A conceptual framework for tree improvement programs

Forest tree improvement programs have become quite complex and program strategies and intensities vary dramatically around the world. It is often necessary to examine the reasons for each activity separately in order to ascertain how all steps fit together in a strategy aimed at achieving genetic gain. This paper establishes a conceptual framework that explains the purposes of the various activities of tree improvement and allows complicated program strategies to be easily conveyed. This conceptual model, called the breeding cycle, stresses why, not how, each activity is conducted. The breeding cycle turns around one time for each generation of breeding and is composed of various types of plant populations. Each plant population serves a role in the tree improvement program and is created form a preceding population in the cycle by an activity of the breeder.Tree improvement concepts are explained and the roles of genetic test plantations are described in the context of the breeding cycle. This conceptual model is useful for foresters responsible for implementing tree improvement programs, for students and breeders trying to understand and compare divergent program strategies and for managers responsible for making investment decisions.     

Short Course in Tree Breeding Techniques July 1995

In July 1995, the Forest Productivity Programme of the Division of Forest Science and Technology (FORESTEK) of the CSIR will offer the third short course in tree breeding techniques with emphasis on eucalypt and pine species in tropical and sub-tropical countries. This course will focus on technical aspects of tree breeding, vegetative propagation and forest biology.     

Forest Productivity Programme

In July 1996, the Forest Productivity Programme of the Division of Forest Science and Technology (FORESTEK) of the CSIR will offer the third short course in tree breeding tecqniques with emphasis on eucalypt and pine species in tropical and sub-tropical countries. This course will focus on technical aspects of tree breeding, vegetative propagation and forest biology.     

分子标记辅助选择在林木育种中的应用

历史上,数量遗传学被认为是指导林木育种的唯一有效工具,这有两个方面的原因：第一,在林木上具有重要经济价值的性状,如树干材积生长、木材纤维长度及适应性等,均是以数量方式遗传的性状,并且控制这些性状的每一个过程是假设受微效多基因所控制的;第二,林木具有很长的世代间隔,很高的遗传杂合性和很高的遗传负荷,这些特性限制了一些经典的遗传材料,如近交系,突变体及特异类型的产生。然而,传统的数量遗传学方法用于指导林木育种的实践并不是完美无缺的。林木个体高大,占地面积大,且大多栽植在非农用耕地上,这样的环境异质性在很大程度上影响性状遗传力的提高,有些林木树种人工杂交比较困难,很难获得足够大的家系,从而产生不平衡的交配设计。Ｎａｍｋｏｏｎｇ 和Ｒｏｂｅｒｄｓ（１９７６） 认为,不平衡的交配设计很难获得准确的遗传参数估计。到目前为止,大多数成功的林木育种方案往往都是基于对表型的简单选择。这种表型选择不能利用林木固有的非加性效应,以及对异质环境的反应潜能,因而育种效果是极为有限的。分子标记技术为现代数量遗传学的发展提供了新的方向。通过利用中性标记与影响数量性状的位点（ＱＴＬ） 之间的连锁关系,人们已经提出了一套统计方法用来鉴定重要的Ｑ     

山东省针叶树种(球果类)遗传改良及评价

山东省林木遗传改良从建国后可以分成初始阶段(50~60年代)、全面发展阶段(70~80年代)和常规育种与生物技术相结合阶段(90年代以后)。近35年来山东林业科技针叶树遗传改良论文占3.06%,总体呈下降的趋势。本文对我省针叶树育种场建设、种源试验和种源选择、优树选择、杂交育种、子代测定、良种快繁技术、针叶树遗传改良项目、成果及品种等进行了回顾。同时对针叶树遗传改良策略、种源选择、种子园与遗传增益、现代育种技术在针叶树遗传改良上的应用和杂交育种等进行了讨论。     

世界林业管理体制模式研究

林业管理体制是研究林业发展战略的中心议题,是深化改革的核心。本文对世界林业机构设置类型和管理体制模式进行了探讨。根据机构的性质和任务,把世界林业管理体制划分为两大模式:政企合一和政企分离。当今,实行政企分离,独立经济核算,走企业化的道路,是一个明显的发展趋势。     

新西兰辐射松遗传改良研究新进展

新西兰已成为世界上在人工造林事业中取得辉煌成就的少数几个国家之一.新西兰人工造林的成功在很大程度上得益于对辐射松进行的遗传改良研究.本文根据最新资料对新西兰辐射松的遗传改良策略、育种体系、种子园经营技术、无性系林业的发展等方面进行了全面的综迷, 并提出了加快我国林木遗传改良研究进程的对策.     

Die Prüfung forstlicher Baumarten auf Resistenz gegen parasitäre Pilze1

Resistance test against parasitic fungi in forest trees in Sweden. Forest resistance research is carried out at the Department of Forest Botany and Pathology at the Royal College of Forestry in Stockholm in close contact with Forest Genetics research and is performed as a resistance test of plants from seed orchards and tested progenies. Biochemical research concerning the resistance mechanism and an electronmicroscopic investigation is carried out. At present the     

世界林木遗传改良发展的新趋势

本文介绍了80年代国际林木遗传改良领域一些新的研究成果和应用趋势,并把我国的研究现状与国际上出现的新情况作了比较,提出加快我国林木改良速度和提高工作效果的对策。     

杉木和秃杉群体的叶绿体微卫星分析

对５个杉木和７个秃杉天然群体进行胚的叶绿体微卫星分析,每个群体分析了１２￣３６粒种子,试用了两种ＤＮＡ提取方法,这两种方法获得的ＤＮＡ数量和质量相仿,可以采用较为经济的方法。研究了各种ＤＮＡ扩增条件并获得了合适的条件组合。应用Ａｒｌｅｑｕｉｎ和ＰＨＹＬＩＰ软件分析了群体分子变异模式及群体遗传关系,结果表明叶绿体微卫星方法能够有效地分析出杉木和秃杉的群体以及树种内的变异情况,对于研究针对树种的进化历