日粮粗蛋白质水平对杜寒杂交断奶羔羊生长性能、血清生化及免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究开食料的粗蛋白质含量对杜寒杂交断奶羔羊生长性能、血清生化及免疫指标的影响,探索出合适的日粮粗蛋白质水平.选用120日龄左右的杜泊羊(♂)×小尾寒羊(♀)杂交1代羔羊18只,随机分成3组,公、母各半,A、B、C组饲喂代谢能水平相近且粗蛋白质水平分别为10.40%、13.00%、15.70%的开食料.于试验开始的0、30、60 d晨饲前称量每只羔羊的体重、体斜长、体高和胸围,并静脉采血测定相关血清生化指标.结果表明,羔羊进食B组日粮,日增重达到248.67 g,高于A、C组;各组体高、体斜长和胸围差异不显著(P>0.05).3种日粮对羔羊血清中葡萄糖(GLU)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、总胆固醇(TCHO)含量及ALB/GLB均无显著影响(P>0.05);尿素氮(BUN)、甘油三酯(TG)含量受日粮粗蛋白质水平影响显著(P<0.05).150日龄时,B组羔羊血清中白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量显著高于A、C组(P<0.05);180日龄时,B组血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量显著高于A、C组、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量显著高于A组(P<0.05),免疫能力较强.综上所述,断奶羔羊开食料的代谢能为10.50 MJ/kg、粗蛋白质水平为13.00%时,可满足羔羊生长发育的需要.     

代乳粉对羔羊生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

本文旨在研究代乳粉对羔羊生产性能和血液生化指标的影响,并优选出适宜的羔羊代乳粉营养水平和稀释比例。选择80只健康的小尾寒羊羔羊,采用单因子试验设计,将羔羊随机分为4组进行试验。初生羔羊吃足初乳,于5天后分组,采用逐渐替代法,将母乳转换成3种不同营养水平的代乳粉,分别以一定的稀释比例哺喂3组羔羊,另1组为对照组(喂纯羊乳)。结果表明:①饲喂代乳粉对各组羔羊的死亡率无显著影响。②试验1组的平均日增重(ADG)为193 g,明显高于对照组的151.25 g和试验3组的107 g,差异显著(P<0.05);而试验2组的平均日增重为160.5 g,与其他3组无明显差异(P>0.05)。③血液指标中,血糖(Glu)值以试验1组最高,为3.84 mmol/L,明显高于对照组和其他2组(P<0.01);试验2组的血清尿素氮(BUN)值为16.89 mg/dL,极显著地高于对照组的9.99 mg/dL和试验3组的8.76 mg/dL(P<0.01),显著高于试验1组(P<0.05);各组中血清白蛋白(ALB)含量比较接近,无显著差异(P>0.05);总蛋白(TP)含量试验1组最高为52.26 g/L,极显著高于对照组和试验3组(P<0.01),而与试验2组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。早期断奶羔羊平均每只每日进食的消化能和粗蛋白分别为9.21 MJ、106.92 g,哺喂营养含量和稀释比例适宜的代乳粉(试验1组)能促进早期断奶羔羊的生长发育。     

饲养模式对断奶羔羊生长性能和生化指标的影响

为了研究放牧与圈养这两种不同饲养模式对断奶羔羊生长性能和部分血液生化指标的影响,进行了分别对放牧组和圈养组饲养对比试验,选择2月龄健康的断奶安徽白山羊羔羊60只,分为放牧组和圈养组。每组30头,公母随机,试验期90 d。测定两组断奶羔羊的生长性能和部分血液生化指标。结果表明,整个试验期各个阶段,圈养组羔羊在断奶后体重、平均日增重明显高于放牧组(P0.05或P0.01),但病死率低于放牧组。断奶后30 d和60 d两组羔羊的生化指标均下降(P0.05或P0.01),圈养组羔羊总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白尿氮、碱性磷酸酯(TP、ALB、GLOB、UN、AKP)、Ca和P水平显著高于放牧组(P0.05),但UN水平低于放牧组(P0.05)。试验证实:采取圈养能显著提高断奶羔羊部分血液生化指标并促进羔羊生长,生长效果好。     

早期断奶应激对仔猪血清生化指标的影响

5窝 3 5日龄仔猪 4 0头 ,随机分成 2组 ,每组 2 0头 ,每窝 4头。 组仔猪 3 5日龄断奶后留原栏 , 组仔猪 3 5日龄随母猪转栏。在断奶时和断奶后 1、3 d,仰卧前腔静脉采血 ,进行生化指标检验。结果表明 , 组仔猪断奶后 3 d,血清尿素氮 ( BUN)水平升高 ( P <0 .0 5) ,血清球蛋白 ( GLOB)水平降低 ( P <0 .0 5)。断奶后腹泻仔猪的血清钠 ( Na)、葡萄糖 ( GLU)、总蛋白 ( TP)、氯 ( Cl)、清蛋白 ( ALB)水平与腹泻前相比显著下降或极显著下降 ( P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1 ) ,血清尿素氮 ( BUN )、乳酸脱氢酶 ( LDH )、肌酸激酶 ( CK )、球蛋白( GLOB)升高 ( P <0 .0 5或 P <0 .0 1 )     

福建省地方山羊品种血液生化指标的测定分析

为了解福建省3个地方山羊品种的血液生理生化指标,分别测定了福清山羊、戴云山羊和闽东山羊哺乳期羔羊、6月龄育成羊和12月龄母羊3个生长发育时期的血液生理生化指标。结果显示:总蛋白(TP)、钙(Ca)、无机磷(P)、淀粉酶(AMS)、总胆红素(TBil)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、肌酐(Cre)7项血清生化指标在3个山羊品种不同月龄的羊群间均无显著性差异(P0.05),表明这些指标可作为3个山羊品种机体健康标准判断的指标;3个山羊品种血清球蛋白(GLOB)含量均随日龄的增加而降低,而白蛋白与球蛋白的比值(A/G)均有随着日龄增长而升高的趋势;白蛋白(ALB)、血糖(GLU)、尿素氮(BUN)、总胆固醇(TC)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和肌酸激酶(CK)6项血清生化指标在3个山羊品种不同生长阶段的血清含量规律存在差异。说明TP、ALB和BUN 3项血清指标可作为3个山羊品种日粮粗蛋白质平衡的参考,GLU可作为日粮能量平衡的参考,ALP可作为日粮Ca、P平衡的参考。     

断奶日龄对五指山仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究断奶日龄对五指山仔猪生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。选取日龄相近(±1 d)、体重[(0.56±0.07)kg]相近的五指山仔猪96头,随机分成4组,每组设4个重复,每个重复6头猪。4组仔猪分别在21、28、35和42日龄断奶。试验从8日龄开始,至56日龄结束,试验期间定期测定体重、采食量和血清生化指标。结果表明:各组仔猪断奶后平均日增重(ADG)出现不同程度的下降,且断奶日龄越早,ADG下降幅度越大;35日龄断奶组和42日龄断奶组21~28日龄、28~35日龄、35~42日龄、49~56日龄阶段的ADG显著高于21日龄断奶组(P0.05)。各组仔猪断奶后平均日采食量(ADFI)显著增加(P0.05),42日龄以后,各组ADFI无显著差异(P0.05)。21日龄断奶组、28日龄断奶组、35日龄断奶组血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量以及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性在断奶后7 d均发生显著变化(P0.05),并以21日龄断奶组波动最大;与35日龄断奶组和42日龄断奶组相比,21日龄断奶组28、35日龄时血清TP、ALB、IgG、IgM含量显著降低(P0.05),ALT、AST、LDH活性显著提高(P0.05),到56日龄时,血清TP、IgG、IgM含量仍显著低于35日龄断奶组和42日龄断奶组(P0.05)。21日龄断奶组血清甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHOL)含量在28~56日龄间存在显著变化(P0.05),35日龄断奶组和42日龄断奶组血清TG、CHOL含量在整个试验期内均无显著变化(P0.05)。35日龄断奶组血清TP、ALB、IgG、IgM含量以及ALT、AST、LDH活性除在42日龄时与42日龄断奶组存在显著差异(P0.05)外,其余时间点与42日龄断奶组均无显著差异(P0.05)。由此得出,35或42日龄断奶的五指山仔猪在生长性能、血清生化指标及免疫机能方面优于21日龄断奶的五指山仔猪。     

党参复方添加剂对运动马血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究党参复方添加剂对健身骑乘用的运动马血清生化指标的影响。将60匹健康的运动马随机分为4组,分别在基础精料中添加0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的中药添加剂,饲养60 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,添加1.0%党参复方添加剂,运动马血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和血清肌酸激酶(CK)含量显著降低(P<0.05);血清葡萄糖(GLU)、总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(BUN)、白蛋白(ALB)和球蛋白(GLOB)含量显著增加(P<0.05),白蛋白/球蛋白(A/G)显著降低(P<0.05)。添加1.5%党参复方添加剂,显著增加ALB和GLOB的含量(P<0.05),降低A/G值;ALT、AST活性显著增强(P<0.05)。研究表明,与其他组相比,添加1.0%党参复方添加剂对提高运动马的免疫力效果较好。     

Effects of Weaning Age on Growth Performance,Digestion and Metabolism of Hu Sheep Lambs and Serum Hormone Contents of Ewes北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究断奶日龄对湖羊羔羊的生长性能、消化代谢及母羊血清激素含量的影响,以期为补饲代乳料条件下,湖羊羔羊早期断奶的可行性提供依据,并确定最佳断奶时间。选取出生日期相差不超过3 d、体况良好、健康无疾病的羔羊90只,将羔羊随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只。7日龄开始饲喂代乳料的情况下,分别于25日龄(试验Ⅰ组)、35日龄(试验Ⅱ组)、45日龄(对照组)断奶,试验期90 d。结果表明:1)在16~45日龄,试验Ⅰ组羔羊由于断奶应激,导致羔羊采食量减少,平均日增重低于试验Ⅱ组,且在31~45日龄,平均日增重显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅰ组平均日采食量分别比试验Ⅱ组高出5.09%(P<0.05),比对照组高出7.50%(P<0.05)。2)试验Ⅰ组的粗蛋白质(CP)表观消化率显著低于试验Ⅱ组与对照组(P<0.05),试验组湖羊羔羊的氮摄入量、净蛋白质利用率和蛋白质生物学价值指标与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。3)断奶当天,试验Ⅰ组血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的含量极显著高于试验Ⅱ组和对照组(P<0.01),且试验Ⅱ组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组血清总胆固醇(TC)含量显著高于试验Ⅱ组和对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组血清甘油三酯(TG)含量极显著高于试验Ⅰ组和对照组(P<0.01);90日龄,试验Ⅱ组血清葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);断奶当天,试验Ⅱ组血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)60日龄,试验Ⅱ组血清雌二醇(E2)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而30日龄,试验Ⅰ组血清促乳素(PRL)含量极显著高于试验Ⅱ组和对照组(P<0.01)。5)试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组与对照组的羔羊成活率分别为76.67%、86.67%、90.00%。经综合评定,湖羊羔羊35日龄断奶是可行的。     

壳聚糖对奶牛血清胆固醇和蛋白质的影响

选择体重、胎次、泌乳期、产奶量相近、营养中等、临床健康、CMT检测呈阴性的中国荷斯坦奶牛40头,随机分为对照组和试验1、2、3组四个组。在基础日粮中分别添加壳聚糖0g/d、2g/d、4g/d、6g/d,连续饲喂5周。结果:试验1、2组血清胆固醇含量分别为2.75～3.07mmol/L、2.69～3.05mmol/L(P>0.05);试验3组牛在0～2周分别为2.75～3.03mmol/L(P>0.05),3～5周分别为2.31±0.62(mmol/L)、2.15±0.51(mmol/L)和2.06±0.49(mmol/L);分别降低了21.24%、21.82%和28.96%,差异显著(P<0.05)。血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白含量各组均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:应用6g/d壳聚糖能够降低泌乳奶牛血清胆固醇的含量,但不影响奶牛血清蛋白质的含量。壳聚糖可以作为饲料添加剂在牛群中长期使用。     

锌源和锌水平对断奶应激仔猪血清生化指标的影响

选用(26±2)日龄"杜长大"三元杂交断奶仔猪100头,按体质量和性别随机分成5组,每组20头,分别饲喂基础日粮、基础日粮 2 000 mg/kg氧化锌、基础日粮 3 000 mg/kg氧化锌和基础日粮 250 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌、基础日粮 500 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌。试验期14 d。断奶后于前腔静脉采血,测定部分血清生化指标水平。结果表明,高锌日粮能显著提高断奶应激仔猪体质量(AW)、平均日增重(ADG)和日采食量(ADFI),降低料重比(F/G)和断奶后腹泻率。断奶后仔猪血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLOB)、总胆固醇(CHL)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平显著或极显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),对照组仔猪血清尿素氮(SUN)含量在断奶后7 d极显著升高(P<0.01)。断奶前后,血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性无显著差异。添加高锌显著提高断奶仔猪血清ALP水平,降低血清钙(Ca)和血清磷(P)浓度,对上述其他生化指标无显著影响。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein