四川省汶川县两种牛梨形虫的分离鉴定

自四川省汶川县黄牛体表采集长角血蜱的饥饿或半饱血成虫,带回实验室感染除脾牛.血液涂片检查发现,感染后第10 d,病牛血液中出现一种大型巴贝虫,感染后第24 d,出现一种小杆形的泰勒虫.形态学观察和18 S rRNA基因测序和进化关系分析证明,它们分别为卵形巴贝虫与瑟氏泰勒虫.     

小亚璃眼蜱对牛巴贝斯虫未定种和环形泰勒虫传播的试验研究

利用蜱传播试验确定小亚璃眼蜱对中国新分离的牛的巴贝斯虫未定种和环形泰勒虫的传播能力与传播方式，进而明确其在中国牛梨形虫病传播中的流行病学意义。试验结果表明：小亚璃眼蜱可在雌虫阶段受到巴贝斯虫未定种的感染，并可在次代若虫（2／2）和成虫（3／3）阶段将病原传播给试验牛；小亚璃眼蜱幼虫和若虫吸入环形泰勒虫，饱血脱落的幼虫和若虫所蜕化发育的饥饿若虫（2／2）和成虫（2／2）均可将病原传递给敏感动物；感染巴贝斯虫未定种的小亚璃眼蜱饱血雌虫所孵育出的次代幼虫和若虫仍可被环形泰勒虫感染，所发育出的若虫（2／2）和成虫（2／2）可在一次传播试验中将环形泰勒虫和巴贝斯虫未定种同时传播给试验动物。     

小亚璃眼蜱和亚洲璃眼蜱对环形泰勒虫传播能力的研究

将实验室培养的小亚璃眼蜱（Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum)和亚洲璃眼蜱（Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum)清洁幼虫和若虫饲喂于感染环形泰勒虫的牛体，收集饱血幼虫和若虫，用所孵化的若虫和成虫感染试验牛。结果显示，小亚璃眼蜱幼虫、若虫阶级感染，所发育之若虫、成虫均可传播环形泰勒虫；而亚洲璃眼蜱各阶级的传播试验结果均为阴性。     

残缘璃眼蜱人工培育及环形泰勒虫的实验性传播

将采自内蒙古自治区的残缘璃眼蜱（Hyalomma detritum)饲喂于牛体，观察了成虫，幼虫，若虫在实验室饲喂条件下的生活周期及滞育现象。通过蜱传播试验证实，残缘璃眼蜱饥饿幼虫，若虫吸入病原，其蜕化之若虫，成虫能将环形泰勒虫（Theileria annulata) 传播给敏感动物，而幼虫阶段吸入病原，如若虫阶段在免体饱血，所蜕化产生的饥饿成虫不传播该病。     

甘肃省羊泰勒虫媒介蜱的传播试验

用采自羊泰勒虫病疫区甘肃省永靖且的麻点璃眼蜱饥饿成虫叮咬健康羊体，试验羊体内未发现羊泰勒虫；用其饱血雌虫孵化的幼虫叮咬羊泰勒虫感染羊，收集饱血若虫，再用其饥饿成虫叮咬健康羊体，被叮咬羊体内也未查出羊泰勒虫，证明麻点璃眼蜱不传播羊泰勒虫。用采自羊泰勒虫病疫区张家川和永靖县的青海血蜱经人工孵化的幼虫叮咬羊泰勒虫自然感染羊，收集饱血幼虫蜕皮后，用其若虫叮咬健康羊，40d后在被叮咬羊血片中发现羊泰勒虫，但未显示明显的临床症状。用采自羊泰勒虫病疫区羊体的青海血蜱成虫、若虫、幼虫同时叮咬健康羊，18d时在试验羊体内发现羊泰勒虫，试验羊表现贫血、黄疸、稽留热、肩前淋巴结肿大等特征性症状，出现心包积液，肝、脾、肾肿胀及出血的典型病理变化。由此确定，甘肃省的羊泰勒虫是由青海血蜱传播的。     

双芽巴贝斯虫实验感染研究

本文探讨了双芽巴贝斯虫的实验感染方法。 1.用血涂片镜检很难找到虫体的双芽巴贝斯虫自然感染发病牛血,或3%的人工感染发病牛血,静脉或皮下接种健康摘脾牛或未摘脾牛,丙嗪和地塞米松,成功地感染了三头试验牛。或感染率0.01%。辅以皮下注射氯 2.从自然感染病牛身上采集饱血的微小牛蜱雌蜱,实验室条件下产卵並孵出幼蜱,在冬季以饥饿幼蜱叮咬方式成功地感染了健康小牛一头,成为双芽巴贝斯虫经卵传播的例证。     

牛泰勒焦虫病诊疗思考

正1泰勒焦虫病的病原体牛泰勒焦虫病的病原体是泰勒焦虫,其寄生于牛的红细胞和淋巴细胞中。在红细胞内的虫体多以环形或卵圆形存在。泰勒焦虫有两个宿主,家畜是中间宿主,终末宿主是玻眼蜱(俗称草爬子)。焦虫病的传播离不开玻眼蜱。2流行病学特点泰勒焦虫病在4月中下旬蜱叮咬家畜时开始发病,至10月中旬渐渐平息。     

一例牛环形泰勒氏焦虫病的诊治报告

牛环形泰勒焦虫病是牛血液原虫病危害最严重的一种,由泰勒焦虫病属的虫体寄生宿主的红细胞和网状内皮系统细胞形成,引起病牛以高热、贫血、出血、消瘦和体表淋巴结肿胀。本病是由于蜱叮咬牛体吸血时,将焦虫的子孢子注入牛体内使牛体感染。在本地区以1~2岁牛多发,发病死亡率达70%以上。本文对七台河市某牛场2012年6~7月患环形泰勒     

中西结合治疗半环形泰勒虫病效果报告

牛环形泰勒虫病,是由泰勒科属的环形泰勒原虫寄生于牛、羊和其它野生动物巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞和红细胞内所引起的一种危害严重的疾病,是一种季节性很强的地方性流行病.由宿主蜱所传播,多呈急性经过,以高热,贫血,出血,消瘦和体表淋巴结肿胀为特征,发病急,病死率高,使养牛业遭受严重的损失.2008年4月.涟源市杨市镇南冲村彭某饲养的87头牛发生以高度贫血、粘膜苍白,极度消瘦为主要症状,于2008年2月底以来陆续死亡56头牛,给牛场带来了巨大的经济损失.经临床症状观察,病理剖检和实验室检查确诊为牛环形泰勒虫病,现报告如下:     

安格斯牛泰勒焦虫病的诊断与治疗

泰勒焦虫病是泰勒焦虫引起的,由长角血蜱的终末宿主叮咬牛体后寄生在牛的红细胞内而导致的一种血液原虫病.有明显的季节性和地方性.临床上呈急性经过,以高烧、贫血、出血、黄疸为特征并造成红细胞破坏,机体缺氧,食欲废绝,机体衰竭,伴机体组织器官感染而导致死亡.     

Infection rates of Theileria annulata in the salivary glands of the tick Hyalomma marginatum rufipes

Theileria annulata was experimentally transmitted to cattle on two occasions by the two-host tick Hyalomma marginatum rufipes. Transmission was transstadial; engorged nymphs fed on Theileria annulata-infected calves transmitted the disease as adults. Salivary glands of all partially fed and incubated adult ticks were heavily infected with Theileria parasites. Immatures attached rapidly and fed successfully on cattle. However, since the immature stages of this species normally feed on birds, this tick is unlikely to be an important vector in the field.     

Exposure of immunized cattle to prolonged natural challenge of Theileria lawrencei derived from African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)

Cattle were immunized with Theileria lawrencei stabilates either by fortuitous recovery or intentionally by chemoprophylaxis with oxytetracycline. The immunized cattle were exposed together with susceptible control cattle in a paddock where a lethal T. lawrencei challenge derived from two African buffaloes had been established.Theileria lawrencei stabilates used for immunization were of two types: one batch was prepared from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus fed on a buffalo in the paddock, and the other was from a number of tick batches fed on the two buffaloes over a period of 3 months.All the susceptible control cattle exposed in the paddock died of acute Theileria lawrencei infections. Cattle immunized with the composite stabilates survived T. lawrencei challenge for a prolonged period without showing clinical disease. The protection to the T. lawrencei challenge persisted for at least 1.5 years after the composite stabilates had been prepared. The stabilate prepared from ticks fed on a buffalo on one occasion failed to give effective protection since half of these immunized cattle died of T. lawrencei infection when exposed. These results suggest that different immunogenic types of T. lawrencei occur in buffalo which may hinder the effectiveness of a vaccine for T. lawrencei.     

The maturation of Theileria annulata in Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum stimulated by incubation or feeding to produce sporozoites

Adult Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks infected with Theileria annulata (Hissar strain) were incubated at 36 degrees C or fed on rabbits. Tick salivary glands were stained whole with methyl green pyronin or ground up and deposited on microscope slides and stained with Giemsa's solution. Separate batches of ticks from both treatments were ground up, centrifuged and filtered to produce sporozoite suspensions. The suspensions were examined as deposits on microscope slides stained with Giemsa's solution. The Theileria in the salivary glands of the fed ticks matured more completely and rapidly than in the incubated ticks. The peak numbers of sporozoites from the fed ticks was greater by at least tenfold than the peak from the incubated ticks. This peak was on the third day of feeding or on the fourth day of incubation. It was confirmed that fed ticks will be more suitable for sporozoite production for infection of cattle and production of stabilates.     

Exposure of cattle immunized with different stocks of Theileria parva to buffalo-associated Theileria challenge on two game parks in Zimbabwe.

Eight cattle immunized with cattle-derived Theileria parva Boleni stabilate together with six susceptible controls were released in Dombawera Game Park on the Highveld of Zimbabwe. This coincided with Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal activity. The cattle grazed together with African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) and were not treated against tick infestation. The nymphal tick infestation was high, and seven of the eight immunized cattle and three of the controls had severe and fatal reactions. Subsequently, two stocks of Theileria parva to be tested for their immunizing abilities were prepared-one from adult ticks which were fed as nymphs on one of the sick control animals (Dom 268) and the other from adult ticks collected from pastures grazed by buffaloes (Bv-1). Two groups of cattle were immunized with either the Dom 268-derived strain (eight animals) or the Bv-1-derived strain (four animals). These together with three non-immunized controls, were released in Bally Vaughaun Game Park in the Highveld, where buffaloes are present, during the season of nymphal tick activity. A third group of five cattle, immunized with stabilate Bv-1, and three non-immunized controls were released at the same site during the season of adult tick activity. The nymphal and adult tick infestations of the cattle were large and more than 2000 nymphs and 1000 adult ticks were counted per animal. Cattle were treated with a pyrethroid pour-on preparation to control the tick infestation and screw-worm strike. The immunized cattle in the three groups survived the theileriosis challenge for a period of 18 months, but the non-immunized control cattle suffered a severe and fatal theileriosis 19-23 days after being placed on the pasture.     

牛环形泰勒虫病二温式PCR诊断方法的建立及初步应用

为建立特异、敏感、快速的二温式PCR诊断方法,根据牛环形泰勒虫裂殖子表面抗原(tams1)基因,设计了一对特异性引物,扩增出大小为154bp基因片段,经克隆、测序分析,与已知基因序列的相似性为96%。用建立的牛环形泰勒虫病二温式PCR诊断方法,对从新疆牛环形泰勒虫病流行地区采集的50份全血样品进行诊断,阳性率为88%,而血涂片检出的阳性率只有58%。经试验验证,该方法具有特异性高、敏感性强、重复性和稳定性好等优点。表明本试验所建立的二温式PCR诊断方法可用于牛环形泰勒虫病的临床诊断、隐性感染检测和流行病学调查。     

牛中华泰勒虫(Theileria sinensis sp.nov.)新种Ⅰ.传统分类学研究

对分离自我甘肃中部地区土种黄牛体的泰勒虫未定种作了鉴定。与环形泰勒虫（T.annulata)、瑟氏泰勒虫（T.sergenti)、小泰勒虫（T.parva)、突变泰勒虫（T.mutans)、斑羚泰勒虫（T.tautotragi)、附膜泰勒虫（T.velifera)、水牛泰勒虫（T.buffeli)作了形态学上的比较研究，观察到该未定种除了泰勒虫所共有形态外，还有其它泰勒虫所没有的且难以描述的特异形态，尤其对染虫率高峰期，特异形态占虫体总数的20％左右。该种还具有出芽增殖的特性，可在除脾牛体内大量繁殖，染虫率可达52．69％的高峰，试验感染牛出现高烧、极度贫血、精神沉郁、食欲不振等临床症状，导致个别牛只死亡，剖检观察到某些脏器有严重病变，表明具有一定的致病力。媒介蜱尚不清楚，但已证实，在我国传播家畜泰勒虫和巴贝斯虫的7种媒介蜱对该种无传播能力。传统分类学研究结果表明，该种不同于已知牛泰勒虫有效种，系一新种。由于这一新种首次在中国分离到，因而被命名为中华泰勒虫（Theileria sinensis sp.nov.)（梨形虫亚目：泰勒虫科）。     

Studies on the transmission of Theileria annulata to cattle by the tick Hyalomma lusitanicum

The role of the ixodid tick Hyalomma lusitanicum Koch 1844 as a vector of Mediterranean or tropical theileriosis (caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria annulata Dschunkowsky et Luhs 1904) in southern Spain was studied. Hyalomma lusitanicum was the most common tick, and the only species of the genus Hyalomma L., found on T. annulata-infected cattle from the theileriosis enzootic area studied (province of Cádiz, southern Spain). Likewise, we found that all sera of the cattle previously considered as suspected of theileriosis by clinical signs, tested for T. annulata antibodies, were positive and all blood samples of these suspected cattle examined had infected erythrocytes. Partially fed H. lusitanicum adults were collected in the field on T. annulata-infected cattle in this enzootic area and fed on an uninfected calf in an experimental farm free of theileriosis and ticks. At approximately 3 weeks post-tick feeding on the calf, this became positive for T. annulata antibodies and T. annulata merozoites were found in erythrocytes from blood smears. These results show the ability of H. lusitanicum to transmit the protozoan parasite T. annulata to susceptible cattle and indicate that H. lusitanicum is probably an important vector of T. annulata in the enzootic area surveyed.     

中西药治疗牛环形泰勒虫病的效果观察

托克逊县是牛环形泰勒虫病的疫区之一,准确诊断以及有效治疗是防控该病的要点。论文采用流行病学调查、实验室方法检测和临床诊断的方法综合确诊45头舍饲患牛作为研究对象。将45头阳性牛随机分为西药治疗组、中药治疗组以及空白组,按1、2、3、4、5d以及1周,分别对每组患牛进行临床症状观察、体温测定、血涂片观察、染虫率统计,评价治疗效果。结果表明,托克逊县夏乡5个镇散养户的194头牛血液涂片中62份有环形泰勒虫虫体;PCR检测有57份DNA样品得到与预期结果相同的534bp条带;临床诊断有45头牛表现为牛环形泰勒虫病症状;西药治疗组治愈率为93.33%(14/15)明显高于中药治疗组治愈率为73.33%(11/15)。西药组对于治疗环形泰勒虫病具有显著的效果,可为新疆有效治疗环形泰勒虫病提供参考。     

Incidence and prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in domestic ruminants in Ghana

Giemsa-stained thin blood smears prepared monthly from cattle, sheep and goats in the Greater Accra region of Ghana between May 1994 and December 1996 were examined for presence of tick-borne haemoparasites. The majority of animals were less than 2 months old at the start of the survey. Monthly and cumulative incidences are presented of Anaplasma sp., Babesia bigemina, Borrelia sp., Eperythrozoon sp., Theileria mutans and Theileria velifera in cattle, Anaplasma sp., Borrelia sp., and Theileria sp. in sheep, and Anaplasma sp. in goats. T. mutans was the commonest parasite in cattle, with 100% incidence in calves by 10 months of age, and Anaplasma was commonest in small ruminants. The relative prevalence of these haemoparasites in blood smears from cattle, sheep and goats sampled on a single occasion at sites in all 10 regions of Ghana was found to be similar, though actual infection rates were lower. Packed cell volume (PCV) measurements from the sampled animals are also presented; no seasonal trends were evident in the PCV of the cattle, sheep and goats sampled monthly. In animals sampled on a single occasion, mean PCV was significantly higher in cattle and sheep without detectable haemoparasite infection, and in cattle was lowest in animals positive for both Babesia and Anaplasma, while there was no difference in mean PCV levels between parasitised and non-parasitised goats.