樟子松幼苗水力结构参数和生长特征对模拟降水梯度的响应

水分是影响樟子松生长和存活的关键因素,为弄清樟子松幼苗对水分胁迫的响应过程,采用人工控制降水处理方法 (105%年均降水量：500 mm,无干旱; 74%年均降水量: 350 mm,轻度干旱;42%年均降水量: 200 mm,干旱),监测了2 a生樟子松幼苗水力结构和生长特征对降水处理的响应。结果表明：随着降水量减少,幼苗水分饱和亏缺没有发生显著变化;轻度干旱下幼苗组织密度显著增加,干旱下幼苗失水系数显著降低;表明樟子松幼苗的保水、抗旱能力随干旱胁迫程度增强而增加。干旱胁迫显著降低了株高、基径和各器官生物量的增加量,轻度干旱胁迫下幼苗根重比和根冠比显著增加,表明轻度干旱胁迫改变了生物量分配格局,促使幼苗向有利于水分维持方向的发展策略;与轻度干旱相比,干旱胁迫下幼苗生物量分配策略并没有发生明显变化。樟子松幼苗可以通过改变水力结构特征和生物量分配策略来适应轻度干旱;而在干旱下幼苗仅改变水力结构特征,不利于其在干旱环境下生存。     

土壤干旱对冬小麦幼苗生长和叶片生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验对不同土壤干旱下冬小麦幼苗生长和生理特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,幼苗株高、叶面积、叶干重、茎干重、根干重、总生物量、叶水势、叶片相对含水率均随土壤水分的减少而呈降低趋势;根冠比、叶片水分饱和亏、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、质膜透性、MDA含量以及叶片SOD、POD活性均呈增加趋势。这说明,在干旱胁迫下,冬小麦幼苗一方面通过改变生物量分配策略,较多地提高根比重,以利于根系吸水增加抗旱性;另一方面,通过改变叶片的生理特性以提高抗旱性。     

河西走廊东段不同生境对沙米形态结构及生物量分配的影响

为揭示荒漠地区1 a生植物对环境变化的响应机制及适应策略,于2020年以甘肃民勤县、武威市和古浪县生境的沙米为对象,对其形态结构、生物量分配及与环境因子的相关性进行了研究,结果表明：(1)古浪县年均气温、年均日照时数和土壤日均温度均最低,分别为6.81℃、2 669 h和16.22℃,武威市均最高,分别为8.58℃、2 873.4 h和22.94℃;古浪县土壤含水量、土壤粉粒和土壤速效磷均最高,分别为4.53%、17.51%和6.81 g·kg^-1,民勤县均最小,分别为1.46%、7.19%和5.55 g·kg^-1;古浪县沙米株高、冠幅及根长均最高,分别为70.63、54.24 cm和96.15 cm,民勤县均最小,分别为62.40、46.77 cm和86.31 cm。(2)古浪县沙米根生物量和质量分数及根冠比均最高,分别为7.56 g、15.98%和0.291;不同生境根-茎、根-叶、根-花、叶-茎、花-茎和花-叶生物量均是α<1的异速生长关系。(3)3个生境中,株高和根、茎、叶、花生物量均呈显著或极显著正相关,与根冠比呈显著或极显著...     

光照对胡杨幼苗定居初期生长状况和生物量分配的影响

在自然条件下通过全自然光和遮光（20%自然光）处理研究胡杨（Populus euphratica Olivier)小幼苗生物和生物量分配对光因子的响应，实验表明光照对根冠比，叶面积比率和根重比率没有显著影响，光因子不改变胡杨幼苗生物量的分配状况，高光照能明显促进根的伸长，叶面积的增加和生物量的积累，遮荫环境则会阻碍胡杨幼苗的生长。     

风沙土区黄柳根系及其碳储量分布特征

以内蒙古敖汉旗风沙土区15 a、25 a和35 a林龄的黄柳(Salix gordejevii)林为研究对象,分别设置3个样地,采用分层分段挖掘法,测定不同土层、土段的根系生物量、含碳率,计算根系碳储量,分析不同林龄黄柳根系及根系碳储量分布特征变化。随着土层深度的增加,黄柳根系生物量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,主要分布在0~100cm土层,均占根系总量的80%以上;15 a、25 a和35 a生黄柳根系总生物量分别为516.50、4 448.60 g·株~(-1)和7 257.7 g·株~(-1),随着林龄的增加,黄柳根系生物量呈增长趋势。根系碳储量分布特征呈梭形,15 a、25 a和35 a生黄柳根系总生物量分别为30.81、158.56 g·株~(-1)和229.9 g·株~(-1);随着林龄的增加呈增加趋势。     

四种灌木幼苗对水分胁迫的生长响应

柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)、白皮锦鸡儿(C.leucophloea)、刺叶锦鸡儿(C.acanthophylla)和长枝木蓼(Atraphaxis virgata)在植被恢复中具有潜在价值,可作为荒山绿化的先锋植物种。通过人工控制水分,比较4种灌木幼苗对干旱胁迫的生长响应。结果表明:幼苗的株高、基径、生长率和生物量均随着水分胁迫的加剧而降低,柠条锦鸡儿和长枝木蓼在水分胁迫下各指标的减少量较白皮锦鸡儿和刺叶锦鸡儿明显。幼苗在干旱胁迫下将生物量更多的分配给根系,幼苗的根冠比增加,光合生物量比基本维持恒定,长枝木蓼的根冠比基本不变。4种灌木对干旱均有一定的耐受能力,其排序为:白皮锦鸡儿>刺叶锦鸡儿>柠条锦鸡儿>长枝木蓼。     

疏叶骆驼刺幼苗根系生态学特性对水分处理的响应

通过人工壕沟挖掘法,对疏叶骆驼刺幼苗在不同水分条件下的根系生态学特性的季节变化进行研究.结果表明:①在土壤水分较好的环境中,疏叶骆驼刺幼苗大量拓展水平根,并产生分蘖植株竞争光照资源;而在土壤水分相对缺乏时垂直根系发达,向深层土壤拓展资源空间.根系形态的可塑性是疏叶骆驼刺幼苗获取水分适应干旱环境的重要策略之一.②根冠比随土壤水分的减少而增加,且在生长季后期这种趋势更加明显,增加根冠比是疏叶骆驼刺幼苗适应干旱的策略之一.③幼苗根系的扎根深度和垂直生长速度随着土壤水分的减少而增加.④根系生物量、根系表面积随土壤深度的增加而减小,并在垂直剖面上呈倒金字塔状分布.根系生物量形成过程符合Logistic"慢-快-慢"的S型生长曲线,总生物量随着土壤干旱程度的增加而降低.     

水分胁迫对彩椒幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

以黄色彩椒花仙子幼苗为试材,研究了桶栽称重控水条件下水分胁迫对彩椒幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明:1随着水分胁迫时间的延长,彩椒幼苗株高、茎粗、叶片数和叶面积呈上升趋势,但随水分胁迫程度的增强,彩椒幼苗株高、茎粗、叶片数、叶面积、根长、根体积、地上部干鲜重和地下部干鲜重明显降低,而根冠比增大。2随着水分胁迫时间的延长,彩椒幼苗叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、最小荧光(Fo)、暗适应下叶片PSⅡ的最大量子产额(Fv/Fm)和叶片PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)均呈下降趋势,而叶片PSⅡ光合性能指数(PI)和叶绿素含量升高,但随水分胁迫程度的增强,幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和PI均明显下降,而Fo明显升高。3隶属函数分析结果显示,与彩椒幼苗受水分胁迫密切相关的生长指标为叶面积、根长、株高、根冠比和根体积;与光合指标密切相关的为Ci和Pn;与叶绿素荧光参数密切相关的指标为Fv/Fm、PI和Fo。轻度(75%的田间持水量)和中轻度(65%)水分胁迫对彩椒幼苗生长发育及光合特性影响较小。综合分析,75%~65%之间的田间持水量可以满足彩椒生长对水分的需求。     

蒲公英花期种群构件的生物量结构与异速生长分析

采用大样本随机取样的方法,选取30株蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.Mazz)开花植株,对其根、茎、叶、花等构件的生物量及物质分配关系进行定量分析。结果表明:蒲公英种群花期各构件生物量的变异系数分别为54.11%、59.48%、111.21%和64.65%,具有较大的表型可塑性;其生物量与生物量分配的大小具有相同的规律:叶花根茎。蒲公英植株大小随着根、茎、叶及花生物量的增加呈幂函数形式增加,各功能构件生物量与有性繁殖构件之间均呈极显著的幂函数异速生长关系。     

火烧和覆土保护对柠条幼苗存活与生长的影响

以2年生柠条幼苗为材料,研究了不同强度火烧和基部覆土保护对柠条幼苗存活与生长的影响。结果表明:不论基部是否覆土保护,柠条幼苗遭受火烧后存活率都显著降低(P<0.01),火烧幼苗的主根长、侧根数、萌条高、总生物量和萌条生物量显著减小(P<0.05),但幼苗的萌条数和根冠比均显著增大(P<0.05);与轻度火烧相比,重度火烧幼苗的存活率、萌条数、总生物量、萌条生物量和生物量补偿指数均不同程度减小,但幼苗的侧根数、萌条高和萌条基径均表现出增大趋势;火烧幼苗的根冠比均显著大于对照(P<0.05),不同强度火烧处理间差异不显著。基部覆土保护可缓解火烧对幼苗的负面影响,即对幼苗具有一定的保护作用;基部覆土保护幼苗遭受火烧后存活率提高,且侧根数、萌条高、萌条基径、萌条生物量和总生物量均不同程度增大,生物量补偿指数显著增大(P<0.05),但基部覆土保护幼苗的根冠比在不同火烧处理均显著减小(P<0.05)。     

Growth and physiological responses of Agriophyllum squarrosum to sand burial stress

Agriophyllum squarrosum is an annual desert plant widely distributed on mobile and semi-mobile dunes in all the sandy deserts of China. We studied the growth and physiological properties of A. squarrosum seedlings under different sand burial depths in 2010 and 2011 at Horqin Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia to understand the ability and mechanism that A. squarrosum withstands sand burial. The results showed that A. squarrosum had a strong ability to withstand sand burial. Its survival rate, plant height and biomass increased significantly at a burial depth 25% of seedling height and decreased significantly only when the burial depth exceeded the height of the seedlings; some plants still survived even if the burial depth reached 266% of a seedling height. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content and membrane permeability of the plant did not change significantly as long as the burial depth was not greater than the seedling height; lipid peroxidation increased and cell membranes were damaged if the burial depth was increased further. When subjected to sand burial stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities and free proline content increased in the seedlings, while the catalase (CAT) activity and soluble sugar content decreased. Sand burial did not lead to water stress. Reductions in photosynthetic area and cell membrane damage caused by sand burial may be the major mechanisms increasing mortality and inhibiting growth of the seedling. But the increases in SOD and POD activities and proline content must play a certain role in reducing sand burial damage.     

Growth and physiological responses of Agriophyllum squarrosum to sand burial stress

Agriophyllum squarrosum is an annual desert plant widely distributed on mobile and semi-mobile dunes in all the sandy deserts of China. We studied the growth and physiological properties of A. squarrosum seedlings under different sand burial depths in 2010 and 2011 at Horqin Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia to understand the ability and mechanism that A. squarrosum withstands sand burial. The results showed that A. squarrosum had a strong ability to withstand sand burial. Its survival rate, plant height and biomass increased significantly at a burial depth 25% of seedling height and decreased significantly only when the burial depth exceeded the height of the seedlings; some plants still survived even if the burial depth reached 266% of a seedling height. The malondialdehyde(MDA) content and membrane permeability of the plant did not change significantly as long as the burial depth was not greater than the seedling height; lipid peroxidation increased and cell membranes were damaged if the burial depth was increased further. When subjected to sand burial stress, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) activities and free proline content increased in the seedlings, while the catalase(CAT) activity and soluble sugar content decreased. Sand burial did not lead to water stress. Reductions in photosynthetic area and cell membrane damage caused by sand burial may be the major mechanisms increasing mortality and inhibiting growth of the seedling. But the increases in SOD and POD activities and proline content must play a certain role in reducing sand burial damage.     

2014年浑善达克沙地黄柳生长季水分来源同位素示踪研究

黄柳是我国内蒙古东部和辽宁西部沙丘上广泛分布的多年生灌木,是极佳的固沙树种.通过利用氢同位素示踪方法,测定了2014年浑善达克沙地黄柳生长季茎干水与潜在水源(降水、土壤水、地下水)氢同位素比率δD值,并利用多源线性混合模型IsoSource,计算了黄柳对各潜在水源的利用比例.结果表明:在5月黄柳80％以上利用120 ～ 160 cm土壤水和地下水;6月主要吸收0～40 cm土壤水;7月主要吸收120～160 cm土壤水;8月以地下水为主要水源,利用率为82％.这表明生长在不同季节的黄柳对于各潜在水源的利用有特定的适应结果,同时也说明荒漠灌木可以通过自身的调节朝着最优的方向发展,实现最大限度的水分利用.     

Responses of root growth of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. (Fabaceae) to different simulated groundwater depths in the southern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert,China

Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. (Fabaceae) is a spiny, perennial herb. The species grows in the salinized, arid regions in North China. This study investigated the response characteristics of the root growth and the distribution of one-year-old A. sparsifolia seedlings to different groundwater depths in controlled plots. The ecological adaptability of the root systems of A. sparsifolia seedlings was examined using the artificial digging method. Results showed that: (1) A. sparsifolia seedlings adapted to an increase in groundwater depth mainly through increasing the penetration depth and growth rate of vertical roots. The vertical roots grew rapidly when soil moisture content reached 3%-9%, but slowly when soil moisture content was 13%-20%. The vertical roots stopped growing when soil moisture content reached 30% (the critical soil moisture point). (2) The morphological plasticity of roots is an important strategy used by A. sparsifolia seedlings to obtain water and adapt to dry soil conditions. When the groundwater table was shallow, horizontal roots quickly expanded and tillering increased in order to compete for light resources, whereas when the groundwater table was deeper, vertical roots developed quickly to exploit space in the deeper soil layers. (3) The decrease in groundwater depth was probably responsible for the root distribution in the shallow soil layers. Root biomass and surface area both decreased with soil depth. One strategy of A. sparsifolia seedlings in dealing with the increase in groundwater depth is to increase root biomass in the deep soil layers. The relationship between the root growth/distribution of A. sparsifolia and the depth of groundwater table can be used as guidance for harvesting A. sparsifolia biomass and managing water resources for forage grasses. It is also of ecological significance as it reveals how desert plants adapt to arid environments.     

Variation of Parthenium hysterophorus in response to soil quality: implications for invasiveness

Summary The performance of Parthenium hysterophorus , native to the tropical Americas and invasive to several countries, was evaluated for response to soil quality. Phenological (six stages) and quantitative growth variables [relative growth rates in height (R_h) and diameter (R_d)] were measured every fortnight. Based on harvest data, the variables, root:shoot (R:S) ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth rate in biomass (R_w), net assimilation rate (NAR) and dry matter allocation to plant components, were determined. High clay content in soils prolonged the rosette stage, enhanced R_h and R_d and hampered root growth, but promoted biomass allocation to shoots. The extreme degree of plant mortality was observed, with only 33.3% individuals surviving to reproduce in the soils with highest clay contents. This appears to be one of the most important findings that certainly has a major bearing on the range of adaptation of the weed. Seed mass declined whereas seed production increased in relatively coarser soils with the exception of nearly pure sand. In soils rich in clay, plants produced a smaller number of larger seeds. These data suggest that variation in fundamental functional traits would enable P. hysterophorus to adjust to a variety of habitat conditions.     

Phenotypic plasticity of Artemisia ordosica seedlings in response to different levels of calcium carbonate in soil

Plant phenotypic plasticity is a common feature that is crucial for explaining interspecific competition, dynamics and biological evolution of plant communities. In this study, we tested the effects of soil CaCO_3(calcium carbonate) on the phenotypic plasticity of a psammophyte, Artemisia ordosica, an important plant species on sandy lands in arid and semi-arid areas of China, by performing pot experiments under different CaCO_3 contents with a two-factor randomized block design and two orthogonal designs. We analyzed the growth responses(including plant height, root length, shoot-leaf biomass and root biomass) of A. ordosica seedlings to different soil CaCO_3 contents. The results revealed that, with a greater soil CaCO_3 content, A. ordosica seedlings gradually grew more slowly, with their relative growth rates of plant height, root length, shoot-leaf biomass and root biomass all decreasing significantly. Root N/P ratios showed significant negative correlations with the relative growth rates of plant height, shoot-leaf biomass and root length of A. ordosica seedlings; however, the relative growth rate of root length increased significantly with the root P concentration increased, showing a positive correlation. These results demonstrate that soil CaCO_3 reduces the local P availability in soil, which produces a non-adaptive phenotypic plasticity to A. ordosica seedlings. This study should prove useful for planning and promoting the restoration of damaged/degraded vegetation in arid and semi-arid areas of China.     

调亏灌溉对夏玉米根冠生长关系的调控效应

以夏玉米(zea may L. cv.)为试验材料,采用防雨棚下桶栽土培方法,进行调亏灌溉(Regulated deficit irrigation,RDI)对根、冠生长的影响研究,旨在寻求适宜的水分调亏阶段和调节亏水度,为建立节水高产、优质高效作物RDI模式提供技术参数。试验采用二因素随机区组设计,设置4个水分调亏阶段:三叶～拔节(Ⅰ),拔节～抽穗(Ⅱ),抽穗～灌浆(Ⅲ),灌浆～成熟(Ⅳ);每个调亏阶段设置3个水分调亏度:轻度调亏(L)、中度调亏(M)和重度调亏(S),土壤相对含水率分别为60%～65%FC(Field capacity)、50%～55%FC和40%～45%FC;设全生育期保持适宜土壤水分(75%～80%FC)作为对照(CK)。分别在水分调亏期间和复水后测定各处理根系参数和地上干物质质量。结果表明,玉米生长中、后期水分调亏具有促进根系发育和减缓根系衰亡的"双重效应",反映出玉米根系在生育后期比生育前期对水分适应能力强的特性。玉米根冠比(R/S)受水分影响最大的阶段是三叶-拔节期,受水分影响最小的阶段是灌浆期;拔节-抽穗期水分调亏期间能显著增大R/S,复水后分配到冠层与根系的物质比较平衡,维持较为适宜的R/S,表明此阶段为通过RDI调控玉米R/S的适宜阶段。玉米三叶-拔节期水分调亏改善了穗部性状,表明在作物营养生长阶段的适度水分调亏有利于作物生殖生长。RDI可以有效调控根/冠生长关系,提高经济产量。     

风沙侵袭影响下绿洲边缘植物群落点格局分析

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲为研究区,运用Ripley’s K(t)函数点格局分析,研究风沙侵袭影响下植物群落结构和点分布格局的变化。风沙侵袭对植物组成种类无影响,均由骆驼刺、柽柳和花花柴组成,但自内侧向外围随着风沙侵袭强度加大,植株密度和盖度会明显降低,组成比例上从以骆驼刺为主向各种群均匀发展,并且骆驼刺的树冠面积随之显著增加,柽柳和花花柴的树冠面积显著减小。种群分布格局具有明显的尺度依赖性,3个种群在30 m的空间尺度上均以聚集分布为主,随风沙掩埋强度增加,3个种群分布类型从聚集变为随机,且聚集分布的尺度范围及聚集峰值所在尺度逐渐减小。研究区内各种群间以负关联为主,随风沙侵袭强度加大,各种群间的负关联程度及尺度范围均呈减弱趋势,最终变为不关联或部分尺度上较弱负关联。风沙掩埋的直接干扰和植物适应性及种间关联关系是种群空间格局变化的主要原因,强烈的风沙掩埋抑制了植物的生长和繁殖,促使群落退化,所以绿洲边缘的流沙深入区是过渡带建设及保护的重点区域。