戈壁、流沙地表风沙流特性研究

通过对戈壁、流沙地表风沙流特性的风洞模拟实验研究,风沙流中的风速廓线分布满足幂函数的形式,其幂指数在0.20左右。对于戈壁地表,在不同风速下,相同高度层含沙量具有很大的相关性,风沙活动层主要集中在距地表20cm范围内;由于沙粒与戈壁地表的砾石发生碰撞,风沙流不再服从对数关系递减,其极值出现的高度随风速的增加而上移,呈现"象鼻效应"。     

来流廓线对风沙流场和风沙堆积影响的数值模拟——以挡沙墙为例

来流风速廓线是控制与影响风沙流场变化的关键因素。基于CFD欧拉非定常模型,通过对不同来流廓线形式在特定粗糙度下垫面的数值分析,探究来流廓线对流场风速与积沙形态的影响。结果表明:2种来流廓线形式均在挡沙墙周围形成速度分区。其中,在背风侧,均匀流时回流区不明显,对数流时则回流区较明显;在迎风侧,均匀流时速度发生突变,对数流时则呈对数规律递增;不同来流形式下挡沙墙积沙分布不同,均匀流时只在背风侧形成积沙,而对数流时两侧均有积沙,且迎风侧积沙多于背风侧,来流速度越大,迎风侧积沙减小,而背风侧增多。     

沙漠地区风沙活动特征——以中国科学院风沙观测场为例

运用中国科学院风沙科学观测场的实测资料,对腾格里沙漠风沙环境特征进行初步分析,内容包括起沙风、风沙活动强度、风沙流结构和沙漠边界层的风速廓线.该地区的起沙风以6～8 m/s为主,占总起沙风的71.63%,其次为8～10 m/s,占19.24%,两者之和占90.87%;大风日数为4天;风向以W-N组风向为主;占全年的53.14%.年输沙势为36.56VU,风能属于低风能环境,单一主风向和单风态风环境.风沙流主要集中在地表的0.1 m,占总输沙量的95.46%.观测场近地层厚度大于50 m.     

南疆铁路风沙流结构特征研究

通过对南疆铁路戈壁风沙流进行现场观测研究,提出了关于风沙流密度的计算方法,将大风所携沙粒定量化,解决了风沙运动研究中如何利用现场定时观测研究风沙流动态变化的技术难题.根据现场实测资料分析,揭示了南疆铁路风沙流密度随高度和风速的变化关系.从中可以看出,风沙流密度随高度变化显现斜"L"形,以3m高为分界点;而相对的风沙流密...     

风速对海岸沙丘表面风沙流结构影响的实证研究

在河北昌黎黄金海岸形态典型的横向沙脊顶部,对不同风速下的风沙流结构进行了观测。结果表明:随着风速的增加,风沙流中40 cm高度内的绝对输沙量增加,40~60 cm高度内各层的绝对输沙量减少;相对输沙量,在0~4 cm高度内减少,4~20 cm高度内增加,20~44 cm高度内变化较小,44~60 cm高度内减少;风沙流结构模式在0~40 cm高程内为指数分布,但在0~60 cm高程内随风速增大由幂函数分布转变为指数函数分布,在40~60 cm高程内则转变为相关性更强的多项式函数分布。风速变化对风沙流结构的上述影响,主要与随风速增加增大了沙粒的搬运高度以及气流搬运沙物质的粒度组成有关。     

策勒不同下垫面风速廓线时空差异研究

通过对新疆策勒4个下垫面10m高风速廓线及粗糙度、摩阻风速等分析,探讨不同时空条件下植被和地形对风场的影响。结果表明:在中性层结下,从流沙前沿到半固定沙地、固定沙地扬沙天气风速廓线斜率依次降低,风速较大时基本符合对数关系,其拟合程度依次是半固定沙地﹥固定沙地﹥流沙地,绿洲内部2m以上高度的风速较大时与高度基本符合对数关系。春季沙尘暴期间风速较小时半固定沙地0-10m高及绿洲内部2m以上高度风速与高度变化接近对数关系,当夏季沙尘暴风速较大时,4个下垫面不同高度风速与高度之间都不呈现对数关系。随着地表植被覆盖度的增加,粗糙度和摩阻风速也迅速增加,绿洲内部夏季沙尘暴天气近地表粗糙度比春季地表粗糙度增加较为显著。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带风沙流结构特征分析

利用多种集沙仪,通过野外实时输沙观测,对塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带的地表风沙流特征进行了分析,结果表明：① 100 cm高度范围内,总输沙量的47.3%分布在30 cm高度内,这一比例小于前人的研究结果;输沙量随高度的变化比较符合幂函数分布。② 风沙流输沙的粒径以细砂、极细砂与粉砂为主,各高度层所占比例均达99%以上;风沙流输沙平均粒径随高度增加而减小,沙尘的含量随高度增加呈现“象鼻”状分布。③ 风沙流中贴地层风速廓线受风沙相互作用的影响,不再符合对数分布,更加符合幂函数u=az^b分布。     

植被沙障对近地表风沙流特征影响的风洞实验

植被沙障在一些地区已成为沙害防治的有效手段,其应用也越来越广泛,但对其治沙机理尚不很清楚.在盖度为10%,15%,20%,30%,40%,60%情况下,对植被沙障的防风固沙效益进行了风洞试验.实验风速设置为6,8,11 m/s,测定不同植被盖度的风速廓线特征、风沙流结构特征及其防沙效果.实验结果表明:①积沙总量随盖度增加而逐渐降低,风沙流中的砂粒分布在一定的高度范围内,但分布的高度随盖度的增加呈下降趋势;②植株的茂密程度对风沙流的结构有明显影响,盖度越高,积沙量越集中在下部;③盖度并不是导致积沙量为零的唯一指标,风蚀是否发生,还与植被的疏透度、防护林的高度等有关.     

乌兰布和沙漠风沙流结构的研究

作者观测了固定、流动沙丘风沙流结构,并运用拟合曲线、拟合方程等方法对固定、流动沙丘风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明,两种沙丘输沙率均与风速成正比,与高度成反比;0-40cm高度内输沙量与风速之间遵循指数关系;流动沙丘的沙粒运动主要集中在近地层0-6cm高度范围内;另外,植被阻截沉沙效果特别明显,植被覆盖度在30%时,沉沙效果达到95%以上,且随风速的增大而增加。     

毛乌素沙地风沙流结构的研究

运用曲线拟合、拟合方程等方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘流动沙丘0～30cm垂直高度范围内的风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明:在0～30cm高度,输沙率均与风速成正比,与高度成反比,幂函数拟合关系最佳。其中,各高度层输沙率随风速的变化分别呈幂函数或指数函数关系,同风速下输沙率随着高度的增加而减小,呈幂函数或指数函数关系;随着风速和气流中总输沙率的增加,0～30cm高度范围内的绝对输沙率增加,相对输沙率(%)的变化为下层趋于减少,中层略变,上层增加,风沙流结构的特征值λ增大;风沙流中沙粒粒度沿垂向变化为细沙增加,中沙减少,沙粒平均粒径变细。     

Wind regimes and associated sand dune types in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Wind controls the formation and development of sand dunes. Therefore, understanding the wind regimes is necessary in sand dune research. In this study, we combined the wind data from 2017 to 2019 at four meteorological stations (Cherigele and Wuertabulage stations in the lake basins, and Yikeri and Sumujilin stations on the top of sand dunes) in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert in China, with high resolution Google Earth images to analyze the correlation between the wind energy environments and dune morphology. The results of data analysis indicated that both the wind direction and sand drift intensity exhibited notable spatial and temporal variations. The highest level of wind activity was observed in spring. Northwesterly and northeasterly winds were the dominant in the Badain Jaran Desert. At the Cherigele, Wuertabulage, and Yikeri stations, the drift potential (DP) was below 200.00 vector units (VU). The wind energy environments in most areas could be classified as low-energy environments. The resultant drift direction differed at different stations and in different seasons, but the overall direction was mainly the southeast. The resultant drift potential (RDP)/DP ratio was greater than 0.30 in most parts of the study area, suggesting that the wind regimes mainly exhibited unimodal or bimodal characteristics. Differences between the thermodynamic properties and the unique landscape settings of lakes and sand dunes could alter the local circulation and intensify the complexity of the wind regimes. The wind regimes were weaker in the lake basins than on the top of sand dunes. Transverse dunes were the most dominant types of sand dunes in the study area, and the wind regimes at most stations were consistent with sand dune types. Wind was thus the main dynamic factor affecting the formation of sand dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert BJD. The results of this study are important for understanding the relationship between the wind regimes and aeolian landforms of the dune field in the deserts.     

巴丹吉林沙漠腹地湖泊水面蒸发模拟的特殊性

巴丹吉林沙漠腹地的湖泊形成机理一直存在较大争论。其中,湖泊蒸发估算的不确定性可能是导致这一争论的重要原因。采用沙漠腹地的气象观测数据,分析了沙漠腹地湖泊蒸发估算所具有的特殊性,亦即沙漠腹地与外围的风速差异、腹地湖泊"冷岛效应"和"盐度效应"。具体而言,腹地风速较外围风速小,可引起传统的彭曼模型估算的蒸发偏大,腹地湖泊的冷岛效应则使平流项在湖泊能量平衡过程中不可忽视,腹地湖泊的盐度效应使得其蒸发速率要小于淡水蒸发。因此,开展系统的定位观测是准确获取湖巴丹吉林沙漠腹地泊蒸发的一个合理途径,并有助于揭示沙漠腹地湖泊的形成机理。     

巴丹吉林沙漠植被群落特征与土壤水分关系研究

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠周边及腹地进行野外调查采样,归纳出该区植被的生活型和群落类型,分析其植被多样性、优势度及均匀度指数,进而探讨该地区植被群落特征对土壤水分的响应.结果表明:(1)本次调查共记录到20科52属56种植物,分属于乔木、小乔木、灌木、小灌木、半灌木、草质藤本、多年生草本、一年生草本8类生活型,群落多以灌木和多...     

艾比湖地区的输沙势分析

利用艾比湖地区 5个气象站 196 1- 2 0 0 1年的观测资料分析输沙势变化 ,结果表明 :(1)艾比湖地区合成输沙势春季最大 ,平均是 131.4VU ,夏季次之 ,是 89.9VU ,冬季最小 ,是 4 5 .4VU。四季合成输沙势在 2 0世纪 6 0年代最大 ,90年代最小 ;春季、冬季从 6 0～ 90年代一直减小 ;夏季、秋季在 80年代有次高出现。各季的最大值出现年代不同 ,最小值均出现在 90年代 ;(2 )年合成输沙势从 6 0 - 90年代减小 ,80年代中期到 90年代减小较快 ,最大值是 1977年的 12 4 .3VU ,最小值是 1999年的 4 5 .8VU ,平均是 87.7VU ;(3)沙尘暴、扬沙在 6 0 - 70年代年出现日数较多 ,70年代中期达到最多 ,随后开始下降 ,90年代初达到最少 ,之后 ,稍有增大。     

New evidence for the links between the local water cycle and the underground wet sand layer of a mega-dune in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Scientists and the local government have great concerns about the climate change and water resources in the Badain Jaran Desert of western China. A field study for the local water cycle of a lake-desert system was conducted near the Noertu Lake in the Badain Jaran Desert from 21 June to 26 August 2008. An underground wet sand layer was observed at a depth of 20–50 cm through analysis of datasets collected during the field experiment. Measurements unveiled that the near surface air humidity increased in the nighttime. The sensible and latent heat fluxes were equivalent at a site about 50 m away from the Noertu Lake during the daytime, with mean values of 134.4 and 105.9 W/m2 respectively. The sensible heat flux was dominant at a site about 500 m away from the Noertu Lake, with a mean of 187.7 W/m2, and a mean latent heat flux of only 26.7 W/m2. There were no apparent differences for the land surface energy budget at the two sites during the night time. The latent heat flux was always negative with a mean value of –12.7 W/m2, and the sensible heat flux was either positive or negative with a mean value of 5.10 W/m2. A portion of the local precipitation was evaporated into the air and the top-layer of sand dried quickly after every rainfall event, while another portion seeped deep and was trapped by the underground wet sand layer, and supplied water for surface psammophyte growth. With an increase of air humidity and the occurrence of negative latent heat flux or water vapor condensation around the Noertu Lake during the nighttime, we postulated that the vapor was transported and condensed at the lakeward sand surface, and provided supplemental underground sand pore water. There were links between the local water cycle, underground wet sand layer, psammophyte growth and landscape evolution of the mega-dunes surrounding the lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert of western China.     

巴丹吉林沙漠南缘沙地芦苇种群生态特征

对天然分布在巴丹吉林沙漠南缘2种沙地生境(盐渍沙地、普通沙地)芦苇(Phragmites australis)分株种群的构件特征、种群年龄结构、动态特征及种群空间分布格局进行调查,研究表明:(1)盐渍沙地土壤含水量和含盐量都显著大于普通沙地,普通沙地芦苇的株高、生物量以及各构件的生物量整体上都高于盐渍沙地的芦苇,土壤含...     

Eddy covariance measurements of water vapor and energy flux over a lake in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Exploring the surface energy exchange between atmosphere and water bodies is essential to gain a quantitative understanding of regional climate change, especially for the lakes in the desert. In this study, measurements of energy flux and water vapor were performed over a lake in the Badain Jaran Desert, China from March 2012 to March 2013. The studied lake had about a 2-month frozen period(December and January) and a 10-month open-water period(February–November). Latent heat flux(LE) and sensible heat flux(Hs) acquired using the eddy covariance technique were argued by measurements of longwave and shortwave radiation. Both fluxes of longwave and shortwave radiation showed seasonal dynamics and daily fluctuations during the study period. The reflected solar radiation was much higher in winter than in other seasons. LE exhibited diurnal and seasonal variations. On a daily scale, LE was low in the morning and peaked in the afternoon. From spring(April) to winter(January), the diurnal amplitude of LE decreased slowly. LE was the dominant heat flux throughout the year and consumed most of the energy from the lake. Generally speaking, LE was mostly affected by changes in the ambient wind speed, while Hs was primarily affected by the product of water-air temperature difference and wind speed. The diurnal LE and Hs were negatively correlated in the open-water period. The variations in Hs and LE over the lake were differed from those on the nearby land surface. The mean evaporation rate on the lake was about 4.0 mm/d over the entire year, and the cumulative annual evaporation rate was 1445 mm/a. The cumulative annual evaporation was 10 times larger than the cumulative annual precipitation. Furthermore, the average evaporation rates over the frozen period and open-water period were approximately 0.6 and 5.0 mm/d, respectively. These results can be used to analyze the water balance and quantify the source of lake water in the Badain Jaran Desert.     

基于RS和GIS的沙漠湖泊动态变化研究——以巴丹吉林沙漠为例

沙漠湖泊动态变化的常规观测方法在沙漠的大部分地区无法实施,遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(G IS)技术的发展为研究沙漠湖泊动态变化提供了有效的技术手段。及时准确地掌握和研究沙漠湖泊资源的现状和动态变化过程,对于沙漠湖泊的合理开发、保护和可持续发展都有着及其重要的意义。因此,以巴丹吉林沙漠为例,利用1973年、1990年、2000年、2007年的(多光谱扫描仪)MSS、(专题制图仪)TM、(增强型专题制图仪)ETM+、(中巴地球资源卫星)CBERS_CCD遥感资料为信息源,综合监督分类与目视判读方法提取沙漠湖泊信息,以G IS为工具对湖泊动态变化信息进行分析。结果表明:研究区1973年湖泊面积为28.56km2,2007年的湖泊面积为17.01km2,减少了11.55km2,减少的速度为0.34km2/a,其中1973-1990年间减少的速率最快,为0.66km2/a,1990-2007年间几乎没有发生变化。     

古尔班通古特沙漠工程沙害形成的环境分析

通过对风动力与下垫面，包括地形地貌、沙丘高度、植被盖度以及沙物质颗粒等的相互作用和影响的分析，将古尔班通古特沙漠从北到南划分为6个风沙危害形成的环境区：Ⅰ．北部边缘区；Ⅱ．北部区；Ⅲ．中部区；Ⅳ．中部偏南区；Ⅴ．南部区；Ⅵ．南部边缘区。综合考虑各因素，依据沙源条件，将风沙危害形成环境的6个区划分为3个级别：一级为潜在风沙危害严重区（Ⅲ区）；二级为潜在风沙危害较重区（Ⅳ，Ⅴ，Ⅵ区）；三级为潜在风沙危害较轻区（Ⅰ，Ⅱ区）。     

腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区的风沙土及其改良利用

腾格里沙漠东南缘的沙坡头地区，由于气候干旱，风蚀频繁，因而形成的各类土壤均具有质地轻粗，有机质贫乏，保肥能力弱和富钾缺磷等特点，所以，在改良利用上应该积极营 护林，创造细土层，改造粗骨性，并以广开肥源，种植绿肥，培养和提高土壤肥力为重点。