油菜叶片性状及次生代谢物质与其对黄宽条跳甲抗性的关系及对跳甲解毒酶活性的影响

黄宽条跳甲是内蒙古西部地区春油菜苗期最重要的害虫。本研究测定了2个抗虫油菜品种‘太空蒙Ⅳ’和‘大黄油菜’及1个感虫品种‘青油14’的叶片性状、次生代谢物质及取食不同品种油菜后黄宽条跳甲解毒酶活性。结果表明,油菜叶片含水量高的抗虫性强。叶片茸毛短、密度低与‘太空蒙Ⅳ’抗虫性高度相关,蜡质含量高可能是‘大黄油菜’抗黄宽条跳甲的原因之一。油菜叶片总黄酮、总酚和总生物碱含量与抗虫性呈正相关;取食抗虫性高的油菜品种的黄宽条跳甲体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)活性极显著高于感虫品种。     

240份糜子种质资源萌芽期耐冷性综合评价及筛选

耐冷品种的选育是农业生产上解决低温冷害问题最直接有效的手段。以240份糜子资源为供试材料，研究了10℃低温胁迫（将25℃环境视为对照处理）对糜子萌芽期生长发育的影响，采用描述统计分析、相关线性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析，评估各糜子品种资源对冷胁迫的耐受性。结果表明：240份糜子资源在10℃冷胁迫下，萌发期各项指标平均值均低于对照处理，但不同品种的降幅存在显著差异，各指标变异系数的变化范围为20.59%～100.03%，表明参试糜子资源具有丰富的遗传多样性。相关分析表明：相对发芽势、相对发芽指数和相对发芽率之间呈极显著正相关，相对芽鲜重、相对活力指数和相对根鲜重之间呈极显著正相关，表明上述耐冷性状存在很大关联。主成分分析表明，前 3个主成分累计贡献率达到 87.22%，第1主成分主要与发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数有关，第2主成分主要与芽鲜重和根鲜重有关，第3主成分主要与根长和芽长有关。糜子资源耐冷性综合得分聚类分析结果显示，‘景泰疙瘩红’等22个品种为高度耐冷品种资源、‘张川麻糜子’等138个品种为耐冷品种资源、‘札达糜’等64个品种为冷敏感品种资源、‘PAN 21’等16个品种为高度冷敏感品种资源。     

油菜和小麦种苗根系对乙草胺的耐性差异分析

为揭示油菜和小麦根系对乙草胺耐药性差异的原因,采用水培法研究了梯度浓度乙草胺对油菜和小麦种苗根系形态、根尖生理代谢和解剖结构的影响。结果表明,1 mg/L乙草胺对油菜根长抑制率为33.63%,而对小麦根长抑制率可达55.22%;100 mg/L乙草胺对油菜侧根抑制率为63.03%,而对小麦侧根抑制率达100.00%;经0.01 mg/L乙草胺处理后的油菜根尖细胞膜透性高于小麦,当乙草胺浓度高于0.1 mg/L后,小麦根尖细胞膜透性剧烈增加且高于油菜;在较高浓度乙草胺胁迫下,小麦根尖抗氧化酶活性均低于油菜;10 mg/L乙草胺处理下,小麦根尖的解剖结构变异较油菜明显,表现为细胞排列松散、混乱,根冠变形,分生组织细胞染色程度变浅,伸长区细胞分化提前,中柱鞘细胞木质化。研究表明,小麦的根系建成比油菜更容易受乙草胺抑制,且侧根数比根长更敏感;油菜和小麦对乙草胺耐药性差异可能与细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性以及根尖细胞组织分化等差异有关。     

6个不同水稻品种对异丙甲草胺的敏感性差异

为探究水稻对异丙甲草胺的敏感性,选育耐药性品种及为异丙甲草胺水田安全应用提供理论依据,用琼脂培养法室内测定了‘T优15’、‘株712s’、‘深两优5814’、‘T优227’、‘湘丰优9号’、‘丰源优272’等6个水稻品种对异丙甲草胺的敏感性。结果表明,异丙甲草胺对水稻发芽、苗与根的生长均有较强的抑制作用,异丙甲草胺浓度越高抑制作用越大。并且根比苗更为敏感,在异丙甲草胺浓度为0.05mg/L时,6个品种根长抑制率分别为38.7%、34.2%、28.4%、16.1%、16.4%、25.1%,苗高抑制率分别为7.6%、6.3%、8.2%、8.9%、18.3%、5.5%。6个水稻品种中,‘丰源优272’对异丙甲草胺耐受性最高,异丙甲草胺对其苗高、苗重、根长、根重的IC50分别为0.958 9、1.867 4、1.093 9、3.968 2mg/L。     

油菜叶片营养物质含量和防御酶活性与其对黄宽条跳甲抗性的关系

春油菜是内蒙古地区主要的油料作物,黄宽条跳甲Phyllotreta humilis Weise是春油菜苗期的重要害虫。实验室通过前期研究筛选了2个抗虫品种(‘大黄油菜’和‘太空蒙Ⅳ’)和1个感虫品种(‘青油14’),研究了不同品种油菜营养物质含量和防御酶活性与其对黄宽条跳甲抗性的关系。结果显示,不同抗虫性品种油菜苗期受黄宽条跳甲为害程度为:‘青油14’‘大黄油菜’‘太空蒙Ⅳ’,为害最高峰时为害指数分别为0.600.460.35。3个品种油菜可溶性糖含量为‘青油14’(5.24 mg/g)‘大黄油菜’(5.10 mg/g)‘太空蒙Ⅳ’(3.87 mg/g),可溶性糖含量越低,抗虫性越强;叶绿素则与之相反,含量越高抗虫性越强,3个品种油菜叶绿素含量分别为‘青油14’(0.49 mg/g)‘大黄油菜’(0.78 mg/g)‘太空蒙Ⅳ’(0.95 mg/g),且差异显著;可溶性蛋白与抗虫性没有明显的相关性。防御酶方面,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性与抗虫性密切相关,抗虫品种酶活性显著大于感虫品种;多酚氧化酶(PPO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与抗虫性关系不明显。抗虫品种‘太空蒙Ⅳ’胰蛋白酶抑制剂(TI)活性是‘青油14’的1.85倍,胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂(CI)活性不同品种间没有差异。油菜对黄宽条跳甲的抗虫性与油菜叶片可溶性糖和叶绿素含量有关,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)对抗虫性影响大,胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性越高,油菜抗虫性越强。     

自交系玉米地除草剂和安全剂的筛选

自交系玉米是玉米制种的亲本材料,自交系玉米对除草剂的敏感性造成玉米制种地长期依赖人工除草,生产成本高;筛选可用于自交系玉米地的除草剂或安全剂对提高玉米制种效率、降低生产成本具有重要意义。本研究选用烟嘧磺隆、硝磺草酮、乙草胺、莠去津、2,4-滴丁酯和砜嘧磺隆6种玉米地除草剂单剂及添加复硝基酚钠或芸薹素内酯混剂处理5个自交系玉米品系,分别在药后10、20、30d目测药害情况,并于药后30d测定玉米株高、地上部鲜重和地下部鲜重。结果表明:自交系品系‘K1-1’、‘40’、‘522’对烟嘧磺隆、硝磺草酮、乙草胺、莠去津、2,4-滴丁酯和砜嘧磺隆不敏感,可在田间施用这些除草剂;但品系‘37’和‘10’对这些除草剂很敏感,施用后易产生药害。增施复硝酚钠会加重供试除草剂对品系‘37’和‘10’的药害,而增施芸薹素内酯可缓解硝磺草酮、乙草胺、莠去津和2,4-滴丁酯对品系‘37’和‘10’的药害。进一步检测发现,芸薹素内酯可缓解硝磺草酮、乙草胺、莠去津和2,4-滴丁酯对品系‘37’和‘10’地上部鲜重和株高的抑制作用。由此可见,自交系玉米地除草剂和安全剂的选择要因品种类型而异,要针对具体的品系研究专用的除草剂和安全剂组合。     

54个小麦品种(系)抗赤霉病评价与农艺性状调查

为获得抗赤霉病且农艺性状较好的小麦种质资源, 加快小麦抗赤霉病育种进程, 采用人工接种鉴定和田间试验的方法, 于2019年-2021年, 对54个小麦品种(系)进行了赤霉病抗性鉴定与农艺性状调查。结果表明, 供试小麦品种(系)存在赤霉病抗性差异, 筛选出‘华皖麦24’‘宛1204’和‘皖垦麦1708’等9个两年表现稳定的中抗品种(系), 占总数的16.67%; 农艺性状调查结果显示, 不同小麦品种(系)的农艺性状间存在显著性差异, 抗病组品种(系)的平均变异系数小于感病组品种(系)。其中, ‘宛1204’和‘徐麦17252’中抗赤霉病, 且综合农艺性状较好, 可以作为抗赤霉病育种的抗源。     

青海高原地区春小麦品种田间化感作用评价

为明确青海高原地区不同春小麦品种对麦田主要危害杂草旱雀麦Bromus tectorum的化感作用,本研究通过田间一致性试 验对青海高原地区的20个春小麦品种(系)进行化感作用评价,筛选出强化感作用品种。分别于春小麦3～5叶期和成熟期调查受体旱雀麦的生长性状,转化为化感作用指数,并结合聚类分析,将20个小麦品种按化感作用的强弱分为强、中、弱３类。结果表明,20个春小麦品种(系)对受体旱雀麦的田间生长均具有化感抑制作用,其中‘青春38号’‘黑丝麦1号’‘通麦2号’和‘互麦11号’为田间化感作用较强的春小麦品种。该研究为青海高原地区春小麦化感抑草品种选育提供了新资源,同时为青海高原地区化学农药减量和生态环境保护提供了新策略。     

棉田周缘种植不同品种油菜诱集带增益控害效果初步研究

为了明确棉田周缘种植油菜对棉田害虫和益虫的影响,2007年5-6月在新疆莎车县棉田周缘分别种植不同油菜品种‘新油13号’、‘258110’和‘253142’,调查各处理棉田自然天敌和主要害虫发生情况。结果表明,种植油菜诱集带的棉田自然天敌主要种类有食虫蝽、蜘蛛和瓢虫,发生数量分别占天敌总数量的39%、20%和19%。方差分析表明3个品种油菜带棉田天敌总量差异显著,‘253142’处理天敌总量极显著多于‘新油13号’处理和‘258110’处理;不同品种油菜带棉田蚜虫类和叶蝉类害虫总量差异显著,牧草盲蝽总量差异不显著。不同油菜品种对棉花长势的影响没有显著差异。但‘新油13号’与棉花的共生期最长,对棉花长势的潜在影响最大。综合分析认为,‘253142’芥菜型油菜品种可作为棉田诱集带待选品种。     

玉米对乙草胺的敏感性研究

采用营养钵蛭石水培法 ,测定了乙草胺对不同玉米杂交品种及自交系幼苗芽和根鲜重的影响和农大 10 8玉米在不同萌动期对乙草胺的敏感性差异。结果表明 ,在多剂量给药的情况下 ,不同玉米品种对乙草胺的敏感性不同 ;同一品种芽和根的敏感性亦不同。回归分析结果表明 ,玉米幼苗芽和根的鲜重抑制率与乙草胺药液浓度的自然对数值呈直线相关 ,利用Finney机率分析法求出了各玉米品种的抑制率回归式和 L C50 值等。玉米种子在萌动期接触药剂越早 ,玉米生长受抑制程度越大 ,药害越重 ,且玉米芽长和芽重受喷药时期变化的影响较大 ,根长和根重受影响较小 ;乙草胺药害对玉米须根的生长影响较大 ,药害越重 ,须根越少。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.