一种不育系解决机械化制种和不育系混杂的设想与实践

劳动力成本的不断提高,劳动者减轻劳动强度的愿望日趋强烈,迫切要求杂交水稻制种过程的机械化.在制种过程中水稻光温敏核不育系遇到低温、某些细胞质雄性不育系遇到异常高温均会产生自交结实,导致杂种F1代中不育系混杂,从而降低杂交种的纯度、影响大田产量.培育对一种除草剂具有抗性、同时对另外一种除草剂敏感的水稻不育系,即抗/感除草剂水稻不育系,可以一次性解决杂交水稻机械化制种和不育系混杂两个问题.苯达松是一种对水稻安全的除草剂,但苯达松敏感隐性突变体对苯达松敏感.草铵膦、草甘膦、咪唑乙烟酸等能杀死水稻,但对具有抗性基因的水稻安全.利用苯达松敏感核不育系185BS、926BS与抗草铵膦的水稻杂交,选育出了抗草铵膦/感苯达松的水稻光温敏核不育系09F316BS、09F317BS、09F319BS和09F320BS.利用苯达松敏感核不育系185BS为受体进行遗传转化,获得了抗草铵膦和草甘膦/感苯达松的水稻光温敏核不育系EB185BS.由于这些不育系具有抗除草剂的特点,而恢复系不具备,制种时不育系与恢复系可以混播,待授粉完成后喷施除草剂杀死恢复系,成熟后机械化收割不育系上所结杂交种子,而不需要提前人工割刈恢复系;而且恢复系在不育系中均匀分布也可以提高异交率.如果在制种过程中遇到异常低气温,造成不育系少量自交结实而混杂在杂种F1代中,可以通过在杂种F1代秧田喷施苯达松杀死混杂的苯达松敏感不育系,杂交种由于野生基因的显性作用而不受伤害,从而可以保证大田F1代的纯度;此外,秧苗期喷施除草剂可以代替田间种植鉴定杂交种纯度,减少了种植鉴定中的土地占用和人工费用.本设想也可以运用到其它作物,通过培育一种抗/感除草剂的不育系来一次性解决机械化制种和清除不育系混杂的问题.     

两系杂交中籼新组合两优003

两优003是合肥三才有机农业开发有限公司和江苏红旗种业有限公司用母本含苯达松敏感基因两系不育系绿敏S与优质香稻恢复系LR03配组育成的两系杂交中籼新组合,它可以通过种子苯达松包衣或者苗期喷施致死浓度的苯达松去除制种时因温度突降自交结实的母本,回避两系制种中纯度受温度变化影响的风险。该组合生育期适中,株叶形态较好,耐肥抗倒,高产稳产,抗性较强,米质中等,制种产量高。2011年11月通过安徽省品种审定,审定编号为皖稻2011013。     

水稻农林8号m苯达松敏感致死性的遗传及其应用前景

对农林８号ｍ苯达松敏感致死性（ＢＳＬ）进行了遗传分析，结果表明该性状由一对隐性基因控制，可在水稻杂交后代中稳定遗传。探讨了ＢＳＬ在杂交水稻中的应用前景     

水稻苯达松敏感突变研究进展

采用γ-射线辐射诱变技术,日本和中国学者分别从粳稻和籼稻中获得了苯达松敏感致死突变体农林8号m和M8077S。水稻苯达松敏感突变也表现对磺酰脲类除草剂敏感,但对供试的其他除草剂没有差异反应。遗传分析表明,这两个突变体表现为等位的隐性单基因突变,对这两种除草剂的敏感是同一个基因突变的效应。对M8077S的突变位点进行了精细定位、基因克隆和互补试验,证明农林8号m和M8077S都是源于第3染色体上的一个细胞色素P450基因(CYP81A6)的单碱基缺失导致的移码突变:农林8号m中的CYP81A6自转录起始密码子ATG起第507位缺失了一个C,而M8077S中的CYP81A6第2058位缺失了一个G。水稻苯达松敏感突变用于两系法杂交水稻的除杂保纯,已经成功选育出3个具有苯达松敏感突变标记的光温敏雄性不育系(M8064S、苯88S、苯63S)以及相配套的3个杂交组合(丰两优2号、苯两优9号和苯两优639),分别通过了湖北和江西省品种审定;用于杂交水稻混植法制种,已经成功选育出具有苯达松敏感标记的恢复系(MC526)以及相配套的杂交组合(混制1号),制定了机械化混播制种的生产规程和技术要点。还展望了CYP81A6基因在抗除草剂育种、转基因水稻安全控制以及水稻化学杀雄方面的应用前景。     

杂交水稻混播制种技术研究进展

将含水稻除草剂敏感(致死)基因的水稻变异系农林8号M系,采用有性杂交的手段,将其转移到含强恢复基因的架桥系中,进而培育含敏感基因的三系恢复系1m056-1,同步选育与该恢复系播始历期相近的三系不育系绿三A配制杂种,选育成功能混播混栽,可以进行机械化收割的强优势组合2E06.采用混播混栽方法制种,在授粉后喷施9 000mL/hm2苯达松,杀死父本,保留母本.制种产量可达6 690kg/hm2,比常规制种产量提高40%左右;商品代杂交种单产可达10 500kg/hm2左右,比对照增产10%左右.     

含苯达松敏感基因的籼型光温敏核不育系绿敏S的选育及利用

以广占63S为母本,与含苯达松敏感基因的农林8号M系为父本杂交后,择优回交一次,育成含苯达松敏感基因籼型光温敏核不育系绿敏S。该不育系表型与广占63相似,但对苯达松敏感,故其种子纯度较易保证。此外,它还具有育性稳定、育性转换起点温度低、异交特性较好、在海南可繁性较好、配组优势强等特点;2007年8月通过安徽省科学技术鉴定。     

SCAR 标记对水稻苯达松敏感致死基因的辅助选育

 利用与苯达松敏感致死基因（ben）紧密连锁的SCAR标记，对田间以农林8号m为ben基因供体转育的后代进行了PCR检测。利用该标记不仅能鉴别出转育的材料是否含有ben基因，而且能区别它是含ben基因的纯合体还是杂合体，从而有效地指导田间选育，加速育种进程。     

杂交水稻新组合混制1号制种田苯达松残留分析

利用已建立的苯达松、6-OH-苯达松和8-OH-苯达松高效液相色谱同柱分析方法,对杂交水稻混制1号混播制种田苯达松最终残留和消解动态进行了研究.结果表明:不育系稻谷和稻秆、制种田土样中苯达松残留量均低于最低检测浓度.但是,恢复系稻谷和稻秆中苯达松残留量较大(稻谷10.36～11.71 mg/kg,稻秆3.07～3.53 mg/kg),这将对生态环境产生一定的威胁.苯达松在土壤中的消解速度较快,降解半衰期为4.43～7.29 d.     

籼型三系杂交水稻品质性状配合力与遗传力研究

以3个不育系和11个恢复系为材料,采用不完全双列杂交设计研究了水稻12个品质性状配合力和遗传力的表现规律。结果表明：（1）大部分性状特殊配合力方差极显著,即主要受基因非加性效应作用;少部分性状一般配合力和特殊配合力均显著或极显著,即受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同控制,且非加性效应占主导地位。（2）糙米率、粒长和垩白面积等受不育系影响较大,整精米率和糊化温度受恢复系影响较大,精米率、长／宽和垩白粒率等受父母本影响相当。（3）各性状狭义遗传力大小顺序为：蛋白质含量、整精米率、糊化温度、糙米率、垩白面积、粒长、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、精米率。（4）亲本以星城A和明恢77较为理想,组合以星城A／TO974和金23A／R207较为理想。     

甘蓝型油菜MI CMS系统育性的遗传研究

利用ＭＩＣＭＳ细胞质雄性不育双低下不育系、保持系和恢复系研究ＭＩＣＭＳ系统育性的遗传、育性恢复基因的等位性和恢复系的细胞质育性。结果表明：（１）不育系与恢复系杂交后代可育株与不育株的分离比例,Ｆ２符合３：１,ＢＣ１符合１：１,不同组合间分离比例同质,ＭＩＣＭＳ系统育性恢复性由一对显性基因控制;（２）恢复系宁Ｒ１、宁Ｒ３和宁Ｒ４的恢复基因属同一位点;（３）恢复系宁Ｒ１和宁Ｒ４的细胞质是可育细胞质,Ｐ     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.