Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

自然侵蚀量和容许土壤流失量与水土流失治理标准

在总结分析国内有关自然侵蚀量、容许土壤流失量研究成果的基础上,探讨自然侵蚀量与容许土壤流失量的关系,讨论制订水土流失治理标准的思路。认为水土流失治理标准的确定有3个参考值：1）标准值,即一定条件下的容许土壤流失量,是水土流失治理至少要达到的目标,且随着对不同土地利用类型的功能需求与可实施的最佳水土保持措施、以及所在水土流失类型区的侵蚀危害与治理约束条件的不同而不同;2）理想值,即正常自然侵蚀状态下的土壤流失量;3）极端值,即土壤流失量为0,不发生水土流失。水土流失治理应是先控制到现时生态环境与社会经济条件下的容许土壤流失量范围内,逐步达到自然正常侵蚀量或制止水土流失的发生;还应引入环境伦理、环境美学及景观设计等理念,最终实现土地的可持续利用、区域生态系统的健康稳定及人与自然的和谐友好发展。     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验,研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示,土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势;当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂,其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小;但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Nonisothermal nature of soil profiles and soil hydrophysics

The results of studies of thermal water transfer and the functional analysis of nonisothermal soil water exchange (summarizing the current concepts of its physical nature, value, relations to soil properties, contribution to heat conductivity, and use for determining other hydrophysical properties of soils) are presented without going into detail of the mathematical analysis.     

Ecological standardization of soil and soil quality control

Theoretical bases are offered for the ecological soil standardization presuming the scientific substantiating of the allowable ecological state (quality) of the soil and the allowable anthropogenic impact on it. The modern experience of these bases’ application in regulatory-methodological, nature-control, and managerial practices is presented. The criteria are found for determining the levels of the allowable ecological quality of soil and the anthropogenic impact on it. The sources of the anthropogenic impact on the soil are characterized. A unified system of indices of soil quality and anthropogenic impacts and a mechanism for determining the range of the allowable values of these parameters have been developed taking into account the natural conditions and types of land use. Scientific-methodological approaches are proposed that support a certain balance between the allowable ecological status of the soil and the effects on it in connection with the mechanisms of the soil quality control in particular land plots.     

土壤不同形态钾含量与土壤颗粒的关系

土壤含K矿物同其他矿物颗粒一起均分布在不同粒级的土粒中,这些土粒在不同的土壤中构成了不同的配合比例,形成不同的土壤质地的属性。统计表明,<0.05mm与<0.01mm粒级间呈极显著线性相关(r=0.896**,n=92),相关分析表明,不同粒级的土粒与不同形态K间呈显著线性或曲线显著相关,而全K只与<0.05mm粒径的土粒呈极显著相关(r=0.234**,n=73),全K与速效K的数量关系通过全K、<0.05mm、<0.01mm粒级与速效K系统相关组合的算式以数学的方法计算速效K含量。     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability

Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions.     

节水灌溉对盐渍土盐分调控与土壤微生物区系的影响

河套灌区是我国大型自流灌区之一,盐渍化是该区土壤主要障碍因素之一。目前,河套灌区葵花田生育期灌溉量约为1 100～1 200 m3hm-2,灌溉用水量偏大和地下水位偏高已成为制约当地灌溉农业可持续发展的主要障碍:一方面,水资源浪费严重;另一方     

Predicting soil solution chemical attributes from more easily measured soil and soil solution parameters

Abstract

An understanding of how soil solution ionic strength (I_s) and major cation activities influence crop growth is often limited by the extensive measurements required to characterize ionic composition and subsequent speciation exercises. Easily measured solution and soil attributes need to be identified that can predict these important solution parameters. Soil and soil solution chemical properties of four Ultisols in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont of North Carolina were used to develop models to predict ionic strength and solution cation attributes. GEOCHEM‐PC‐predicted I_s was linearly related to electrical conductivity (EC) across soils (r²=0.92), confirming that I_s for soil solutions with complex composition can be estimated from their electrical conductivity. Models of the form lnM_s=a+blnEC+clnM_E, or modifications thereof, were developed for predicting solution aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and postassium (K) levels (M_s) from a knowledge of EC and either soil exchangeable cation #OPM_E) or cation saturation (MSAT_E) attributes. For each cation, total and free solution concentration and activity in absolute and saturation terms were investigated. The best models explained, at most, 68% of the variability associated with total solution Al concentration (Al_s‐T) or 74% when Al_s ‐T was expressed as a percent of major solution cations. Greater than 85% of the variability associated with solution Ca and Mg could also be accounted for, but only 67% of the variability associated with solution K could be explained. Including soil pH and interaction terms (M_ExEC, M_ExpH, and ECxpH) in models improved the relationship for total Al concentration (R²=0.87) and solution Ca parameters (R² ≥0.93), but not for solution Mg and K indices. None of the models could account for >30% of the variability associated with free concentration and activity of Al³⁺, suggesting that the prediction of these parameters for a particular Al species could not be made from a knowledge of soil pH, solution EC, and M_E or MSAT_E data.     

Assessment the effect of homogenized soil on soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport

Soil hydraulic properties play a crucial role in simulating water flow and contaminant transport. Soil hydraulic properties are commonly measured using homogenized soil samples. However, soil structure has a significant effect on the soil ability to retain and to conduct water, particularly in aggregated soils. In order to determine the effect of soil homogenization on soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport, undisturbed soil samples were carefully collected. Five different soil structures were identified: Angular-blocky, Crumble, Angular-blocky (different soil texture), Granular, and subangular-blocky. The soil hydraulic properties were determined for undisturbed and homogenized soil samples for each soil structure. The soil hydraulic properties were used to model soil water transport using HYDRUS-1D.The homogenized soil samples showed a significant increase in wide pores (wCP) and a decrease in narrow pores (nCP). The wCP increased by 95.6, 141.2, 391.6, 3.9, 261.3%, and nCP decreased by 69.5, 10.5, 33.8, 72.7, and 39.3% for homogenized soil samples compared to undisturbed soil samples. The soil water retention curves exhibited a significant decrease in water holding capacity for homogenized soil samples compared with the undisturbed soil samples. The homogenized soil samples showed also a decrease in soil hydraulic conductivity. The simulated results showed that water movement and distribution were affected by soil homogenizing. Moreover, soil homogenizing affected soil hydraulic properties and soil water transport. However, field studies are being needed to find the effect of these differences on water, chemical, and pollutant transport under several scenarios.     

海涂土壤高光谱特性及其砂粒含量预测研究

土壤光谱反射特性作为土壤基本性质之一,和土壤理化性质有密切的关系,这种关系是土壤遥感技术的物理基础,为研究土壤本身的属性提供了一个新的途径和指标[1]。近年来发展和兴起的高光谱遥感,成为探测土壤性质细微差异及其相关土壤理化参量预测的新技术和新手段,并在其他研究领域得以广泛地应用[2]。国外较早就开展了高光谱基础研究和应用研究,在土壤高光谱研究方面,早在20世纪80年代初,Stone和Baumgardner[3]就在实验室用光谱仪测定了0.52μm到2.32μm波段范围内485个土样的反射光谱,并将这些光谱归纳和描述为5类土壤反射光谱曲线。进入20世纪90年代后,随着更为先进的高光谱仪的不断出现     

土壤熏蒸剂对土壤硝化、反硝化作用的影响

采用化学分析和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术,以大田威百亩、棉隆、溴甲烷、硫酰氟熏蒸100 d土壤为研究对象,探究土壤熏蒸对土壤硝化活性、反硝化活性及amoA基因型硝化型细菌、nirS基因型反硝化细菌群落结构影响。研究表明,威百亩、棉隆、硫酰氟熏蒸剂处理下,土壤硝化活性与对照无显著差异;而溴甲烷处理的硝化活性比对照降低13.19%,差异显著(P0.05);熏蒸剂之间土壤硝化活性无显著差异。4种熏蒸剂之间以及与对照之间土壤反硝化活性无显著差异。4种熏蒸剂中溴甲烷处理土样amoA型硝化细菌多样性指数、均匀度显著低于对照土样和其他3种熏蒸剂处理土样;而丰富度指数无显著差异。威百亩、棉隆和硫酰氟熏蒸土样之间及与对照之间amoA型硝化细菌3种生态指数无明显差异。4种熏蒸剂处理土壤nirS型反硝化细菌多样性指数、均匀度与对照无显著差异(P0.05);熏蒸剂之间存在显著差异(P0.05)。研究表明,溴甲烷对土壤硝化活性的抑制是通过抑制amoA型硝化细菌的多样性而实现,其他3种熏蒸剂对土壤硝化活性无显著影响。4种熏蒸剂对土壤反硝化活性无显著影响。     

熏蒸处理对土壤微生物及硝化作用的影响

在田间条件下用溴甲烷(68.1g/m2)、威百亩(7.5mL/m2)进行土壤熏蒸,调查两种药剂对土壤微生物及硝化作用的影响。结果表明:两种熏蒸剂对土壤放线菌无抑制作用,对细菌总量影响较小,但亚硝酸细菌受到强烈抑制,土壤的硝化作用受到明显影响;同时,土壤中真菌的数量及种类变化显著。熏蒸后9周,处理区土壤中的微生物基本恢复正常。     

土壤微生物体氮的季节性变化及其与土壤水分和温度的关系

以杨陵土垫旱耕人为土(中等肥力红油土)为供试土壤进行田间试验和室内培养试验,研究土壤微生物体氮的动态变化及其土壤含水量和温度的关系。结果表明,田间土壤微生物体氮的变化有明显的季节性;夏季最高,冬季最低,其它时期居中;且与土壤温度有显著或极显著的正相关性,相关系数在0.855以上;试验期间土壤水分含量在10%以上,基本能满足微生物活动所需,因而微生物体氮的变化与水分关系并不密切。应用培养试验结果进一步证明了田间试验结果,即在4～36℃范围内,微生物体氮与温度呈线性相关,而在土壤含水量为6.75%～23.23%范围内,与水分呈指数相关关系,当土壤水分小于10.87%时,水分对微生物体氮有突出结果,当超过10.87%后,几乎没有影响。频繁的干湿交替会使微生物体氮显著减少,但冻融交替却无明显影响。     

不同利用方式旱地红壤水稳性团聚体及其碳、氮、磷分布特征

针对江西红壤地区不同利用方式引起的土壤质量和肥力的相应变化,研究了不同肥力水平、不同利用方式下红壤旱地水稳性团聚体含量及其养分分布规律。研究表明,荒地土壤中>5 mm水稳性团聚体含量显著高于其他利用方式,花生地和果园土壤则以0.25～0.053 mm的水稳性团聚体为主。各肥力水平下,菜地土壤中除>5 mm水稳性团聚体外,各粒级团聚体中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均显著高于花生地、果园和荒地土壤。说明菜地土壤长期大量施肥,导致土壤碳、氮、磷养分含量均相对丰富。不同利用方式旱地红壤中,有机碳、全氮主要分布在>5 mm、5～2 mm和2～1 mm的较大粒径水稳性团聚体中。说明随着团聚体粒径增大,其有机碳含量增加,土壤全氮的消长趋势和有机碳一致。土壤全磷较均匀地分布在水稳性团聚体中,如高肥力菜地和荒地土壤各粒级团聚体中全磷含量间均无显著性差异。各利用方式旱地红壤中2～1 mm和1～0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量与土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量间均达到了极显著正相关。