Milling of wood and wood-based materials with a computerized numerically controlled router IV: development of automatic measurement system for cutting edge profile of throw-away type straight bit

In industrial machining of timber, the method in which the operator visually inspects both wear and chippings of router bits after stopping the machine is generally adopted. However, many working hours are lost in this method and productivity suffers. Therefore, the development of a system that can automatically measure wear or chippings without stopping the machine is desirable. In this study, a laser measuring instrument was installed in a computerized numerically controlled (CNC) router, and an automatic measurement system for the cutting edge profile of throw-away-type straight bits with single-edged blades was developed. The main results are summarized as follows: (1) an automatic measurement system for the cutting edge profile of the bit was constructed; (2) this system was composed of a laser measuring instrument, a control personal computer (PC) for the CNC router, and a monitoring PC to control some devices and collect sampling data; (3) the system could measure the cutting edge profile of the bit without stopping the CNC router.Part of this article was presented at the 51st and 52nd Annual Meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo and Gifu, April 2001 and 2002, respectively     

从RPM和CNC技术的应用看木工机械技术的发展前景

RPM（快速原型制造技术）和CNC（计算机数控技术）系统是数控机床的灵魂，要满足我国木工机械的RPM和CNC化必须开展该系统的国产化研究，发展民族RPM和CNC系统产业。本文认为，移植先进RPM和CNC技术是发展木工机械的RPM和CNC制造业的捷径。通过RPM和CNC技术的普及，可以促进木工机械新技术的发展。RPM和CNC技术将使新材料在木制品加工行业得以发展，使木制品的模具业生产实现现代化，替代木制品加工组合机床，实现高速加工，使机床构件材料发生变化，使木制品制造技术中雕刻的精度和下料的精度提高。     

Performance of coated carbide tools when grooving wood-based materials: effect of work materials and coating materials on the wear resistance of coated carbide tools

This paper presents the performance of coated carbide tools when grooving various density hardboards and wood-chip cement boards. Work materials of low density (about 0.8g/cm³) and high density (about 1.2g/cm³) were tested. The coating materials studied were chromium carbide, titanium carbonitride, and titanium carbide, which were synthesized on P30 carbide substrate using a chemical vapor deposition method; titanium nitride, chromium nitride, and titanium carbonitride were synthesized using the physical vapor deposition method. Cutting tests were performed during grooving at a cutting speed of 1000m/min and a feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev. The results of the study show that the coated carbide tools are more advantageous in reducing the progression of tool wear and retaining lower normal force and noise level when cutting both hardboard and wood-chip cement board of high density than was the uncoated carbide tool. The wear rate of the coated carbide tools for the wood-chip cement board increased more rapidly than that of the hardboard with increasing densities. Though the coated carbide tools suffered more wear with the low-density wood-chip cement board than with hardboard, their normal force and noise level were always lower for the low-density wood-chip cement board.Part of this paper was presented at the 11th Annual Meeting of the Chugoku Shikoku branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Matsue, Shimane, September 25, 1999     

MB402E四面刨床的数控化改造设计

根据竹地板加工工艺对四面刨床的要求，对MB402E普通四面刨床的刨切、开榫等关键性工艺实施数控化改造，使普通四面刨实现了自动调刀、自动加工等功能。通过设计的加工控制程序，完成控制系统的安装和调试，并研制和开发了竹地板公差检测系统。现场加工示范表明：所采用的数控系统结构简单、造价较低、维护调试方便，特别适合于目前国产设备的数控化改造，具有一定的推广价值。     

国内外木结构数控加工中心产品技术现状与发展

随着木结构行业的快速发展,木构件数控加工成为行业发展的必然趋势。但国内对专业木结构数控加工中心研发很少,主要依赖价格和操作技术门槛高的欧美进口加工中心,导致国内木结构建筑成本高,因此亟待开展国产木结构数控加工中心研发,促进木结构产业快速发展。文中主要围绕木结构数控加工中心的产品技术,从国内外加工中心产品现状、主要技术进展和未来展望3个方面进行综述,介绍德国、意大利等发达国家水平较高的数控加工中心的产品及功能参数以及国内数控加工中心产品及技术现状,分析目前木结构数控加工中心的主要技术进展,总结国内木结构数控加工中心存在的问题,并在此基础上展望国内加工中心通用化、高性价比、定制化和智能化的发展方向,以期促进国产木结构建筑构件数控加工中心的研发,为木结构企业提供高性价比的数控加工中心产品和稳定的售后服务。     

多轴联动数控双面铣床控制系统设计

针对异形木制零件的结构特点,制定零件双面加工的工艺方案和机床设备的设计方案;针对工艺要求对机床结构进行详细设计,介绍各机构的工作原理及过程。根据机床控制方案,设计基于"PC+运动控制器"开放式控制系统,完成系统硬件包括PC、运动控制器和伺服系统的设计以及系统软件包括PLC梯形图、PC应用程序等的设计,实现DXF文件的读取、NC程序的生成、加工路径的离线模拟、状态监控、手动/自动控制以及参数设置。实践证明,多轴联动数控双面铣床自动化程度高、操作简便、性能稳定。     

Effect of the helix angle of router bits on chip formation and energy consumption during milling of solid wood

The effect of the helix angle of a router bit on chip formation and electric energy per volume (specific energy) under different feed speeds and cutting depths during the milling of maple and China fir by a computer numerically controlled (CNC) router was investigated. The peripheral cutting edge of router bits were custom-made at helix angles of 0°, 2°, 4°, 6°, and 8°. The feed speed varied from 600 to 4800mm/min, and the depths of cut were set at 1,2,3,4, and 6mm. The chips were classified by sieving into a flake type, a splinter type (5 and 10 mesh), a flow type (20 and 40 mesh), and a granule type (< 40 mesh). As the feed speed and the cutting depth increased for the five router bits, more chips of the flake type and the splinter type were produced. However, the number of granule-type chips under the larger helix angle was reduced. The energy per volume removed (specific energy) increased with the feed speed and the depth of cut while milling maple and China fir. More specific energy per cubic centimeter was consumed under the lower feed speeds and the smaller depth of cut. The specific energy can be expressed as a negative power function of the feed speed or the cutting depth for maple and China fir.     

木结构房屋加工中心CAM系统设计实现

介绍了木结构房屋加工中心结构，开发设计了木结构房屋加工中心CAM系统。该系统能够对木屋构件进行加工过程仿真，控制代码转换，可大幅度提高木屋构件加工的准确性和生产效率。     

金刚石木工铣刀专用线切割机及数控系统的研究

介绍了五轴金刚石木工铣刀线切割机的加工特点以及新增数控分度回转轴的机械结构和控制系统,并研究了该线切割机数控系统的硬件和软件构成。     

表面涂层木工刀具的研究进展

介绍几种表面涂层木工刀具的加工方法和使用状况,分析表面涂层刀具的切削特点和磨损形态,概述了国内外研究进展.研究成果表明,涂层处理可以延长刀具使用寿命,减少刃磨和换刀时间,提高生产效率和表面加工质量.     

Carbon-based layers for mechanical machining of wood-based materials

In the machining processes of wood-based materials, especially those of laminated chipboards, one of the most important features is the durability of the machining tool. This work presents the results of an investigation on the properties of sintered carbide tools modified using carbon and composite (carbon- and titanium-based) layers. The machining edges were examined before and after the modification processes. Coatings were applied under operating conditions using the spindle molder. As a result of the investigation, blunt characteristics as a function of the amount of machined material as well as characteristic wear profiles registered after the tests are described. The usefulness of each modification process was specified based on wear resistance criteria. Obtained investigation results prove the possibility to apply carbon-based coatings in mechanical machining of wood-based materials, in particular, in the treatment of non-laminated chipboards.     

竹材定型弧铣机的研制

加工矩形竹片时上下两弧面的加工余量大,造成竹片坯料利用率低、铣削动力消耗大、刀具磨损严重.为解决上述问题研制出了竹材定型弧铣机.竹材定型弧铣机是以原竹经破竹加工而成的竹片坯条作为加工对象,能一次进行四面定宽定弧铣削加工,加工效率高,可提高竹材利用率25%以上.另外,该机还可显著降低切削加工能耗,具有结构紧凑、操作方便、加工精度高等优点.介绍了该设备的主要结构、工作原理以及进给机构、初定宽铣削机构、竹黄弧形铣削机构、竹青弧形铣削机构、终定宽铣削机构等部分的设计原则.     

Cross-sectional cutting of bamboo with a pair of shearing blades for bamboo cube production

As a new use of bamboo, bamboo cubes may be useful as a shot-blast material for surface treatments. However, a suitable processing technique for bamboo cubes has not been established. In this study, to obtain basic knowledge regarding the processing technology for bamboo cubes, we installed shearing blades (upper and lower blades) in a universal testing machine to test cross-sectional shearing of bamboo. The shearing force generated in this shearing was composed of a vertical component (F _v), a forward component (F _f), and a side component (F _s). This shearing force (F _v, F _f, and F _s) and the machining accuracy were investigated under various processing conditions. The shearing force became larger as the thickness of bamboo increased. In particular, F _v showed a tendency to increase rapidly. Changes in the shear angle of the upper blade had a remarkable influence on F _v. This result suggests that the shearing force could be greatly decreased by adjusting the shear angle. The shearing force within bamboo of 3mm in thickness was almost unaffected by the blade angle, and the change of shearing force with increasing clearance was almost indiscernible. It was clearly demonstrated that a large number of bamboo cubes could be made when the shear angle was large and cross-sectional shearing was performed from the bark side. However, a consequence of a large shear angle is that burr area increases. Part of this article was presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, March 2003     

小型数控雕刻机横梁结构的有限元分析

横梁是小型数控雕刻机中重要的承载部件,其静、动态特性对整机的加工精度和稳定性影响较大。利用ANSYS Workbench对横梁结构进行了有限元分析,结果表明横梁的强度和刚度均满足机床的精度要求,同时提出了避免横梁结构发生共振的刀具加工频率。     

基于宏程序在数控车床上加工圆弧面蜗杆

以Fanuc 0i系统数控车床为例，阐述了运用宏程序解决圆弧面蜗杆的加工问题，并提供了相应的程序。     

线切割与镂铣图形的CNC自动编程及虚拟加工技术研究

以AutoCAD R14为开发平台，综合运用ObjectARX SDK、Visual C^ 6.0及CNC技术，在研究了AutoCAD R14的数据结构、平面图形CNC自动编程及加工过程仿真和虚拟现实算法基础上，开发出一种适用于CNC木工镂铣、CNC线切割和CNC激光平面轨迹加工的、集CAD／CNC APT／虚拟加工功能于一体的集成技术。该技术可直接将二维AutoCAD图形快速自动转换成二维CNC加工程序，并可对所编程序进行虚拟加工实验，以检验加工的正确性和可靠性；解决了实际二维平面图形加工CAD／CAM集成及其一体化的瓶颈问题。     

微米木纤维颈椎夹板的研制

以微米木纤维为材料替代国内外广泛采用的塑料与石膏而制作颈椎夹板,具有环保、绿色、与人体皮肤相容性好等优点。微米木纤维颈椎夹板是一种规则空间曲面加工的木质工件,为解决其双曲面造型的加工难题,目前这种复杂的夹板造型多先在专用模压机床上直接加工出不同曲线形状的夹板,之后使用普通数控机床或加工中心来进行形状修正。而建立微米木纤维颈椎夹板空间曲面的通用数学模型,利用模型参数驱动的通用性,直接由模型方程输入人体颈部相关尺寸参数,即可获得不同人群所需的加工尺寸,实现在一台机床上完成不规则曲面自动加工,可保证颈椎夹板造型的美观,并降低生产成本。VC++6.0对微米木纤维颈椎夹板造型进行的仿真验证表明,所建立的数学模型具有良好的精确性、通用性和实用性,为微米木纤维颈椎夹板加工系统的开发奠定理论基础。     

橱柜门数控加工的定位夹紧原则与方法

针对橱柜门传统加工工序繁杂和效率低的问题，通过对橱柜门结构特点和加工工艺的分析，提出了一种新的橱柜门定位夹紧方法。该方法大大提高了产品质量和生产效率，对实现橱柜门数控加工的规模化具有重要意义。     

数控车削加工高精度圆弧

分析了在无半径补偿功能的数控车床上精加工圆弧或锥度时易产生误差的原因,指出为解决这一问题应在编写数控加工程序时对圆弧刀尖进行补偿计算,求得刀位点（假想刀尖点）在加工过程中的坐标值,从而有效地解决过切或欠切等问题。     

The influence of technical characteristics of wood milling tools on its wear performance

Influence of technical and chemical characteristics of industrial wood milling tools on its wear was analysed. Four tools of different manufacturers were subjected to the research. Lithuanian oak wood was chosen for the research as a reference material. Behaviour of cutting tools was assessed on the adopted industrial thickness planer SR3-6 with cutting speed of 31 m/s. Wear performance was evaluated on milling the specimens until 3200 m of true cutting length. Summarising achieved results, the following can be stated: chemical composition of tool and heat treatment schedule has great impact on the tool edge wear. The highest wear resistance was reached on testing tools made of CT01M-LA2; tools made of high-alloyed tool steel 8X6HΦT have presented the highest cutting edge radius and edge recession in each type of test as compared with tools made of high-speed tool steels Z80WCV18-04-01/18-0-1 and HS18-0-1, respectively. All these tools are suitable for oak wood processing. The high-alloyed tool steel shows similar wear performance as high-speed tool steels.