultivated barleys

As a major abiotic stress, drought causes instability and deterioration of malt barley quality. There is distinct difference among barley cultivars in the responses of the main malt quality traits to drought stress. In the previous study, we identified some Tibetan wild barley accessions with relatively less change of malt quality traits under drought. In this study, we examined the impact of drought stress during grain filling stage on grain weight and several important malt quality traits, including total protein content, β-glucan content, limit dextrinase activity, β-amylase activity, and protein fractions in four barley genotypes(two Tibetan wild accessions and two cultivars). Drought treatment reduced grain weight, β-glucan content, and increased total protein content, β-amylase activity. These changes differed among barley genotypes and treatments, and are closely associated with grain filling process and kernel weight. All the results indicated Tibetan wild barley had great potential for developing drought tolerant barley cultivars. Relatively stable kernel weight or filling process under water stress should be highlighted in malt barley breeding in order to reduce the effect of water stress on malt barley quality.     

Dynamics of Bt cotton Cry1Ac protein content under an alternating high temperature regime and effects on nitrogen metabolism

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of alternating high temperature on Cry1Ac protein content on Bt cotton cultivars Sikang 1(SK-1,a conventional cultivar)and Sikang 3(SK-3,a hybrid cultivar).In 2011 and 2012,cotton plants were subjected to high temperature treatments ranging from 32 to 40℃ in climate chambers to investigate the effects of high temperature on boll shell insecticidal protein expression.The experiments showed that significant decline of the boll shell insecticidal protein was detected at temperatures higher than 38℃ after 24 h.Based on the results,the cotton plants were treated with the threshold temperature of 38℃ from 6:00 a.m.to 6:00 p.m.followed by a normal temperature of 27℃ during the remaining night hours(DH/NN)in 2012 and 2013.These treatments were conducted at peak boll growth stage for both cultivars in study periods of 0,4,7,and 10 d.Temperature treatment of 32℃ from 6:00 a.m.to 6:00 p.m.and 27℃ in the remaining hours was set as control.The results showed that,compared with the control,after the DH/NN stress treatment applied for 7 d,the boll shell Cry1Ac protein content level was significantly decreased by 19.1 and 17.5% for SK-1 and by 15.3 and 13.7% for SK-3 in 2012 and 2013,respectively.Further analysis of nitrogen metabolic physiology under DH/NN showed that the soluble protein content and the glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT)activities decreased slightly after 4 d,and then decreased sharply after 7 d.The free amino acid content and the protease content increased sharply after 7 d.The changes in SK-1 were greater than those in SK-3.These results suggest that under DH/NN stress,boll shell Cry1Ac protein content decline was delayed.Reduced protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in the boll shell decreased protein content,including Bt protein,which may reduce resistance to the cotton bollworm.     

Cultivar and Environmental Effects on β-glucanase Activity in Both Barley Grain and Malt and Its Function in β-glucan Degradation

Eight two-rowed barley cultivars were grown at seven locations in the southern winter-barleyzone of China. Mean grain β-glucanase activity ranged from 39.89 U kg-1 for Suyin2 to 49.75 U kg-1 for Xi-umai3 in 8 cultivars grown at 7 locations, and from 38.74 U kg-1 in Zhengzhou to 57. 96 U kg-1 in Putianamong 7 locations on an average of all cultivars. Correspondingly, mean malt β-glucanase activity of 8 culti-vars ranged from 313.33 U kg-1 for ZAU3 to 489.89 U kg-1 for Daner Barley, and of 7 locations from 330.40U kg-1 in Yancheng to 418.24 U kg-1 in Putian. There were significant differences among cultivars and loca-tions in malt β-glucanase activities. The locations showed much larger variation in malt β-glucanase activitiesthan cultivars. The reduction of total β-glucan content after malting varied in both cultivars and locations,with a mean of 78.31%. The analysis of correlations showed that malt β-glucan content was significantly posi-tively and negatively correlated with grain β-glucan content and malt β-glucanase activity, respectively, andmalt β-glucanase activity was significantly positively correlated with grain β-glucanase activity.     

Physiological activities and expression of insecticidal protein in Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic cotton leaves subjected to high and low temperatures

This research was to investigate physiological activities and the expression of insecticidal protein in cotton leaves of Kemian 1, a widely grown cotton cultivar in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, treated under high (40°C and 35°C) and low (25°C and 20°C) temperatures for 48 h. The main results indicated that the contents of free amino acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased during the heat and cold stress with the biggest increments in the first 12 h; and the content of soluble protein, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) decreased during the stress with the biggest decrements also in the first 12 h; the activity of nitrate reductase (NR) decreased in the first 24 h, and during the remaining 24 h its activity followed a gradual uptrend. The content of insecticidal protein in cotton leaves followed a downtrend during the stress, and the biggest decrements occurred in the first 12 h, suggesting that the expression of insecticidal protein was immediately inhibited during the process of stress. The results also indicated that physiological activities and the expression of insecticidal protein in cotton leaves were closely related. Compared with other stress temperatures, 40°C produced more immediate effects on the physiological activities and insecticidal protein content. In contrast to the peak flowering period, the physiological activities and insecticidal protein expression at the peak boll-setting period were more susceptible to heat and cold stress.     

Variation of Grain and Malt Qualities in Barley as Affected by Cultivars and Environments

Inferior and unstable quality of malt barley in China has limited its wide use in malting and brewing industries. In this research, eight two-rowed barley cultivars were planted at 7 locations with different ecological conditions in southern China, to investigate the cultivar and environmental effect on grain and malt qualities. The results showed that grain protein content differed dramatically among locations, but there were no significant differences among cultivars. For four malt qualities including diastatic power, wort viscosity,Kolbach index and malt extract, significant differences were found among cultivars and locations, except for diastatic power among cultivars. Coefficients of variance (CV) caused by location were greater than those caused by cuitivar for each quality parameter, especially for diastatic power and Kolbach index, indicating the predominant influence of environment on malt quality. The analysis showed that grain protein content was positively related to diastatic power and wort viscosity, and negatively to malt extract. Kolbach index was positively related to malt extract, and negatively to diastatic power and wort viscosity. Diastatic power showed positive and negative correlation with wort viscosity and malt extract, respectively.     

不同时期高温胁迫对夏玉米物质生产性能及籽粒产量的影响

【目的】黄淮海夏玉米区高温胁迫频发、重发、持续期延长显著影响籽粒产量。本文以不同耐热型玉米品种为材料,探明大喇叭口期（V12）和开花期（VT）高温胁迫对两类品种叶片光合特性、碳同化物积累、分配和籽粒产量的影响。【方法】本研究以耐热型品种郑单958（ZD958）和热敏感型品种先玉335（XY335）为材料,以同时期适宜温度处理（昼32℃12 h/夜22℃12 h）为对照,使用自动控温控湿的高温棚模拟田间自然增温效果,设置V12期、VT期高温胁迫处理（昼38℃12 h/夜28℃12 h）,比较高温胁迫后夏玉米叶面积指数（LAI）、碳代谢酶活性、光合速率、碳同化物积累和分配的动态变化特征,明确夏玉米物质生产性能及籽粒产量对高温胁迫的响应机制。【结果】高温胁迫后,两品种的LAI、碳代谢酶活性、净光合速率和干物质积累量均显著降低,ZD958和XY335的LAI、RuBP羧化酶活性、PEP羧化酶活性、净光合速率和干物质积累量比其对照分别降低了2.98%—4.21%、40.38%—54.46%、16.88%—30.60%、18.14%—25.49%、12.83%—19.38%和3.80%—5.07%、56.56%—76.16%、26.33%—33.66%、22.37%—34.62%、22.07%—26.72%,VT期高温胁迫的降幅大于V12期。高温胁迫后,夏玉米叶片蒸腾速率显著升高,但叶片水分利用效率显著下降。高温下两品种的¹³C同化量均显著降低,V12期高温胁迫后,ZD958和XY335的¹³C同化量分别降低了18.48%和22.82%,籽粒中¹³C同化量占比降低。高温胁迫显著降低穗粒数,千粒重虽有小幅提高,但籽粒产量显著降低。与适宜温度相比,V12期高温胁迫后ZD958穗粒数和产量分别降低了62.53%和45.87%;VT期高温胁迫后穗粒数和产量分别降低了70.53%和66.89%;V12期高温胁迫后XY335穗粒数和产量分别降低了70.50%和62.87%;VT期高温胁迫后分别降低了85.41%和80.61%;VT期高温胁迫降幅大于V12期高温胁迫,XY335的降幅大于ZD958。【结论】高温胁迫降低了夏玉米叶面积指数、叶片RuBP和PEP羧化酶活性,显著降低叶片光合速率和干物质生产性能。高温下穗粒数显著减少,抑制了碳同化物从叶片和茎秆向籽粒的转运,最终导致籽粒产量降低。VT期高温胁迫效应大于V12期,热敏感型品种XY335的降幅显著大于耐热型品种ZD958。     

高温胁迫下西洋杜鹃的生理响应及耐热性

以西洋杜鹃‘铁红’、‘粉红’、‘梅红’、‘普红’4个品种(系)扦插苗为试材,分别在38℃/28℃(昼/夜)和43℃/32℃(昼/夜)下胁迫4 d,之后转入25℃/22℃(昼/夜)恢复,以研究不同高温下西洋杜鹃的耐热性及其叶片对高温胁迫的生理生化响应。结果表明,在43和38℃胁迫下,植株遭受严重形态伤害,43℃胁迫对植株造成伤害的速度和程度明显大于38℃。相对电导率、MDA含量和氧自由基含量随胁迫时间延长、胁迫温度升高而增加;叶绿素含量变化趋势则相反;可溶性蛋白含量和SOD活性呈现先升后降趋势;脯氨酸含量在胁迫4 d后与初始值相比并无显著差异,不适合应用于西洋杜鹃的耐热品种筛选。对7个单项指标的耐热系数进行主成分分析,可溶性蛋白、MDA和相对电导率3项指标的累积贡献率达96.8%。耐热性综合评价,4个供试品种(系)耐热性顺序为:‘铁红’>‘普红’>‘梅红’>‘粉红’。     

Effect of seed planting depth on brewing qualities of barley grain and malt

The work is devoted to the effect of planting depth of seeds depending on their size on productivity formation and brewing quality of barley grain and malt. At a planting depth of 8 and 12 cm compared with the adopted depth of 4 cm, the grain protein content increased. In this case, malt solubility on the basis of the difference in fine- and coarse-grind extract content improves, but becomes worse with respect to coarse-grind flour extraction and malt hardness traits.     

Influence of Low-temperature Stress on Photosynthetic Traits in Maize Seedlings

Three varieties were employed as materials to study changes of photosynthetic traits under low-temperature stress. The results showed that Pn, Gs and Tr decreased under low-temperature treatment. Ci decreased under low-temperature treatment 18℃/9℃, and 16℃/7℃, and it decreased in earlier stage after increased under 14℃/5℃. WUE was increased in earlier stage and after stabilized. The order of the three varieties of cold resistance were Jinyu 5Xingken 3Jidan 198. They could make self-regulation through adjusting Gs, Tr, Ci and WUE.     

Heat stability of winter wheat depends on cultivars,timing and protective methods

Heat stress negatively affects wheat production in many regions of the world. At present, sensitivity to heat stress remains one of the least understood aspects of wheat genetics and breeding, and measures for preventing heat stress are understudied. In this study, we used three cultivars of winter wheat(GY2018, SL02-1 and SY20) to evaluate the effect of heat stress at different days after anthesis(DAA) on yield and quality. Heat stability of the cultivars were analyzed and evaluated for the effects of two kinds of regulators on wheat under heat stress conditions. Heat treatment at 7 DAA led to the most substantial reduction in yield while GY2018 had the best heat stability with respect to yield, and demonstrated the most positive effects on several quality traits including protein content, sedimentation volume and glutenin and gliadin contents. Heat treatment at 14 DAA had the least reduction in yield, while SY20 had the best heat stability with respect to yield and heat treatment had minimal effects on quality. Heat treatment at 21 DAA had only a limited effect on yield, while SL02-1 had the best heat stability with respect to yield, but it showed the most negative effects on quality. Stable time at 14 DAA and protein content at 21 DAA can be used as indicators for detecting the stability of quality under heat stress. Among the three studied cultivars, SY20 was the most sensitive to heat stress with the stable time decreasing from 26.4 to 9.1 min, a higher sedimentation volume at 7 DAA, and a lower γ-gliadin content which increased 2.4-fold under high-temperature treatment. The addition of various regulators had different effects: potassium dihydrogen phosphate(KDP) was more protective of yield with heat stress at 7 DAA, while Duntianbao(DTB) had better effects on quality with heat stress at 21 DAA.     

耐热水稻基因型的鉴定及相关生理学特征分析(英文)

对来自不同国家和地区的72个水稻品种在抽穗扬花期进行高温处理(40℃/35℃,14h/10h,12d),记录结实率,分析和耐热相关的生理学特征,并鉴定耐热水稻的基因型.2年的试验结果表明:高温对结实率有严重的伤害,且基因型间存在明显的差异;苗期高温处理显著降低了叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、株高、根长和生物量,且对敏感基因型的影响较耐热基因型大;同时,高温胁迫导致膜脂过氧化,表现为丙二醛含量增加和超氧化物歧化酶活性增强;与敏感基因型相比,耐热基因型的丙二醛含量增加较少,而超氧化物歧化酶活性增加较多;根据试验结果,春江06、密阳46和京系17为高耐热基因型,明恢63、Kasalath和IRAT4217为高热敏感基因型.     

甘肃与欧洲、北美啤酒大麦品种农艺及品质性状比较分析

为全面评价引进的欧洲、北美啤酒大麦种质在甘肃省的育种潜力,选取来自欧洲、北美的26份啤酒大麦及甘肃省自育的7份啤酒大麦种质为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,鉴定了33份材料的农艺、产量和品质性状.结果 表明,不同地区来源的参试品种间在农艺性状上具有显著差异,其中,欧洲啤酒大麦品种间差异最大,其次为北美啤酒大麦,甘肃啤酒大麦...     

Implications of step-chilling on meat color investigated using proteome analysis of the sarcoplasmic protein fraction of beef longissimus lumborum muscle

In order to improve beef color and color stability,step-chilling(SC)was applied on excised bovine longissimus lumborum muscle,with chilling starting at 0–4℃ for 5 h,then holding the temperature at 12–18℃ for 6 h,followed by 0–4℃ again until 24 h post-mortem.pH and temperature were measured during rigor on SC loins as well as those subjected to routine chilling(RC,0–4℃,till 24 h post-mortem).Color L*,a*,b*values,metmyoglobin(MetM b)content,MetM b reducing ability(MRA)and NADH content were determined on samples aged for 1,7,and 14 d.Sarcoplasmic proteome analysis was only conducted on d 1 samples.The results showed muscles subjected to SC maintained a temperature at around 15℃ for 5 to 10 h post-mortem,and exhibited a slow temperature decline,but rapid pH decline.Beef steaks treated with SC had higher L*,a*,b* and chroma values than those of RC samples at 1 and 7 d chilled storage(0–4℃),while showing no significant difference for a*,b* and chroma values at d 14.The SC samples also exhibited a lower relative content of surface MetM b,higher MRA and NADH content,compared with RC beef steaks during storage,indicating the SC-treated beef showed an improved color stability.Eleven differential protein spots/nine proteins were identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry,and those proteins were mainly involved in redox,chaperone binding,metabolic and peroxidase activity.Oxidoreductases play a role in decreasing the oxidation-induced myoglobin oxidation and benefiting the production of NADH,and finally improving the colour of beef.Of these,pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta showed a positive correlation with color L*,a*,b*values and accounted for more than 60% of the variation in color values;this protein can be considered as a potential beef color biomarker.The present study provided valuable information for studies on the molecular mechanism of color improvement from step-chilling,as well as for identifying markers associated with beef color.     

高温胁迫对葡萄高温相关基因和蛋白表达的影响

【目的】适宜的温度是葡萄生长发育的必要条件,南方地区葡萄在成熟期常常经历连续高温环境,叶片容易失水干枯,果实会发生明显的日灼,严重地影响了其经济效益。选择不同树龄葡萄树进行高温胁迫的相关研究,以解释高温对葡萄的伤害,为生产中高温逆境的抵御措施提供理论依据。【方法】选择南方地区常见的鲜食葡萄品种‘巨峰’‘巨玫瑰’‘醉金香’‘夏黑’‘申玉’‘申丰’‘申华’和‘沪培1号’为试验材料,其中葡萄幼苗选择长势基本一致的1年生扦插苗移至人工气候培养箱,在可控条件下培养7 d后于每天10:00—16:00(模拟夏季高温发生时段)进行不同温度处理(25℃、35℃、45℃),观察处理后0、3、6和150 h高温应答反应;葡萄成年树选择6年生树为试验材料,在2015年夏季观测到2个处理点分别为:"37℃"处理(2015年7月23日13:00 h最高气温为37℃)和"42℃"处理(2015年7月31日13:00 h最高气温为42℃),观察以上处理的8个不同葡萄品种在高温胁迫下叶片表型变化,对抗逆基因(HSFA2、GLOS1、HSP70、HSP17.9)和HSP21蛋白的表达量进行分析。【结果】‘申玉’‘夏黑’和‘申华’在高温发生初期,顶部新梢和老叶有失水,并在150 h时有所恢复;‘巨峰’和‘巨玫瑰’叶片在高温发生3 h时轻微失水,6 h时大面积失水,‘申丰’‘沪培1号’‘醉金香’叶片在高温发生3 h时大面积失水,6 h时整株干枯。同时对葡萄幼苗和成年树的抗逆基因的表达进行检测发现:不同温度处理(35℃/45℃/"42℃")下不同葡萄品种的抗逆基因均被诱导表达,但是表达丰度有所不同,表现为温度水平越高,基因的上调倍数越大。另外,‘申玉’‘申华’‘醉金香’‘巨峰’和‘巨玫瑰’的GLOS1、HSFA2和‘申玉’‘申华’‘夏黑’和‘巨峰’HSP70表达在长期高温处理后恢复至原初水平;并观察到HSP17.9在高温发生后上调表达,但并未因为时间的延长而减弱表达倍数。高温处理(45℃/"42℃")会诱导葡萄幼苗和成年树的HSP21蛋白水平,但是在一些品种(‘醉金香’和‘申丰’)中HSP21蛋白表达量有所减少。【结论】不同葡萄品种对高温的耐性有差异,其中‘申玉’‘申华’和‘夏黑’抗性最强,而‘申丰’‘沪培1号’和‘醉金香’属于抗性较弱的葡萄品种。树龄和高温发生方式是影响葡萄幼苗和成年树的抗逆基因和蛋白表达差异的主要因素。     

小麦深色啤酒生产工艺研究

[目的]研制深色小麦啤酒的生产工艺。[方法]以小麦麦芽、大麦麦芽、焦香大麦芽为原料,按1：1：0．25的比例混合增湿粉碎后,在65℃下进行糖化,在78℃下进行过滤,所得麦芽汁（14。Bx）冷却后按0．8：100的体积比添加酵母,在接种温度14℃和最高发酵温度18℃条件下发酵48h,之后加压至0．1MPa。12℃下发酵72h,然后以4℃／d的速度降温．降至4和0℃时,分别排第1和2次酵母,最后在-1-0℃下贮酒10d,出酒时残糖浓度应控制在2．7％以下。[结果]成品啤酒原麦汁浓度12。P,色度为25EBC,苦味值20BU,酒精含量为4．2％（WIW）,外观发酵度为75．3％;酒液清亮透明,泡沫洁白细腻,挂杯持久,具有明显的水果香味,口感纯正,柔和爽口。[结论]研制的深色小麦啤酒完全可以达到微型啤酒的生产标准。     

不同南瓜品种果实品质性状的比较试验

以8个优良的南瓜品种为研究对象,测定其成熟果实的硬度、含水量、可溶性固形物、维生素C、蛋白质、纤维素、β-胡萝卜素等7项品质指标。结果表明,南瓜富含可溶性固形物、β-胡萝卜素;果实硬度大,耐贮运;不同品种间差异较大,蜜本41号和昌德蜜本的综合营养品质较好,而蜜橙品种的综合品质则较差。     

Evaluation of a new method for quantification of heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars

Heat stress seriously affects wheat production in many regions of the world. At present, heat tolerance research remains one of the least understood fields in wheat genetics and breeding and there is a lack of effective methods to quantify heat stress and heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars. The objective of this study was to use various wheat cultivars to evaluate stress intensity(δ) and a new method for quantification of heat tolerance and compare this technique with three other currently utilized methods. This new parameter for heat tolerance quantification is referred to as the heat tolerance index(HTI) and is an indicator of both yield potential and yield stability. Heat treatments were applied in a controlled setting when anthesis had been reached for 80% of the wheat. The stress intensity evaluation indicated heat shock was the main factor associated with kernel weight reduction while grain yield reduction was mainly associated with chronic high temperature. The methods evaluation showed that a temperature difference of 5°C from natural temperatures was a suitable heat treatment to compare to the untreated controls. HTI was positively correlated with yield under heat stress(r=0.8657, δ_(2010)=0.15, in 2009–2010; r=0.8418, δ_(2011)=0.20, in 2010–2011; P0.01), and negatively correlated with yield reduction rate(r=–0.8344, in 2009–2010; r=–0.7158, in 2010–2011; P0.01). The results of this study validated the use of HTI and temperature difference control for quantifying wheat heat tolerance that included the yield potential and the stability of different wheat cultivars under heat stress. Additionally, 10 wheat cultivars showed high HTI and should be further tested for their heat confirming characteristics for use in wheat heat tolerance breeding.     

啤酒大麦蛋白质含量与粒重的品种和环境效应（英文）

研究了浙江省八个大麦主栽品种(秀麦3号、秀92-47、92-11、浙农大3号、浙农大6号、浙农大7号、浙原18、浙皮4号)在六个不同生态地区(杭州、余姚、嘉兴、台州、衢州、丽水)的籽粒蛋白质含量和千粒重.结果表明:不同品种和地区之间,蛋白质含量和千粒重均存在着显著差异,且粒重在地区间的变异要大于蛋白质含量.大麦籽粒蛋白质含量与大于20 ℃的积温和平均日照呈显著正相关,而与平均降雨量无显著相关.根据蛋白质含量和粒重确定了最佳的啤用大麦品种.     

外源水杨酸对2个绣球品种耐热性影响的研究

选择2个绣球品种‘含羞叶’和‘银边’为试验材料,采用叶片喷施不同浓度水杨酸（SA）溶液（0.25、0.50、0.75 mmol·L^-1和1.00 mmol·L^-1）并结合人工气候室模拟高温胁迫43℃/33℃（昼/夜）的处理方法,从形态表现、光合色素、膜脂过氧化酶、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质等方面研究外源SA在提升绣球耐热性过程中的生理功能及其作用机理。结果表明,施用SA浓度为0.50 mmol·L^-1和0.75 mmol·L^-1后,2个绣球品种叶片受热害影响程度较轻,且施用适当浓度的SA能有效抑制高温胁迫下光合色素的分解,减缓细胞膜的氧化损伤,抑制丙二醛的积累,提升超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶的活性,增加细胞内的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸等细胞渗透调节物质的含量,进而减轻高温胁迫对绣球造成的伤害,诱导绣球耐热性提升,以0.75 mmol·L^-1浓度的SA处理对绣球耐热性提升效果最佳。     

高温胁迫─小麦超高产的主要障碍

小麦是冷季作物，最适生长温度为１５～２０℃。我国由于受季风的影响，夏季是同纬度除少数沙漠干旱地区以外最热的国家，淮河一秦岭以北冬小麦集中产区，小麦抽穗～成熟的日平均气温大于３０℃的高温天气占到该生育期的１／３，大约７０％的时间突破了临界温度。北方受高温干热风影响的小麦面积占到小麦播种面积的７１％，为害频率为十年七遇，小麦年减产１８．５～３５亿ｋｇ，热胁迫危害成为我国北方小麦高产的主要生理障碍。小麦耐热基因型与热敏感基因型存在广泛的变异，耐热品种的干物质积累显著高于热敏感品种，为小麦抗热筛选提供了依据。提高小麦的抗热性水平，缓解胁迫为害，是今后小麦超高产育种的重要方向。