塔克拉玛干沙漠中尺度对流系统的时空分布特征

采用云图增强和图像叠加的方法,通过对1998-2002年5年GMS-5静止气象卫星红外云图数字资料的普查,共获得33个发生在塔克拉玛干沙漠的中-β尺度的对流系统(MCS),研究了MCS的地理分布及生命史特点。结果表明:空间上沙漠西部和北部是MCS的多发区,季节上,MCS主要出现在春末和整个夏季,以5月最多。时间上MCS具有明显的夜发性,多数MCS形成于午后到午夜(16:00-1:00),夜间至凌晨消散,持续4～6h,生命史偏短。     

Damage by wind-blown sand and its control measures along the Taklimakan Desert Highway in China

Desertification is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world,especially in the arid desert regions.Combating desertification,therefore,is an urgent task on a regional or even global scale.The Taklimakan Desert in China is the second largest mobile desert in the world and has been called the'Dead Sea'due to few organisms can exist in such a harsh environment.The Taklimakan Desert Highway,the longest desert highway(a total length of 446 km)across the mobile desert in the world,was built in the 1990s within the Taklimakan Desert.It has an important strategic significance regarding oil and gas resources exploration and plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of southern Xinjiang,China.However,wind-blow sand seriously damages the smoothness of the desert highway and,in this case,mechanical sand control system(including sand barrier fences and straw checkerboards)was used early in the life of the desert highway to protect the road.Unfortunately,more than 70%of the sand barrier fences and straw checkerboards have lost their functions,and the desert highway has often been buried and frequently blocked since 1999.To solve this problem,a long artificial shelterbelt with the length of 437 km was built along the desert highway since 2000.However,some potential problems still exist for the sustainable development of the desert highway,such as water shortage,strong sandstorms,extreme environmental characteristics and large maintenance costs.The study aims to provide an overview of the damages caused by wind-blown sand and the effects of sand control measures along the Taklimakan Desert Highway.Ultimately,we provide some suggestions for the biological sand control system to ensure the sustainable development of the Taklimakan Desert Highway,such as screening drought-resistant species to reduce the irrigation requirement and ensure the sound development of groundwater,screening halophytes to restore vegetation in the case of soil salinization,and planting cash crops,such as Cistanche,Wolfberry,Apocynum and other cash crops to decrease the high cost of maintenance on highways and shelterbelts.     

沙漠工程环境影响及其综合评价——以塔里木沙漠公路为例

沙漠是特殊的工程环境。根据国家“八五”重点科技攻关项目８５－１０１－０７“塔里木沙漠石油公路环境影响综合评价研究”，本文就沙漠环境对沙漠工程的影响以及沙漠工程环境影响特征进行了分析。     

防护林下草本植物层片物种多样性与环境因子的关系

沿塔里木沙漠公路防护林白北向南设置了10个调查样地,对草本植物的多度、盖度、丰富度进行调查,记录和测定各样地内地下水的埋深、电导率、矿化度,土壤电导率、灌木平均冠幅、灌木层郁闭度等环境因子.分析各样地物种多样性、样地间相似性的差异,以及草本植物层片物种多样性与环境因子的关系.结果表明:塔里木沙漠公路防护林下草本植物层片...     

Summer atmospheric boundary layer structure in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert,China

Understanding the characteristics of the structure of desert atmospheric boundary layer and its land surface process is of great importance to the simulations of regional weather and climate.To investigate the atmospheric boundary layer structure and its forming mechanism of Taklimakan Desert,and to improve the accuracy and precision of regional weather and climate simulations,we carried out a GPS radiosonde observation experiment in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert from 25 June to 3 July,2015.Utilizing the densely observed sounding data,we analyzed the vertical structures of daytime convective boundary layer and nighttime stable boundary layer in summer over this region,and also discussed the impacts of sand-dust and precipitation events on the desert atmospheric boundary layer structure.In summer,the convective boundary layer in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert developed profoundly and its maximum height could achieve 4,000 m;the stable boundary layer at nighttime was about 400–800-m thick and the residual mixing layer above it could achieve a thickness over 3,000 m.Sand-dust weather would damage the structures of nighttime stable boundary layer and daytime convective boundary layer,and the dust particle swarm can weak the solar radiation absorbed by the ground surface and further restrain the strong development of convective boundary layer in the daytime.Severe convective precipitation process can change the heat from the ground surface to the atmosphere in a very short time,and similarly can damage the structure of desert atmospheric boundary layer remarkably.Moreover,the height of atmospheric boundary layer was very low when raining.Our study verified the phenomenon that the atmospheric boundary layer with supernormal thickness exists over Taklimakan Desert in summer,which could provide a reference and scientific bases for the regional numerical models to better represent the desert atmospheric boundary layer structure.     

荒漠植物蒸腾速率的变化与组织含水量的关系

荒漠植物在长期适应环境过程中表现出相应的水分生理适应性。本文在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地通过对两年不同时段不同植物的蒸腾速率和植物组织含水量的测定结果进行统计分析 ,结果表明 ,蒸腾速率的大小与植物组织含水量的多少无关     

97中日塔克拉玛干沙漠徒步科学探险报告(生物部分)

1997年2－3月,中日塔克拉玛干沙漠科学探险队成功地完成了塔中至罗布庄的徒步穿越。本文对沿途的景观、植物、动物组成、浅层地下水及“死亡带”进行了论述。塔克拉玛干不是生命的禁地,有几十种“土著”动、植物分布于沙漠腹地。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘绿洲外围的天然植被

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘是一片极端士昌的荒漠，生态环境严酷，脆弱；植物区系组成贫乏。根据植被生存所需要的水分来源，本文将绿洲外围的天然植被粗略地划分为雨育植物群落，毛管水植物群落，以及主要靠大气降水，地表散流渗透和土壤包气带中的水汽维持生存的兼性植物群落，主要靠大气降水从沙层中吸收凝结水维持生命活动的兼性植物群落；上述各类天然植物群落是保护绿洲支持系统的有机组成，使绿洲免于减轻风沙流入侵。     

艾比湖地区绿洲化与荒漠化过程时空特征分析

以1990、2001和2005年的遥感数据作为数据源,进行景观分类与制图,利用ArcGIS提取了艾比湖地区的绿洲和荒漠景观,使用占补平衡原理和变化检测对比分析了绿洲退缩区和扩张区的数量特征和空间格局,并利用重心迁移模型得出绿洲和荒漠重心的变化趋势。结果表明:1)1990-2005年15年间,研究区绿洲面积不断增加,荒漠面积呈减少趋势,绿洲退缩区的面积为64.28km2,而绿洲扩张区的面积达到了383.63km2。其中,1990-2001年间,绿洲的年平均增长速度最大,为0.93%;2)研究时段内,绿洲的空间变化较大,其扩张区多位于研究区西部以耕地为主的区域和艾比湖湖区周围,绿洲退缩区主要位于研究区的东南部;3)绿洲的重心向西南方向迁移了0.8751km,同时,荒漠先向东南再向东北迁移,迁移距离共为2.0999 km。     

塔里木沙漠公路景观评价研究

塔里木沙漠公路是开展塔克拉玛干沙漠旅游的重要组成部分。公路沿线旅游景观的视觉好坏,直接影响游客的心理感受和对景观质量的认可度。通过对以往研究的总结与实地调查,从旅游研究视角,运用AHP法建立了3层级27个指标因子的塔里木沙漠公路景观评价体系,并验证了评价方法的有效性。进而对沙漠公路沿线景观质量进行系统评价,结果表明：沙...     

Land cover change detection based on satellite data for an arid area to the south of Aksu in Taklimakan desert

An experiment is made to detect the land-cover change in the area located to the south of Aksu in the northern Taklimakan desert through analyses of satellite data pixel by pixel basis. The analyzed data are those observed in the late summer and early autumn of 1973, 1977, 1993 and 1995. As a parameter of land-cover, SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index) derived from the data of Landsat MSS and JERS-1 OPS (Optical Sensor) is used. The result indicates the increase of vegetation in the oasis areas, confluent area of the Yarkant and Kashgar Rivers and around reservoirs while little change occurs in the desert area. The 1973 satellite image shows the abundant flow in the Yarkant River while the river is almost dried up in the satellite images of later years. The trend of the decrease in the Hotan River flow is recognized although not so dramatic as that of the Yarkant River.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地复合纵向沙垄间地沙丘空间分形及稳定性

塔克拉玛干沙漠的大地貌格局是高大复合沙垄和宽广垄间地相间分布,而垄间地是研究简单沙丘发育过程的良好试验场地。基于Google Earth影像,以分形理论为基础,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地复合纵向沙垄区垄间地上覆沙丘在主导风方向上的分形特征进行了分析,结果表明：① 垄间地沙丘形状指数（面积-周长关系）的标度-频度双对数关系非常显著,分形关系客观存在,并且不受统计时所用标度的影响;② 垄间地各类沙丘的分维值存在差异,其中,饼状沙堆和沙片分维值最大（1.337）,新月形沙丘次之（1.170）,简单线性沙丘最小（1.087）;③ 垄间地沙丘分维值的空间差异较大,在1.187~1.656,其分维数：背风坡脚（1.24）＜垄间地中部（1.40）＜迎风坡脚（1.50）,变异系数为0.106;④ 垄间地沙丘稳定性指数与分维值的空间分布相反,即背风坡脚（0.26）＞垄间地中部（0.16）＞迎风坡脚（0.10）;⑤ 垄间地沙丘分维值空间差异主要与沙丘发育程度有关,其中,风信是动力基础,沙源是物质基础。在流动沙漠,沙丘分形维数可以作为反映其风沙环境特征的定量指标。     

塔中紫外辐射与气象要素的关系

分析2007年塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地紫外辐射特征和影响因子与气象要素的相关性,并依据有关要素拟合出紫外辐射的估算方程。结果表明：紫外辐射年总量达到305.64 MJ/（m2.a）,7月最大,12月最小,全年瞬时强度峰值在6月,为67.11 W/m2。紫外辐射的变化与总辐射变化呈显著正相关,且紫外辐射在总辐射中所占比例夏季大...     

Stable oxygen-hydrogen isotopes reveal water use strategies of Tamarix taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert,China

Tamarix taklamakanensis,a dominant species in the Taklimakan Desert of China,plays a crucial role in stabilizing sand dunes and maintaining regional ecosystem stability.This study aimed to determine the water use strategies of T.taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert under a falling groundwater depth.Four typical T.taklamakanensis nabkha habitats(sandy desert of Tazhong site,saline desert-alluvial plain of Qiemo site,desert-oasis ecotone of Qira site and desert-oasis ecotone of Aral site)were selected with different climate,soil,groundwater and plant cover conditions.Stable isotope values of hydrogen and oxygen were measured for plant xylem water,soil water(soil depths within 0–500 cm),snowmelt water and groundwater in the different habitats.Four potential water sources for T.taklamakanensis,defined as shallow,middle and deep soil water,as well as groundwater,were investigated using a Bayesian isotope mixing model.It was found that groundwater in the Taklimakan Desert was not completely recharged by precipitation,but through the river runoff from snowmelt water in the nearby mountain ranges.The surface soil water content was quickly depleted by strong evaporation,groundwater depth was relatively shallow and the height of T.taklamakanensis nabkha was relatively low,thus T.taklamakanensis primarily utilized the middle(23%±1%)and deep(31%±5%)soil water and groundwater(36%±2%)within the sandy desert habitat.T.taklamakanensis mainly used the deep soil water(55%±4%)and a small amount of groundwater(25%±2%)within the saline desert-alluvial plain habitat,where the soil water content was relatively high and the groundwater depth was shallow.In contrast,within the desert-oasis ecotone in the Qira and Aral sites,T.taklamakanensis primarily utilized the deep soil water(35%±1%and 38%±2%,respectively)and may also use groundwater because the height of T.taklamakanensis nabkha was relatively high in these habitats and the soil water content was relatively low,which is associated with the reduced groundwater depth due to excessive water resource exploitation and utilization by surrounding cities.Consequently,T.taklamakanensis showed distinct water use strategies among the different habitats and primarily depended on the relatively stable water sources(deep soil water and groundwater),reflecting its adaptations to the different habitats in the arid desert environment.These findings improve our understanding on determining the water sources and water use strategies of T.taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠灌草丘的发育特征及环境意义

对灌草丘的发育条件及沉积特征的研究表明，塔克拉玛干沙漠地区的灌草丘形成在绿洲受风沙入浸，由水沉积转为风沙沉积过程中，气候变化对灌草丘的发育未产生重要影响，但流水在其中起了决定性作用。灌草丘开始发育之后，可以依某一速率持续增长，也可能被埋没（主要是风沙流），或被侵蚀夷平，但部分灌草丘在沙漠的发展过程中保存达数千年之久。有限的测年数据及地表景观显示灌草丘发育的阶段性，实际上也是沙漠发展的阶段性。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带风沙流结构特征分析

利用多种集沙仪,通过野外实时输沙观测,对塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带的地表风沙流特征进行了分析,结果表明：① 100 cm高度范围内,总输沙量的47.3%分布在30 cm高度内,这一比例小于前人的研究结果;输沙量随高度的变化比较符合幂函数分布。② 风沙流输沙的粒径以细砂、极细砂与粉砂为主,各高度层所占比例均达99%以上;风沙流输沙平均粒径随高度增加而减小,沙尘的含量随高度增加呈现“象鼻”状分布。③ 风沙流中贴地层风速廓线受风沙相互作用的影响,不再符合对数分布,更加符合幂函数u=az^b分布。     

塔里木沙漠公路风沙危害形成研究

塔里木沙漠公路南北横贯塔里木盆地 ,全长 5 6 2km ,其中近 80 %的路段穿行于塔克拉玛干沙漠之中 ,是世界上穿越流动沙漠最长的等级公路 ,因而风沙危害是制约沙漠公路正常运行的主要病害。研究表明 ,1)沙漠公路沿线风力强劲 ,沙丘形态各异 ,地表组成物质松散 ,为风沙危害形成提供了动力条件和奠定了物质基础 ;作为风沙危害的受灾对象 ,沙漠公路防沙体系结构以及公路纵横断面也直接作用于风沙危害形成过程 ;2 )沙漠公路风沙危害主要源于防沙体系沙物质的侵入和防沙体系内部因近地面气流变异而产生的风蚀与堆积 ;目前沙漠公路风沙危害的主体是防沙体系 ,危害的形式包括风蚀、风沙流滞留积沙和沙丘前移压埋。     

塔中地区不同类型沙丘浅层地温观测

2009年8月3～10日,通过对塔中地区流动沙丘和人工固定沙丘的地温测量,获得了不同深度的地温数据:①夏季无论人工固定沙丘,还是流动沙丘表面地温的日较差都很大,日较差随着深度的增加逐渐变小,特别在沙丘20 cm深度处,地温的日较差较小;②人工固定沙丘在相同深度的温度要比流动沙丘低;③在夏季地温和气温差值较大,出现了一年...     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地两处高地的地质地貌对比研究——麻扎塔格山和北民丰隆起

文章论述了沙漠腹地两处高地的地质地貌特点,并作对比分析。它们之间既有受构造控制的共性,又有发育历史差异带来的个性,认为它们之间同受东西向构造控制,长期以来经历缓慢的隆升与长期同受沙漠包围经受剥蚀;它们的存在的地貌效应,导致南北侧许多自然环境因子的差异,同时对丝路兴衰和西域文明的进展也具有影响。     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林土壤盐结皮化学特征及其对土壤蒸发的影响

盐结皮是广泛分布于塔里木沙漠公路防护林土壤表层的一个特殊层次,目前对其化学特征及其对土壤蒸发的影响尚无系统研究。文中对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地不同定植年限防护林土壤盐结皮有机质含量、全盐量、八大离子含量和pH值进行了分析,并进行了盐结皮抑制土壤蒸发试验,结果表明:土壤盐结皮有机质含量随着防护林定植年限的增加而增加;全盐量、各离子含量、pH值均随着防护林定植年限的增加而逐渐降低。其中,全盐量均远高于流沙地;各离子含量与流沙地相比有不同程度的增加,Cl-、Na+和SO24-增加量最为明显,Mg2+、K+、Ca2+和HCO-3次之,CO23-含量极微且基本没有变化,pH值均呈碱性,定植11年防护林盐结皮pH值甚至低于流沙地;盐结皮可以有效的抑制土壤水分的蒸发。