辽宁省肉牛生产现状及发展趋势

辽宁省畜牧业近年来发展迅速,畜牧业产值占农业总产值已达到33%,肉牛业作为畜牧业的重要组成部分近几年也有了很大发展.中国已经正式加入了世界贸易组织,我国的农业面临着严峻的挑战,肉牛业也同样.笔者现就辽宁省肉牛生产现状及发展趋势谈谈粗浅的看法.     

我国肉牛业发展现状与对策

一、我国肉牛业发展情况1.我国肉牛生产水平。改革开放以来,我国畜牧业保持了较高的发展速度,实现了持续增长,我国已成为     

加入WTO对我国肉牛业发展的影响及应对措拖

加入WTO,必将给我国的畜牧业产生深刻的影响.肉牛业作为我国畜牧业发展较快的产业,如何把握入世后所带来的机遇,迎接挑战,加快发展,提升在国际市场上的综合竞争力,仍然是我们当前关注的焦点之一.本文就我国肉牛业发展的现状、入世承诺及其对牛肉贸易的影响、入世后所面临的挑战及其应采取的对策进行粗浅的分析.     

肉牛综合养殖技术

随着人们生活水平的提高和膳食结构的改善,牛肉日渐成为餐桌新宠,与此不相适应的是我国的牛肉产量占肉类总量的比例很低.因此,在今后很长一段时期内,肉牛业将是畜牧业发展的重点.肉牛养殖业是我国畜牧业的重要组成部分,由于受到自然条件、交通不便、消费水平不高等因素的影响,发展一直比较缓慢.本文对肉牛的综合养殖做了详细的阐述,以供大家参考.     

肉牛杂交改良本地牛的进展和分析

肉牛业是我国畜牧业中新兴起的部门。利用肉牛品种改良本地蒙古牛,是促进养牛科技进步,实现效益型畜牧业的重要技术措施。本文介绍了锡盟地区肉牛杂交改良本地牛的进展、成就及存在问题,并建议在培育内蒙古肉牛新品种上下功夫。     

大力调整农业产业结构 积极稳妥发展肉牛养殖

调整农业产业结构 ,积极发展畜牧业是解决“三农”问题 ,帮助农民增收的有效途径之一。但是 ,我国畜牧业特别是肉牛业规模化、产业化、标准化程度较低 ,不能适应国内外食品安全发展的要求。本文作者经过多年跟踪调查研究 ,认真分析了我国肉牛业的现状 ,对其发展形势进行了预测 ,并提出了发展肉牛业应注意的八大方面。     

黑龙江省肉牛产业情况及发展趋势

近20年来,黑龙江省肉牛业得到了长足的发展,肉牛业实现役用向肉用的根本性转变。黑龙江省肉牛生产在全国名列前茅,肉牛业成为畜牧业的重要组成部分。肉牛业快速发展的方法,与时俱进、整合资源和应用科技发挥肉牛业潜力的途径,使广大养牛户获得最大经济效益,成为黑龙江省畜牧业发展的新课题。本文对2006年黑龙江省肉牛产业情况及发展趋势做以概述,旨在为黑龙江省肉牛业的发展提供有益参考。     

肉牛产业的现状与发展

近年来,我国肉牛生产已达到了一个新的发展阶段,肉牛发展的数量和经济效益逐年增加,在猪禽业发展受市场和疫病制约的情况下,肉牛业已成为畜牧业发展的主要力量,并逐步成为农业和农村经济发展的重要支柱。虽然我国肉牛业的发展仍处于以传统养牛业向现代养牛业过渡与转变的历史时期,但近几年来国家对肉牛业在     

美国牛肉的分级制

应美国农业部的邀请,作者于1998年6月对美国肉牛业特别是牛肉分级制度进行了一个月的考察,现简要介绍如下. 美国是畜牧大国,畜牧业产值占农业总产值的60%.在畜牧业产值中,肉牛业所占比重达到47%,奶产品占20%,禽蛋占18%,养猪业占11%,其它为3%.美国肉牛业的发达除了得益于育种和饲养技术的提高外,牛肉分级制起了至关重要的作用.     

我国肉牛良繁体系现状与方略

畜牧业是农业生产的重要组成部分,是现代农业发达程度的重要标志。在我国现代畜牧业生产中,肉牛业是极具成长性的朝阳产业。国内外实践表明,没有发达的种业就不会有发达的农业。因此,建设现代肉牛产业,就必须强化科技支撑,大力发展肉牛种业。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.