土壤与植物中硫行为研究进展

对土壤与植物中硫行为若干机理性或关键性问题的近期进展进行了综述,内容包括土壤有机硫的矿土,土壤对硫的吸会,硫的营养生理功能,硫与植物营养元素的互作及机理等四个方面最后提出了今后应加强研究的问题。     

土壤中植物有效硫的评价

本文综述了土壤硫素形态及有效性、土壤有效硫的测定方法以及不同方法测定的土壤有效硫与植物生长的相关性。土壤有效硫的测定主要考虑表层土壤可溶性和部分吸附态硫酸盐,但土壤有机质含量、有机硫含量和组成、土壤机械组成、pH值以及下层土壤硫素状况也是不可忽略的重要因素。目前还没有一种行之有效的统一方法能够合理评价土壤有效硫状况。今后应进一步研究不同土壤的供硫特性,并对不同有效硫评价方法进行筛选,找出适合我国土壤和气候条件下的土壤有效硫评价方法和指标,以期为合理施用含硫肥料提供依据。     

石灰性土壤中硫形态组分及其影响因素

对陕西 ,湖南等 7省 (市 ) 22个农田耕层土壤硫形态组分的分析表明 ,供试土壤总硫平均为405.5 111.8mg/kg ,总有机硫占总硫 85.4 % 10.0%。供试土壤中酯键硫 (C -O-S)、碳键硫(C -S)、惰性硫平均含量分别为 130.3 64.6、65.5 29.4、152.5 96.7mg/kg ,分别占总硫的31.4 % 12.9%、18.0 % 10.7%、36.0 %17.8% ;分别占总有机硫的 36.6 % 14.4 %、21.8 13.8%、41.5 % 19.1%。石灰性土壤C -O -S、C -S形态硫与土壤有机碳之间分别呈极显著 (r =0.7334* * )和显著 (r =0.4426*)正相关。石灰性母质发育土壤C -O -S含量显著大于黄土母质发育的土壤。供试土壤无机硫组分中主要是难溶硫 ,其平均含量达 28.4mg/kg ,占总无机硫 50.7%。土壤中难溶硫与总无机硫 (r =0.6040* *)和CaCO3(r =0.6800* *)之间呈极显著正相关 ,而与总有机硫 (r =- 0.5286*)、C-O -S (r =- 0.4417*)和有机碳 (r =-0.4786*)之间呈显著负相关。黄土母质发育土壤难溶硫含量 ,占总硫和占总无机硫的比例显著或极显著高于石灰性母质发育的土壤。为了全面评价石灰性土壤硫素供应潜力 ,有必要开展石灰性土壤难溶硫形成及转化规律和生物有效性的研究。     

稀土元素对土壤-植物系统中重金属行为的影响及其机理研究进展

随着稀土的持续开采和在各领域中的广泛应用,稀土进入土壤环境的风险逐渐增大,导致稀土与重金属的复合污染问题,其中稀土元素对土壤-植物系统中重金属行为的影响研究也开始受到关注。研究已表明,外源稀土可以显著影响土壤与植物系统中重金属的赋存形态和迁移分布特征,可缓解重金属对植物的毒性,也可能和重金属产生协同毒害作用。分别从浓度-剂量、作用时间、稀土或重金属元素种类、稀土元素的施用方式和施用时间以及植物品种等方面详细综述了稀土元素对土壤-植物系统中重金属行为影响的主要因素及其机理的研究进展。最后,对稀土影响土壤-植物系统中重金属行为的研究现状进行了总结并展望了其研究前景。     

外来植物入侵对乡土植物土壤氮素及其代谢酶活性的影响

[目的]探究外来植物入侵对乡土植物土壤氮素及其代谢酶活性的影响的微生物学机制,为中国入侵植物的有效防治和生态管理提供科学依据.[方法]采用田间小区控制试验,通过连续5 a的观测,研究了4种外来入侵植物(独行菜、紫茎泽兰、小飞蓬和黄顶菊)和乡土植物矮牵牛(对照)土壤氮素、酶活性及微生物学特征.[结果]①植物入侵降低了叶片...     

土壤可溶性有机硫的微生物分解与植物利用机制

硫(S)是植物生长必需的营养元素,但是近年来植物的潜在缺硫现象在全球范围内普遍发生。可溶性有机硫(DOS)作为土壤硫的一种重要形态,可被微生物快速分解为硫酸盐而被植物吸收,因此,明确土壤DOS含量、组成、微生物分解机制和植物利用过程有利于解决潜在缺硫问题。本文综述了土壤DOS[可溶性蛋白质、含硫氨基酸蛋氨酸(Met)和半胱氨酸(Cys)]的微生物分解过程及植物吸收利用机制。可溶性蛋白质可以在数天内分解成无机硫(SO₄²⁻),而含硫氨基酸可以在数分钟到数小时内被分解。微生物吸收含硫氨基酸后的几分钟到几小时内,可将含硫氨基酸中的碳、氮和硫分别以CO₂、NH₄⁺和SO₄²⁻的形式释放到微生物体外,释放的无机硫会被微生物再次利用以满足其生长发育。微生物能迅速利用DOS (Met、Cys),当其被微生物同化时,其原始分子结构决定了其转化成的生物大分子,从而影响DOS与SO₄²⁻之间的转化速率。Cys的硫醇基(H―S―C)易被氧化,因此微生物吸收利用Cys后SO₄²⁻释放量高于Met。小麦和油菜对Met和Cys的摄取量随着其供应量的增加而增加,田间条件下小麦和油菜可吸收0.63%～2.2%的外源Cys和0.4%～2.1%的外源Met。Met和Cys在植物氮营养中的作用有限,但它们在植物硫营养中的作用非常重要,约占植物硫吸收总量的10%。土壤DOS可被微生物快速分解,产生的SO₄²⁻可被植物快速吸收利用。即使存在土壤微生物的激烈竞争,植物也能够吸收完整的分子态有机硫(Met和Cys),DOS是植物生长的重要硫源,其吸收主要发生在富含有机质的土壤中。     

植物硫素营养诊断技术的研究进展

作物缺S的状况在世界范围内呈现扩大的态势.作物和土壤的S素分析有助于作物获得高产.本文综述了植物可见症状、植物组织分析和土壤分析诊断技术的研究进展.植物组织分析诊断技术包括全S、硫酸盐-S、N/S比、苹果酸盐/硫酸盐比、种子含S量及小麦籽粒戊二醛浸泡比色法.分析种子的S含量是诊断大豆S素状况一个简单而又可靠的方法.这种方法是诊断植物S素营养状况的新方向,因为它可以在作物播种前确定作物的S素状况.土壤分析作为诊断土壤S状况时,还应考虑深层土壤的S含量、硫酸盐淋溶指数、环境条件及田间管理历史.     

Predicting plant sulfur deficiency in soils: results from Ohio

We developed a model for plant available sulfur (S) in Ohio soils to predict potential crop plant S deficiency. The model includes inputs of plant available S due to atmospheric deposition and mineralization of soil organic S and output due to leaching. A leaching index was computed using data on annual precipitation; soil pH and clay content that influence sulfate adsorption; and pore water velocity based upon percent sand, silt, and clay. There are five categories of S status ranging from highly deficient to highly sufficient, and the categories are defined based on whether the crop S requirement was 15 or 30kg S ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The final database derived from the model includes 1,473 soil samples representing 443 of the 475 soil series in Ohio. For a crop requiring 15kg S ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, most soils (68.6%) were classified as variably deficient, which implies that the response to S fertilization will be variable but often positive depending on specific crop conditions. For a crop requiring 30kg S ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 43.2% of soils were classified as variably deficient, but 49.7% were classified as moderately or highly deficient, implying that a response to S fertilization will usually or always occur. The model predicts crop S status for a single state in the USA, but with proper inputs, it should be applicable to other areas.     

鲁中碳酸盐岩区土壤硒来源、有效性及影响因素

碳酸盐岩在山东省青州市西南部大面积发育,是土壤母质的重要物源,以该地区土壤作为中心环节,分析了岩石、大气、土壤中的硒及土壤性质,研究了土壤硒的来源、有效性及影响因素。结果表明,土壤全硒含量均值为0.28 mg/kg,以足硒土壤为主,土壤有效硒含量均值为15.03μg/kg,有效度均值为5.70%,有效硒含量与全硒含量呈显著正相关。岩石硒含量均值为0.035 5 mg/kg,与对应的土壤硒含量呈显著正相关。土壤全硒、有效硒含量与土壤pH均呈显著负相关,与有机质含量均呈显著正相关;有效硒含量与土壤黏粒含量呈显著负相关。大气降尘的硒含量均值为1.77mg/kg,年沉降通量为0.28mg/m²,表层土壤硒的年增量为0.000 9 mg/kg,年增长速率为0.33%。鲁中碳酸盐岩区土壤硒含量水平主要受控于母岩,同时大气降尘对土壤硒也有所贡献,土壤理化性质对硒及其有效性影响显著。     

三江平原典型湿地土壤中硫的分布特征

本文以三江平原的三种典型类型湿地:小叶樟(Calamagrostisangustifolia)草甸、毛果苔草(Carexlasiocarpa)沼泽、乌拉苔草(Carexmeyeriana)沼泽为研究对象,对其土壤中硫的含量在水平及垂直变化方面进行分析。研究在自然环境下硫的分布特征。经过试验分析和数据处理,得出以下结论:总硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫、盐酸可溶性硫、盐酸挥发性硫、有机硫含量均为小叶樟草甸<乌拉苔草沼泽<毛果苔草沼泽;别拉洪河、挠力河、鸭绿河、浓江是三江平原四条有代表性的沼泽性河流,流域土壤中的硫素含量为挠力河>鸭绿河>浓江>别拉洪河;在土壤层次上,具有明显的规律性:除盐酸挥发性硫以外,其余各硫组分自上而下含量呈递减趋势;在湿地土壤各形态硫中,有机硫是土壤总硫的主体,盐酸挥发性硫含量最低。总硫与有机硫相关性最显著,达极显著正相关(P=0.01),水溶性硫与盐酸可溶性硫的相关性最差。影响湿地土壤中硫素含量的因素为土壤有机质、土壤pH值、物理粘粒及氧化-还原条件。     

Estimation of sulfur mineralization and relationships with nitrogen and carbon in soils

A 25-week laboratory study was carried out to determine sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen mineralization rates in soil samples obtained from representative soils in France. Their relationship with some of the soil properties was investigated to find a predictor of mineralized S in soils. At 20°C and 80% water-holding capacity, the S mineralization rate ranged from 0.02 to 0.16 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹. It was significantly positively related to soil organic C and N and to C and N mineralization rates. It was weakly related to total soil S. The results suggest that the S mineralization is predominantly driven by heterotrophic microbial activity. A predictive equation for S mineralization based on soil C content, soil pH, and clay content is proposed.     

土壤硫的氧化还原及其环境生态效应

硫在土壤中的氧化还原不仅直接影响其在水、大气、生物、岩石圈的交换和循环,而且对生态环境产生影响。综述了土壤中发生的硫的氧化还原过程及硫的氧化还原过程产生的环境生态影响,最后展望了硫的氧化还原及其相关过程的研究前景。     

土壤微生物在促进植物生长方面的作用

土壤微生物与植物的根系形成一个稳定的动态系统,在这个系统中它们之间相互作用,相互影响。植物的根系为土壤微生物提供养分,土壤微生物反过来也促进了植物根系的发育,从而促进了植物的生长,从而促进了植物的生长。本文就土壤微生物生长特性,从7个方面阐述了土壤微生物对植物的促进作用。     

Soybean response to the application of several elements on a low‐manganese soil

Abstract

Certain soils in the Lower Atlantic Coastal Plain are Mn‐deficient and because of their inherent properties, deficiencies of other elements might be expected. The response of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. ‘Ransom'] to annual soil applications of B, Cu, Fe, Mo, S, and Zn with and without Mn was examined. The study was conducted on an Olustee‐Leefield sand (Ultic Haplaquod‐Arenic Plinthaquic Paleudult) in 1975, 1976, and 1977. Seed yields, and soil and plant tissue concentrations of certain of the applied elements were determined. Soil pH increased from 6.4 in 1975 to 7.0 in 1977 as a result of lime applications.

Of the seven elements studied, only Mn significantly increased soybean seed yield compared to the check. Leaf concentrations of the respective elements were higher where the element was added than they were in plants grown on the check plots. In 1977, after three years of elemental additions, plant concentrations of Mn, Cu, and Zn were higher, relative to checks, than in 1975. In 1977, with the higher soil pH levels, plants from check plots had lower concentrations of Mn, but unexpectedly equal levels of Cu and higher levels of Zn than in 1975. This unexplained increase in plant Zn was also found in Other experiments in the same field during the same time period. Double acid extracted more soil Mn, Cu, and Zn than did DTPA from similar treatments during all three years. The DTPA‐extractable soil Mn correlated much better with plant Mn than did double acid Mn values, especially over years where a change in soil pH occurred. Correlation coefficients comparing extractable soil versus plant values for Cu and Zn data combined over years were higher for double acid than DTPA, although coefficients for the Cu and Zn data were still generally much lower than for the Mn data.