Effects of treatments to perennial ryegrass on the development of Septoria spp. in a subsequent crop of winter wheat

An experiment started in spring 1979 tested the effects of different treatments to perennial ryegrass, established as pure stands or undersown in spring wheat, on the severity of septoria diseases on the grass and in a following crop of winter wheat, sown in autumn 1980. Other plots were fallowed in 1979 and 1980 before sowing to winter wheat, also in autumn 1980.
Septoria tritici was most severe in winter wheat after fallow and least severe in wheat that had been direct-drilled after ryegrass. These effects were attributed to differences in amounts of available nitrogen, and consequent differences in crop growth, rather than to any differences in primary inoculum.
Symptoms attributed to S. nodorum on the ryegrass were more common where the grass had been established under spring wheat than where it had been sown as a pure stand. They also tended to be more common where ryegrass had been inoculated with spores of S. nodorum than where it had been sprayed with captafol. Similar effects on symptoms attributed to Septoria spp. (mostly S. tritici ) on the wheat were apparent in July. The results support the conclusion that the greater severity of septoria diseases that often occurs on wheat after grass than after non-graminaceous breaks, is probably due in part to survival of the pathogens on grass and, in some circumstances, on debris remaining from a previous wheat crop. However, other factors are also likely to be involved.     

阿坝州小麦条锈病发生规律的研究

1979—1985年在四川省阿坝州越夏区进行条锈病发生规律调查。该地区海拔2900米以上的晚熟小麦约2.5万亩,条锈病持续发生至9月下旬,为自生麦苗和部分早播秋苗提供菌源。自生麦苗的发病面积近3万亩,其中休闲地约2.5万亩,主要分布在松潘、黑水2400—2900米地区,自生麦苗较多,发病较重;荞麦复种地约4000亩,主要分布在黑水、茂汶和汶川等地1700—2500米地带,自生麦苗较少,发病较轻。自生麦苗提供菌源的关键时期是9月上旬至10月下旬。秋苗发病面积约3.7万亩,主要分布在松潘、黑水2700—2950米地带,自9月中旬至12月下旬不断发生流行,而以8月中旬至9月中旬播种的秋苗发病较重,菌源较多,这在越夏菌源传播中起着很重要的作用。条锈菌在阿坝州又可越冬,构成周年侵染循环,常年流行,这不仅严重危害当地小麦生产,而且向广大冬麦区秋苗提供大量菌源。因此,综合治理阿坝州越夏区至关重要。     

Growth of seedlings of Agropyron repens L. Beauv. and Agrostis gigantea Roth. in wheat and barley: effect of time of emergence, nitrogen supply and cereal seed rate

As part of a programme of work evaluating the role of seeds in regenerating or initiating infestations of Agropyron repens and Agrostis gigantea, the growth of the weeds was analysed in cereal crops in two experiments. The first experiment investigated the effects of time of planting the weed seedlings (simulating different times of emergence), nitrogen supply and cereal seed rate in winter wheat and the second, the same factors in spring wheat and spring barley. In winter wheat, delaying planting of the weeds from autumn until spring greatly decreased shoot growth and almost completely prevented rhizome formation. Nitrogen fertilizer increased the weight of shoots of both species planted at both times but whereas it increased the amount of rhizome produced by Agropyron it decreased that of Agrostis. Without nitrogen Agrostis had twice as much rhizome as Agropyron but with nitrogen Agropyron had twice as much as Agrostis. Decreasing the cereal seed rate had little effect on rhizome weight when nitrogen was not given but it allowed twice as much rhizome to be produced when it was supplied. However, more longer rhizomes were formed at the smaller than at the larger seed rate with both amounts of nitrogen. In spring cereals, late planting decreased the shoot growth of Agrostis more than that of Agropyron, and of Agropyron in barley more than in wheat, especially at the smaller seed rate. Nitrogen increased shoot weight of Agropyron in wheat but had little effect in barley; it decreased that of Agrostis in barley. On average, rhizome growth was decreased by nitrogen, by increasing the seed rate and by delaying planting. Agropyron rhizomes were heavier in wheat than in barley but those of Agrostis were heavier in barley than in wheat. Agropyron produced most rhizome in thinlysown wheat given nitrogen, but Agrostis most in thinlysown barley without nitrogen. The two treatments had an equal number of rhizomes longer than 100 cm. The agricultural significance of the interaction of the various treatments is briefly discussed.     

Dynamics of wheat spindle streak mosaic bymovirus in winter wheat

The dynamics of wheat spindle streak mosaic bymovirus in winter wheat were studied during two crop cycles in a field site with a history of high virus incidence. Individual plants of two susceptible cultivars were sampled from autumn to spring and the presence of virus antigen in roots and leaves was determined by ELISA. Virus incidence was higher in cv. Frankenmuth than in cv. Augusta. During year one, incidence of viral antigen in roots remained very low for four months after sowing, and did not reach maximum levels until the following spring. During year two, incidence of viral antigen in roots rose to maximum levels in autumn, only three months after sowing. These results strongly suggested that root infection occurred in spring as well as in autumn. In both cultivars and in both years, we detected the virus in roots one month prior to its detection in leaves, suggesting that virus moves slowly from roots into leaves. Maximum incidence of virus in leaves occurred in spring of both years, coinciding with the period of symptom development. Typical symptoms (yellow streaks, spindles, and mosaic) were observed in year two, whereas only mild mosaic was observed in year one. Virus antigen was detected in nonsymptomatic leaves from two months after sowing through crop senescence. Because antigen could be detected in roots throughout the crop cycle, and zoosporangia and cystosori of the fungal vector could be detected one and two months, respectively, after sowing, it is possible that wheat spindle streak mosaic bymovirus is acquired and/or spread by the vector during the majority of the crop cycle.     

A review of the effects of crop agronomy on the management of Alopecurus myosuroides

This study reviews 52 field experiments, mostly from the UK, studying the effects of cultivation techniques, sowing date, crop density and cultivar choice on Alopecurus myosuroides infestations in cereal crops. Where possible, a statistical meta‐analysis has been used to calculate average responses to the various cultural practices and to estimate their variability. In 25 experiments, mouldboard ploughing prior to sowing winter cereals reduced A. myosuroides populations by an average of 69%, compared with non‐inversion tillage. Delaying drilling from September to the end of October decreased weed plant densities by approximately 50%. Sowing wheat in spring achieved an 88% reduction in A. myosuroides plant densities compared with autumn sowing. Increasing winter wheat crop density above 100 plants m^?2 had no effect on weed plant numbers, but reduced the number of heads m^?2 by 15% for every additional increase in 100 crop plants, up to the highest density tested (350 wheat plants m^?2). Choosing more competitive cultivars could decrease A. myosuroides heads m^?2 by 22%. With all cultural practices, outcomes were highly variable and effects inconsistent. Farmers are more likely to adopt cultural measures and so reduce their reliance on herbicides, if there were better predictions of likely outcomes at the individual field level.     

江苏省小麦纹枯病发生规律与病害消长因素分析

研究结果表明,小麦纹枯病田间发生规律大体有冬前发生期、越冬稳定期、返青上升期、拔节盛发期和抽穗后枯白穗显症期五个阶段。小麦越冬前和早春拔节期有2个发病高峰,小麦根围土中病原菌群体数量消长也出现相应的2个高峰,病菌数量高峰较小麦发病高峰约提前20—25天。秋冬降雨量的多少是影响冬前病害发生的主导因子,影响春季病害发生程度的重要气象因素是温度。相关性测定表明,温度与病害发生程度呈显著正相关。因地制宜适期精量播种、平衡施肥和冬前防除麦田杂草等栽培技术,均能有效地控制和减轻小麦纹枯病的发生与为害。     

玉米播期与玉米粗缩病病株率的关系

对1976～1979年河北辛集、晋县、正定、永年试验基地玉米不同播期与玉米粗缩病病株率试验数据的统计分析和经 1996～1999年 4年试验数据检验表明 ,4月10日以前播种的早春玉米玉米粗缩病发病株率低 ;5月份播种的晚春玉米和麦套玉米发病株率最高 ;6月份播种的夏玉米发病株率最低。玉米不同播期与玉米粗缩病病株率的关系式为Y=-673.5 -0.0439X²+11.5X。该关系式适用于传毒介体灰飞虱的常规发生和大发生年预测病情 ,符合率达80%～100%。但该关系式在灰飞虱极轻发生年不适用 ,符合率仅为20%。     

播期对江苏省冬小麦产量及其构成的影响

以江苏省冬小麦播期为主要研究对象,利用近20年冬小麦大田播期试验数据相关文献,按照晚播天数、品性、区域、年代进行分组,利用Meta分析方法定量研究了播期变化对江苏省冬小麦产量及其产量构成的影响。结果表明:近20年江苏省冬小麦的播期随时间的推移总体呈现出延迟的趋势,约5.5 d·10a^-1,苏北和苏南地区冬小麦均在晚播18～22 d开始出现减产趋势,苏中地区冬小麦在晚播23～27 d开始出现减产趋势;整体上江苏省晚播13～17 d左右的冬小麦有显著增产效应,增产达3.1%(95%置信区间0.4%～5.8%),晚播18～22 d及以上时,冬小麦产量开始呈现减产趋势。随着年代不断向后推移,晚播的减产效应出现的越来越早。2000—2010年,晚播23～27 d开始出现减产趋势;2011—2017年,晚播18～22 d开始出现减产趋势;(弱)春性冬小麦从晚播18～22 d开始出现减产效应,(半)冬性冬小麦从晚播8～12 d开始出现减产趋势,冬小麦的选择偏于春性化。Meta分析的数据中,冬小麦穗数对产量的影响更大(P<0.05,R²=0.3166)...     

Influence of crop management on take-all development and disease cycles on winter wheat

ABSTRACT Wheat was assessed at four crop growth stages for take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) in a series of field trials that studied the effects of five wheat management practices: sowing date, plant density, nitrogen fertilizer dose and form, and removal/burial of cereal straw. An equation expressing disease level as a function of degree days was fitted to the observed disease levels. This equation was based on take-all epidemiology and depended on two parameters reflecting the importance of the primary and secondary infection cycles, respectively. Early sowing always increased disease frequency via primary infection cycle; its influence on the secondary cycle was variable. Primary infection and earliness of disease onset were increased by high density; however, at mid-season take-all was positively correlated to the root number per plant, which was itself negatively correlated to plant density. At late stages of development, neither plant density nor root number per plant had any influence on disease. A high nitrogen dose increased both take-all on seminal roots and severity of primary infection cycle but decreased take-all on nodal roots and secondary infection cycle. Ammonium (versus ammonium nitrate) fertilizer always decreased disease levels and infection cycles, whereas straw treatment (burial versus removal of straw from the previous cereal crop) had no influence.     

Integrated management of fusarium wilt of chickpea with sowing date, host resistance, and biological control

ABSTRACT A 3-year experiment was conducted in field microplots infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5 at Córdoba, Spain, in order to assess efficacy of an integrated management strategy for Fusarium wilt of chickpea that combined the choice of sowing date, use of partially resistant chickpea genotypes, and seed and soil treatments with biocontrol agents Bacillus megaterium RGAF 51, B. subtilis GB03, nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo 90105, and Pseudomonas fluorescens RG 26. Advancing the sowing date from early spring to winter significantly delayed disease onset, reduced the final disease intensity (amount of disease in a microplot that combines disease incidence and severity, expressed as a percentage of the maximum possible amount of disease in that microplot), and increased chickpea seed yield. A significant linear relationship was found between disease development over time and weather variables at the experimental site, with epidemics developing earlier and faster as mean temperature increased and accumulated rainfall decreased. Under conditions highly conducive for Fusarium wilt development, the degree of disease control depended primarily on choice of sowing date, and to a lesser extent on level of resistance of chickpea genotypes to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5, and the biocontrol treatments. The main effects of sowing date, partially resistant genotypes, and biocontrol agents were a reduction in the rate of epidemic development over time, a reduction of disease intensity, and an increase in chickpea seedling emergence, respectively. Chickpea seed yield was influenced by all three factors in the study. The increase in chickpea seed yield was the most consistent effect of the biocontrol agents. However, that effect was primarily influenced by sowing date, which also determined disease development. Effectiveness of biocontrol treatments in disease management was lowest in January sowings, which were least favorable for Fusarium wilt. Sowing in February, which was moderately favorable for wilt development, resulted in the greatest increase in seed yield by the biocontrol agents. In March sowings, which were most conducive for the disease, the biocontrol agents delayed disease onset and increased seedling emergence. B. subtilis GB03 and P. fluorescens RG 26, applied either alone or each in combination with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo 90105, were the most effective treatments at suppressing Fusarium wilt, or delaying disease onset and increasing seed yield, respectively. The importance of integrating existing control practices, partially effective by themselves, with other control measures to achieve appropriate management of Fusarium wilt and increase of seed yield in chickpea in Mediterranean-type environments is demonstrated by the results of this study.     

陇南地区小麦条锈病发生动态与治理

1985～1990年作者对甘肃省陇南地区小麦条锈病秋苗菌源动态、越冬情况及其春季流行等进行了调查研究。结果表明,该地区秋苗发病重、越冬菌源多是导致春季小麦条锈病大流行的重要原因之一。海拔1600～1800m及其相邻的部份地区秋苗发病严重或较重,是发病基地或菌源基地,亦是治理的关键地区。其治理的配套关键技术包,括改制控害、抗病品种合理布局、适期晚播和粉锈宁拌种等都是行之有效的技术。其中通过改制,建立新的农业生态体系,兼与抗病品种合理布局和调节播期相结合,构成综合的生态治理工程,并不断优化,便有可能实现持久控害致富的目的。     

冀西北坝上高原冬麦春播产量影响因子研究

研究了播期、播量、土壤类型、品种等因素对春播条件下冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明:小麦最适合播量为25万粒/667m2;其他因素产量效应的大小顺序为土壤类型>播期>品种,滩地产量显著高于砂地;随着播期的延迟,单位面积产量、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重降低;品种以弱冬性小麦豫麦13的产量最高。     

Control of common bunt of wheat under field conditions with the biofumigant fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Muscodor albus</Emphasis>

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the biological control potential of the fungus Muscodor albus, when applied as a seed treatment or an in furrow soil treatment, for control of common bunt (CB) of wheat caused by Tilletia caries. For seed treatments, dry rye grain culture of M. albus was ground into powder and applied, at a rate of 125 mg/g seed, to wheat seed infested with T. caries teliospores. The culture was also cracked into particles and applied in furrow at the rate of 4 g/m of row, along with teliospore infested seed during planting. Treatments were evaluated during two growing seasons and two planting dates beginning in early spring when soil temperatures were optimal for disease development (5–10°C), and then approximately 3 weeks later. In the first year, treatments in the first seeding date reduced CB from 44% diseased spikes in untreated controls to 12% and 9% in seed and in furrow treatments respectively, and from 6% in controls to 0% in both treatments in the second seeding date. In the second year, CB was reduced from 8% in controls to 0.5% and 0.25% for seed and in furrow treatments respectively in the first seeding date, and from 0.75% in controls to 0% in both the treatments in the second seeding date. M. albus may have potential for CB control in organic wheat production where options for managing the disease are very limited.     

Epidemiology and chemical control of take-all on seminal and adventitious roots of wheat

ABSTRACT Epidemiological modeling is used to examine the effect of silthiofam seed treatment on field epidemics of take-all in winter wheat. A simple compartmental model, including terms for primary infection, secondary infection, root production, and decay of inoculum, was fitted to data describing change in the number of diseased and susceptible roots per plant over thermal time obtained from replicated field trials. This produced a composite curve describing change in the proportion of diseased roots over time that increased monotonically to an initial plateau and then increased exponentially thereafter. The shape of this curve was consistent with consecutive phases of primary and secondary infection. The seed treatment reduced the proportion of diseased roots throughout both phases of the epidemic. However, analysis with the model detected a significant reduction in the rate of primary, but not secondary, infection. The potential for silthiofam to affect secondary infection from diseased seminal or adventitious roots was examined in further detail by extending the compartmental model and fitting to change in the number of diseased and susceptible seminal or adventitious roots. Rates of secondary infection from either source of infected roots were not affected. Seed treatment controlled primary infection of seminal roots from particulate inoculum but not secondary infection from either seminal or adventitious roots. The reduction in disease for silthiofam-treated plants observed following the secondary infection phase of the epidemic was not due to long-term activity of the chemical but to the manifestation of disease control early in the epidemic.     

Effects of Two Triazole Seed Treatments,Triticonazole and Triadimenol,on Growth and Development of Wheat

The triazole fungicides, triadimenol and triticonazole, applied as seed treatments at various rates on spring wheat, affected plant growth, shoot development, and root axis production. The main growth regulatory effects were reductions in lengths of the coleoptile, the first leaf and the subcrown internode. A marked effect on tiller appearance occurred with high rates of triadimenol. Modification of root-system development included a reduction in the number of seminal roots, increased outgrowth of roots associated with the coleoptilar node, and a reduction of roots at the first foliar node (correlated with reduced production of Tiller 1). Seed treatment effects on both shoot and root development illustrated the close relationship between these plant structures. Both fungicides induced both beneficial and deleterious effects on wheat growth and development, but the magnitude of deleterious effects was less with triticonazole than with triadimenol.     

施肥和绿肥翻压方式对旱地冬小麦生长及土壤水分利用的影响

通过田间试验研究渭北旱原不同施肥处理(不施肥;40 kg P2O5/hm2;豆科绿肥专用肥30 kg/hm2)对夏闲期豆科绿肥生长和后茬小麦生长的效果,探讨了夏季豆科绿肥翻压方式(提前翻压、提前覆盖,播前翻压和不种绿肥即夏季休闲)对后茬冬小麦产量及水分利用的影响。研究表明:与不施肥处理相比,豆科绿肥专用肥显著提高绿肥盛花期地上部生物量,但对根系生长没有明显作用;施用磷肥则更有利于绿肥根系生物量的提高;施用绿肥专用肥和磷肥处理的后茬小麦产量较高,特别是绿肥提前翻压时。绿肥提前翻压时冬小麦分蘖数较高、春季总茎数较高、单位面积穗数较高,产量显著高于绿肥提前覆盖、播前翻压和不种绿肥处理,水分生产效率显著高于不种绿肥处理。从绿肥翻压、小麦播前直至小麦拔节期,绿肥翻压方式的3个处理土壤0~200 cm剖面水分含量与休闲处理始终有明显差异。提前翻压处理与提前覆盖、播前翻压处理的差异主要在40 cm以上土层。     

柑桔黄梢(黄龙)病的进一步研究

柑桔黄梢(黄龙)病的研究几年来的进展不快,但仍取得了如下一些成果。柑桔树受侵染后,一般在夏、秋梢老熟期开始发病,但最近发现,亦可在春梢老熟后开始表现病状,其特征为新叶老熟后转为灰绿色。冬季发病的初期病状有时表现为老熟后的新叶中肋黄化。病树叶的澄清汁液与 KOH 或与 NaOH 混和,每有转变为橙缸色的反应,但不一致。曾经被认为可能是黄梢病原的真菌“Deuterophoma sp”已被证明与本病的发生无关。初步试验结果表示柑桔褐蚜可能是一种传染媒介。种子带病的可能性不能排除,有待进一步探讨。病树的根残留土中显然不起传病作用。黄梢病毒在病株体内似以相等的速度同时向上下运转。用13种柑桔类作为砧木,对蕉柑的抗病性皆不起显著的增强作用。不同树龄的植株表现显然不同的抗病性。苗木和老年树比较抗病,幼年树则容易发病。环境因素对植株的发病不起决定性的影响,因而采取栽培措施不能抑制发病,更不能收到治疗效果。挖除病株和喷药除虫则可在一定程度上起抑制蔓延的作用。初步试验表示,用热水或湿热空气处理病树芽条可以消除带病。     

Cereal leaf beetles (Oulema spp., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) control following various dates of wheat sowing and insecticidal treatments

In this paper, we report the sowing date and intensity of chemical control on presence of the cereal leaf beetles (CLB) on spring wheat. The CLB monitoring (Oulema melanopus L. and Oulema gallaeciana Voet.) was conducted in May–June of each year, following the announcement of the IOR-PiB in Poznań (Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Institute), that economic threshold levels in Poland of this pest is observed. For the spring sowing dates between (20 March–20 April) and late autumn sowings (21 November–7 December) larger amounts of CLB adults (1.6–1.1) in comparison to early autumn sowings (25 October–02 November) were noticed (0.4). Following the insecticidal seed treatment with imidacloprid, the occurrence of adults was 0.2–0.7 individual per stem, while the use of fungicidal treatment with triadimenol–imazalil–fuberidazol resulted in average 1.1–2.2 individual per stem. The reduction in the number of larvae per stem was 7–10 fold larger following the foliar application (pirimicarb + dimethoate + cypermethrin) compared to the seed treatment with imidacloprid. The lowest grain yield (3.83 t ha^?1) from the spring crop without any insecticide was obtained. Foliar application with blend of pirimicarb + dimethoate + cypermethrin increased the yield crop by 0.41 t ha^?1 (10.7%) and additionally by 0.78 t ha^?1 (20.4%) to compare to the fungicidal control when imidacloprid was used. Wheat seed treatment with imidacloprid and sowing date in autumn showed to be suitable and economically efficient preventive strategies for controlling the pest population.     

Epidemiology in Relation to Methods for Forecasting Light Leaf Spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) Severity on Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) in the UK

Pyrenopeziza brassicae, cause of light leaf spot of oilseed rape, has a complex polycyclic life cycle. It can be difficult to control light leaf spot in winter oilseed rape in the UK since it is not easy to optimise fungicide application timing. Early autumn infections are usually symptomless and recognisable lesions do not develop until the epidemic has progressed further by the spring. Light leaf spot often has a patchy distribution in winter oilseed rape crops and estimation of disease incidence can be difficult. There is evidence that epidemics are initiated primarily by ascospores produced from apothecia that survive the summer inter-crop period on infected debris. Subsequent development of the epidemic during the winter and spring is maintained by rain-splashed conidia that spread light leaf spot from initial foci. Understanding the relative roles of ascospores and conidia in the light leaf spot life cycle is crucial for forecasting epidemic severity and developing control strategies. The current web-based regional forecast system provides an autumn forecast of the incidence of light leaf spot that can be expected the following spring. This is based on survey data which assesses the occurrence of disease the previous July, and weather factors, such as deviations from summer mean temperature and winter rainfall. The forecast can be updated throughout the autumn and winter and includes crop-specific elements so that growers can adjust risks by inputting information about cultivar, sowing date and fungicide use. Crop-specific forecasts can be confirmed by assessing the incidence of light leaf spot. Such assessments will become easier when immunodiagnostic methods for detection of the disease become available. Incorporation of information on spore biology (e.g. apothecial maturation, ascospore release and infection conditions) is considered as a component of the interactive, continuously updated, crop-specific, web-based forecasts which are needed in the future.