近年来祁连山中段冰川变化

基于遥感和实测的方法,对近50 a来祁连山中段,包括黑河流域和北大河流域的冰川变化特征进行了分析。研究表明：1956-2003年,祁连山中段所研究的910条冰川面积共缩小了21.7%。其中,黑河流域冰川面积缩小了29.6%,北大河流域冰川面积缩小了18.7%。小冰川面积变化较大冰川要大,其对气候变化的敏感性较强。由于祁连山中段东西跨度较大,气候和地形等因素的不同,直接造成了冰川变化的区域差异。近期野外考察发现,位于黑河上游的葫芦沟流域,1956-2010年冰川面积缩小了30.1%,近7 a冰川面积缩小的比率达到前期的近5倍,且其中的十一冰川由于消融严重,已经完全分离成2条独立的冰川。雪冰融水径流是该流域中重要的水源,在稳定河川径流、调节其年际变化和年内分配方面发挥着重要作用。     

西藏玛旁雍错流域湖泊面积变化及成因分析

利用1975年地形图、1990年、1999-2009年TM卫星遥感影像和近35 a(1975-2009年)气温、降水、积雪日数、蒸发量等气候资料,分析研究了位于西藏阿里地区南部普兰县境内玛旁雍错、拉昂错湖泊面积变化对气候变化的响应。结果表明：在过去35 a里玛旁雍错、拉昂错面积先减少后增加,总体呈减小趋势,到2009年玛旁雍错面积为415.44 km²,拉昂错面积为261.36 km²。与1975年相比2个湖泊面积分别减少了1.56 km²和11.01 km²;受气候变暖的影响,流域附近的冰川面积也在加速退缩。对1975-2009年普兰县气象资料统计分析可知,降水量减少是导致湖泊面积缩小的主要原因,蒸发量不显著的增加及雪冰消融也是近几年湖泊面积波动变化的原因之一。     

苏干湖流域冰川、湿地对气候变化的响应研究

苏干湖(包括大、小苏干湖)是祁连山西段山间内陆河流域尾闾湖泊，所在流域仅有少量牧业活动。研究湿地和冰川对气候变化的响应，可为未来水资源保护和利用决策提供支撑。以苏干湖流域气象数据、遥感影像、冰川编目数据、水文监测数据等为基础，识别流域气候变化拐点，分析冰川变化规律、河湖湿地的演变以及冰川和湿地对气候变化的响应。结果表明：1)1956年以来，苏干湖流域年均温呈上升趋势，年降水量先减少后增加，流域气候经历了冷湿-暖干-暖湿等一系列变化。2)冰川的数量、面积和储量都在持续减少，冰川消融加剧。其中≤0.1km²的小冰川数量和面积呈增加趋势，冰川规模越小则越易发生消融。3)1995-2020年地表河流总流程由302.16km延长到325.29km,增长了23.14km;主干河流大哈尔腾河的径流量、径流深都在增加。4)湖泊的面积和水位同步变化，其中大苏干湖面积和水位都有所上升，小苏干湖面积和水位则基本不变。     

干旱区流域绿洲时空变化及其景观响应

基于1973年的MSS、1980年的航片以及1990年、1999年、2009年的Landsat TM/ETM+等多源遥感影像,结合实地调查进行解译分类和验证,利用GIS、Fragstats和相关统计方法,对北大河流域中下游地区绿洲时空变化和景观响应进行分析。研究表明：① 近40 a来,北大河流域绿洲呈阶段性变化,在整个研究时段绿洲变化表现为扩张与萎缩并存,且以扩张为主。绿洲面积从1973年1 705.55 km² 增长到2009年1 990.60 km²,增长幅度为16.71%。② 绿洲变化在空间和时间尺度上不平衡。绿洲空间变化剧烈区主要集中在流域下游金塔绿洲;绿洲扩张主要表现为绿洲内部“填充式”和边缘“侵吞式”;绿洲萎缩变化主要发生在绿洲-荒漠交错带的生态脆弱区,且区域空间变化不稳定;1973-1990年,绿洲以萎缩为主,1990-2009年绿洲以扩张为主,且在近10 a动态度达到最大值。③ 绿洲面积的增加,促使绿洲景观的不稳定性增强,集中表现为下游和绿洲边缘区绿洲斑块密度、斑块数目和最大斑块指数的不稳定性变化,绿洲破碎化增加,生态脆弱性降低,这不利于维持干旱区内陆河流域生态系统稳定性和可持续发展。     

30 a来长江源区冰川变化遥感监测

根据地形图、航空相片和Landsat ETM+数字影像,采用比值阈值法对青藏高原东北部长江源区1969/1971-1999/2002年间的冰川变化进行了研究;同时,选取覆盖同一区域（格拉丹东峰北坡）的Landsat MSS (1973年)、Landsat TM (1992年)以及2景2005/2006年获取的1B级ASTER数字遥感影像,进一步分析源区冰川的连续变化规律。结果表明：① 研究区的冰川平均退缩了108.3 m,冰川面积减少了5.3%,其中,色的日峰地区的面积变化率最大,冰川面积减少12.9%;唐古拉山北坡冰川相对处于稳定状态,面积仅减少了4.3%。② 格拉丹东峰北坡冰川面积变化速率不均匀,1969-1973年冰川面积变化最快,平均变化量为-1.16 km²·a^-1,1973年后冰川变化有所减缓,1973-1992年和1992-2002年平均变化量均为-0.59 km²·a^-1,而2002年后冰川面积变化又有所加快,平均变化量为-0.95 km²·a^-1。③ 沱沱河、五道梁和治多3个气象站的气温和降水变化显示,暖季气温升高是导致研究区冰川退缩的主要因素,此外,气温升高的快慢可能是引起上述3个区域冰川变化差异的重要原因之一。     

印度河上游流域冰川度日因子变化及其影响因素

当前,基于正积温的度日模型广泛应用于冰川消融研究中,该模型的核心参数是度日因子。根据印度河上游Sachen、Gharko、Barpu冰川2014—2016年的物质平衡和气温实测资料,计算得到消融期内各冰川研究区的度日因子,并分析了度日因子的时空变化特征及影响因素。研究结果显示：Sachen、Gharko、Barpu冰川度日因子均值分别为2.83 mm?d^-1?℃^-1、3.74 mm?d^-1?℃^-1、3.91 mm?d^-1?℃^-1;各冰川度日因子皆随着海拔升高而递增,海拔递增率分别为0.003 7 mm?d^-1?℃^-1?m^-1、0.007 4 mm?d^-1?℃^-1?m^-1、0.004 1 mm?d^-1?℃^-1?m^-1;对于同一观测点而言,度日因子不是一个常数,会随着时间的变化而改变,冰川度日因子随着年际变化呈增加的趋势;度日因子受表碛影响显著,度日因子整体上随着表碛厚度的增加而递减。然而表碛厚度低于2 cm时,表碛的覆盖作用促进了冰川的消融,表碛覆盖区冰川度日因子大于裸露区冰川;冰川朝向的变化对度日因子产生了一定的影响,面向阳坡的冰川度日因子随海拔递增率大于阴坡。     

近60年来玛纳斯河流域气候时空变化趋势分析

本研究以中亚典型冰川融化区玛纳斯河流域为例,研究玛纳斯河流域近60 a气候变化趋势,分析玛纳斯河流域上中下游气温及降水空间变化格局,运用墨西哥帽小波函数法对玛纳斯河流域气温及降水的周期规律进行分析。结果表明,近60 a来,玛纳斯河流域经历了一个增温趋湿的过程,气温、降水量的增加幅度分别为0.44℃/10a、11.6 mm/10a;在空间分布上,玛纳斯河流域气温增温幅度由上游到下游逐渐升高。年降水则呈现由上游到下游逐渐降低的相反趋势;玛纳斯河流域年平均气温有着明显的9 a周期震荡,并且年平均气温在未来一段时间将表现为增加趋势;全年降水存在明显的6 a周期震荡,同时年降水在未来的一段时间表现为丰水期。研究结果对研究干旱区区域尺度气候变化规律有一定借鉴意义。     

汾河流域土地利用变化及生态环境效应

选取汾河流域为研究区，采用土地利用动态度、地学信息图谱、生态价值指数和植被覆盖度综合分析研究区2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年及2018年土地利用变化及生态环境影响效应问题。结果表明：（1）2000—2018年，流域建设用地、林地呈现增长趋势，增长面积分别为1350.90 km²、85.50 km²，增长率分别为92.83%、0.96%；耕地、草地出现小幅下降趋势，缩减面积分别为729 km²、674.10 km²，缩减率分别为-5.02%、-7.63%；水域及未利用土地维持多年平均水平，平均面积为297 km²、7.92 km²。空间格局呈现建设用地、耕地集中于流域核心区，草地、林地集中于边缘区的分异特征。（2）各时序综合土地利用动态度、土地转移图谱、土地利用涨落势变化近似，显著变化区主要位于流域盆地及其与山地过渡区，多年综合土地利用动态度为4.34%，单一土地利用动态度及土地利用涨势幅度最高的是建设用地及林地。（3）基于不同的主导土地利用...     

近40 a西藏怒江流域极端降水事件的时空变化

利用西藏怒江流域1971-2010年9个台站逐日降水量资料,采用第99个百分位值确定了不同台站的极端降水阈值,对流域极端降水事件的时空特征进行分析。结果表明：西藏怒江流域极端降水阈值为20.6～33.8 mm,分布与年降水量的走向基本一致。近30 a那曲地区大部、八宿和察隅最大日降水量为增加趋势,尤其是察隅,增加了5.2 mm•(10a)^-1;极端降水频数丁青、八宿和察隅趋于增多,其他各站倾向于减少(-0.06～-0.41 d•(10a)^-1;年极端降水量察隅以29.4 mm•(10a)^-1的速度明显增加,左贡变化不大,其他站点呈减少趋势,为-1.0～-27.2 mm•(10a)^-1;年极端降水强度那曲、索县、左贡和察隅为增强趋势,为0.6～6.2 mm•d^-1•(10a)^-1,比如、洛隆和八宿无变化,安多和丁青呈减小趋势。极端降水频数、极端降水量、日最大降水量、极端降水强度在20世纪90年代前均存在4～5 a的显著周期,在2000年以后均存在2～4 a的显著周期。     

近50a锡林河流域极端天气事件及其与气候变化的联系

利用锡林河流域气象站1964-2013年逐日最高气温、最低气温、日平均气温以及日降水量资料,运用线性倾向估计法、Danile检验法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法对选定的8种极端天气指数进行分析与研究,并分析了极端天气事件与气候变化的相关关系。结果表明:近50a锡林河流域TXID、TNID都呈上升趋势,分别达到0.70℃/10a和-0.78℃/10a。其他极端气温指标(ID、FD、SU)和极端降水指标(R95P、RXID、R95T)为下降趋势。极端气温指数变化趋势比较明显,而极端降水指数下降趋势并不显著。从时间转折上看,极端天气的各项指标均有突变发生,且突变年主要发生在20世纪80年代中后期。极端天气事件的出现频率与锡林河流域区域气候变暖之间具有很高的相关性。     

Five decades of glacier changes in the Hulugou Basin of central Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

The Heihe River Basin is the second largest inland river basin in the arid regions of Northwest China. Glaciers provide a large proportion of water resources for human production and living. Studies of glacier changes and their impact on water resources in the arid lands are of vital importance. A joint expedition was carried out in 2010 for investigating glaciers in the Hulugou Basin, which is located in the upper reaches of Heihe River. Therefore, glacier changes in the Hulugou Basin of central Qilian Mountains during the past 50 years were analyzed in this study by comparing topographic maps, satellite images, digital elevation models and field observation data from different periods. Results showed that the total area of the 6 glaciers in the Hulugou Basin decreased by 0.590±0.005 km2 during the period 1956–2011, corresponding to a loss of 40.7% over the total area in 1956. The average area reduction rate of the 6 glaciers is 0.011 km2/a. During the past five decades, the glacier shrinkage was accelerated. The changes in glacier ice surface elevation ranged from –15 to 3 m with an average thinning of 10±8 m or an annual decrease of 0.23±0.18 m(0.20±0.15 m/a water equivalent) for the period 1956–2000. The area of Shiyi Glacier in the Hulugou Basin decreased from 0.64 km2 in 1956 to 0.53 km2 in 2011 with a reduction rate of 17.2%. The Shiyi Glacier had been divided into two separated glaciers because of severe melting. Comparative analysis showed that glacier shrinkage in the Hulugou Basin is more serious than that in the other regions of Qilian Mountains.     

近20 a中国天山东段典型冰川变化及其气候响应

冰川作为重要的淡水资源的存储体,也是气候变化的敏感"指示器"。在干旱半干旱区,冰川变化对人们的生产、生活和生态产生重要的影响。本文基于1990—2015年Landsat TM及ETM+遥感影像数据,利用雪盖指数法(NDSI)和阈值法,分析博格达峰及喀尔力克山的冰川面积变化,结合长时间序列的气温、降水数据分析天山东段典型冰川的气候响应。结果表明:(1)博格达峰与喀尔力克山的冰川均呈现退缩趋势,与气温和降水的变化趋势一致。(2)博格达峰和喀尔力克山冰川面积变化在东南坡向有波动增加趋势,其他坡向则未出现该现象。(3)从两个冰川不同坡向的面积和面积重心分布变化分析,博格达峰冰川面积在东坡方向退缩速率最大,而喀尔力克山的冰川在东北坡方向退缩速率最大。(4)根据栅格气象资料分析,近四五十年博格达地区冰川面积退缩速率大于喀尔力克山地区,并且博格达峰降水量的增加对冰川的退缩起到的作用不大,喀尔力克山的降水量对冰川面积的退缩起到了一定的抑制作用。(5)通过对博格达峰地区和喀尔力克山地区不同坡向的冰川面积与年均气温、年均降水量进行Person相关性分析,博格达峰地区、喀尔力克山地区各个坡向的冰川面积变化与降水相关系数均很小。但博格达峰地区北、东北、东南坡向的冰川面积与区域气温变化相关系数较高,喀尔力克山地区东南、东北坡向的冰川面积与区域气温的相关系数高且显著性明显。分析其原因,在年内尺度上,博格达峰地区、喀尔力克山地区是湿季气温升高所致,干湿两季降水量的增多,并没有使得冰川整体的退缩有所减缓。     

Glacier mass balance and its impacts on streamflow in a typical inland river basin in the Tianshan Mountains,northwestern China

Glaciers are known as natural 'solid reservoirs', and they play a dual role between the composition of water resources and the river runoff regulation in arid and semi-arid areas of China. In this study, we used in situ observation data from Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in combination with meteorological data from stations and a digital elevation model, to develop a distributed degree-day model for glaciers in the Urumqi River Basin to simulate glacier mass balance processes and quantify their effect on streamflow during 1980-2020. The results indicate that the mass loss and the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of glaciers in the last 41 years had an increasing trend, with the average mass balance and ELA being -0.85 (±0.32) m w.e./a (meter water-equivalent per year) and 4188 m a.s.l., respectively. The glacier mass loss has increased significantly during 1999-2020, mostly due to the increase in temperature and the extension of ablation season. During 1980-2011, the average annual glacier meltwater runoff in the Urumqi River Basin was 0.48×10⁸ m³, accounting for 18.56% of the total streamflow. We found that the annual streamflow in different catchments in the Urumqi River Basin had a strong response to the changes in glacier mass balance, especially from July to August, and the glacier meltwater runoff increased significantly. In summary, it is quite possible that the results of this research can provide a reference for the study of glacier water resources in glacier-recharged basins in arid and semi-arid areas.     

Glacier variations and their response to climate change in an arid inland river basin of Northwest China

Glaciers are a critical freshwater resource of river recharge in arid areas around the world. In recent decades, glaciers have shown evidence of retreat due to climate change, and the accelerated ablation of glaciers and associated impacts on water resources have received widespread attention. Glacier variations result from climate change, so they can serve as an indicator of climate change. Considering the climatic differences in different elevation ranges, it is worthwhile to explore whether different responses exist between glacier area and air temperature in each elevation zone. In this study, we selected a typical arid inland river basin(Sugan Lake Basin) in the western Qilian Mountains of Northwest China to analyze the glacier variations and their response to climate change. The glacier area data from 1989 to 2016 were delineated using Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM), Enhanced TM+(ETM+) and Operational Land Imager(OLI) images. We compared the relationships between glacier area and air temperature at seven meteorological stations in the glacier-covered areas and in the Sugan Lake Basin, and further analyzed the relationship between glacier area and mean air temperature of the glacier surfaces in July–August in the elevation range of 4700–5500 m a.s.l. by the linear regression method and correlation analysis. In addition, based on the linear regression relationship established between glacier area and air temperature in each elevation zone, we predicted glacier areas under future climate scenarios during the periods of 2046–2065 and 2081–2100. The results indicate that the glaciers experienced a remarkable shrinkage from 1989 to 2016 with a shrinkage rate of –1.61 km2/a(–0.5%/a), and the rising temperature is the decisive factor dominating glacial retreat; there is a significant negative linear correlation between glacier area and mean air temperature of the glacier surfaces in July–August in each elevation zone from 1989 to 2016. The variations in glaciers are far less sensitive to changes in precipitation than to changes in air temperature. Due to the influence of climate and topographic conditions, the distribution of glacier area and the rate of glacier ablation first increased and then decreased in different elevation zones. The trend in glacier shrinkage will continue because air temperature will continue to increase in the future, and the result of glacier retreat in each elevation zone will be slightly slower than that in the entire study area. Quantitative glacier research can more accurately reflect the response of glacier variations to climate change, and the regression relationship can be used to predict the areas of glaciers under future climate scenarios. These conclusions can offer effective references for assessing glacier variations and their response to climate change in arid inland river basins in Northwest China as well as other similar regions in the world.     

Region-wide glacier area and mass budgets for the Shaksgam River Basin,Karakoram Mountains,during 2000–2016

The Karakoram Mountains are well known for their widespread surge-type glaciers and slight glacier mass gains.On the one hand,glaciers are one of the sensitive indicators of climate change,their area and thickness will adjust with climate change.On the other hand,glaciers provide freshwater resources for agricultural irrigation and hydroelectric generation in the downstream areas of the Shaksgam River Basin(SRB)in western China.The shrinkage of glaciers caused by climate change can significantly affect the security and sustainable development of regional water resources.In this study,we analyzed the changes in glacier area from 2000 to 2016 in the SRB using Landsat TM(Thematic Mapper)/ETM+(Enhanced Mapper Plus)/OLI(Operational Land Imager)images.It is shown that the SRB contained 472 glaciers,with an area of 1840.3 km2,in 2016.The glacier area decreased by 0.14%/a since 2000,and the shrinkage of glacier in the southeast,east and south directions were the most,while the northeast,north directions were the least.Debris-covered area accounted for 8.0%of the total glacier area.We estimated elevation and mass changes using the 1 arc-second SRTM(Shuttle Radar Topography Mission)DEM(Digital Elevation Model)(2000)and the resolution of 8 m HMA(High Mountain Asia)DEM(2016).An average thickness of 0.08(±0.03)m/a,or a slight mass increase of 0.06(±0.02)m w.e./a has been obtained since 2000.We found thinning was significantly lesser on the clean ice than the debris-covered ice.In addition,the elevation of glacier surface is spatially heterogeneous,showing that the accumulation of mass is dominant in high altitude regions,and the main mass loss is in low altitude regions,excluding the surge-type glacier.For surge-type glaciers,the mass may transfer from the reservoir to the receiving area rapidly when surges,then resulting in an advance of glacier terminus.The main surge mechanism is still unclear,it is worth noting that the surge did not increase the glacier mass in this study.     

Climate change and its impacts on mountain glaciers during 1960-2017 in western China

Mountain glaciers are highly sensitive to climate change. In this paper, we systematically analyzed and discussed the responses of glaciers to climate change during 1960-2017 in western China by the methods of least squares and correlation analysis. Results show that the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, and precipitation significantly increased in western China at the rates of 0.32°C/10a, 0.48°C/10a, 0.39°C/10a, and 11.20 mm/10a, respectively. However, the wind speed, hours of sunshine, snowfall, and snowy days displayed decreasing trends at the rates of -0.53 m/(s?10a), 3.72 h/10a, -2.90 mm/10a, and -0.10 d/10a, respectively. The annual percentage of glacier area decreased by approximately 0.42%, and the average glacier area decreased by 2.76 km²/a. Meanwhile, glacial shrinkages were greater in the Altay Mountains, Tanggula Mountains, and Qilian Mountains than in the other mountainous regions. Glacier accumulation decreased while melt volume increased at a rate of 2.7×10⁴ m³/a. The area of melt volume was 1.3 times that of the glacier accumulation area. The glacier mass balance (GMB) decreased substantially at a rate of -14.0 mm/a, whereas the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) showed an increasing trend at a rate of 0.5 mm/a. After 1997, the mass was smaller than -500.0 mm, indicating a huge loss in glaciers. Furthermore, relationships between ELA and GMB and various climatic factors were established. Temperature and precipitation demonstrated a significantly negative correlation, whereas wind speed and snowy days had significantly positive correlations with GMB. Snowy days also exhibited a remarkably negative correlation with ELA. The strong warming trend and less snowy days were thought to be the main factors leading to glacial melting, whereas the increase in precipitation, and reductions of sunshine hours and wind speed might slow glacial melting.     

1976-2010年祁连山中段岗格尔肖合力雪山冰川退缩和气候变化的关系研究

运用最大似然监督分类法和比值阈值法（TM3/TM5）结合目视解译方法,从1976、1990、2001和2010的MSS、TM、ETM影像中提取了岗格尔肖合力雪山四个时段的冰川边界,并结合距其较近的托勒、野牛沟、祁连、德令哈和刚察5个气象站点1960-2010年年总降水量数据和年平均气温数据进行了分析,得到如下结论：1）...     

1973-2010年布喀塔格峰冰川波动对气候变化的响应

通过遥感图像处理技术和目视解译方法提取1973-2010年位于昆仑山中段的布喀塔格峰冰川界限,用GIS分析近37a冰川面积变化,并系统地研究其对气候变化的响应情况。结果表明:1973-2010年布喀塔格峰冰帽表现先扩大(1973-1976年)后退缩(1976-2010年)趋势,总面积缩小了5.42%,每年退缩0.14%。分析1960-2010年研究区的气候变化特征,发现布喀塔格峰冰帽退缩的关键因素是气候变暖,年降水量的增加不能够抵消由夏季温度剧烈上升导致的冰川消融率,并且地形条件、地理位置以及冰川规模都是影响冰川波动的重要因素。