3种棒果芥属植物生物量分配及异速生长分析

类短命植物是准噶尔荒漠早春草本植物类群的重要而独特的组成部分,研究其生物量分配和异速生长关系,有助于深入了解类短命植物的生存策略与生态功能。以棒果芥（ Sterigmostemum tomentosum ）、福海棒果芥（ S ． fuhaiense ）和黄花棒果芥（ S ． sulfureum ）为研究对象,采用挖掘法获取野外成株全株生物量,对三者的器官生物量、分配比例及异速生长关系进行了对比分析。结果表明,3种植物器官生物量及其分配比例均差异明显。福海棒果芥生物量最大,但根冠比（R／S）和叶冠比（L／S）最小;棒果芥生物量最小,但L／S最大;黄花棒果芥则具有最大的R／S。棒果芥和黄花棒果芥的根冠比（R／S）均随个体的增大而显著下降,表明二者地上（AGB）与地下生物量（BGB）分配受到个体大小的强烈影响。福海棒果芥AGB－BGB间为等速生长关系（幂指数α＝1）,而另外2种均为异速生长关系;棒果芥、福海棒果芥的叶生物量（LB）与AGB间为等速生长关系,而黄花棒果芥符合异速生长关系（α＜1）;3个物种的LB－BGB间具有共同的异速生长指数（0．816）,表现出强烈的功能趋同性。总之,3个物种间的生物量分配及异速生长关系没有一致规律,但体现了类短命植物生物量分配的特点。     

不同生境/萌发类型尖喙牻牛儿苗生物量分配特征

短命植物是荒漠生态系统重要的植物类群，其具有多样化的生境，且很多种类还具有异时萌发特性。植物生物量积累和分配能体现其对环境的响应与适应性特征，因此，研究不同环境条件下短命植物生物量分配格局有助于进一步了解短命植物的生存策略。以裸沙春萌（Bare Sand-Spring Germination,BS）、藻结皮春萌（Algal-Spring Germination,AS）、地衣结皮春萌（Lichen-Spring Germination,LS）3种自然结皮生境中萌发的尖喙牻牛儿苗春萌株及裸沙区夏季萌发（Summer Germination in Bare Sand,SG）的尖喙牻牛儿苗夏萌株为研究对象，采用全株挖掘法获取地上和地下生物量，系统对比分析了4个类型间植株生物量分配及异速生长关系的差异性，以探究其资源分配策略的变异性和保守型。结果表明：（1）尖喙牻牛儿苗单株地上、地下及总生物量总体表现为BS>AS>LS=SG的格局，其根冠比则呈SG=LS=AS>BS的特征。（2）BS和SG类型植株地上与地下生物量间为等速生长关系，而AS和LS生境为异速生长关系，但4个类型具有共...     

生物炭对谷子幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

为揭示生物炭在谷子种植中的应用潜力和价值,以祥谷3号为材料,采用室内盆栽试验的方式,在土壤中添加3种不同比例的生物炭(10、50、90 g·kg~(-1)),于播种后30 d对谷子幼苗进行生物量、根系形态和地上形态及叶片光合的测定分析。结果表明:与未施用生物炭(BC0)对照相比,不同剂量的生物炭均显著改善了谷子幼苗地上和地下生物量、形态指标以及除胞间CO_2浓度以外的其他光合参数指标,且以中等剂量生物炭(50 g·kg~(-1))对谷子生长和光合指标的影响效果最为明显。与对照相比,中等剂量生物炭(50 g·kg~(-1))处理谷子幼苗地上部分和地下部分鲜重、干重分别提高了220%、181%和500%、350%,根冠比增加41.7%;谷子幼苗地下部分主根长、总根长、总根表面积、根尖数、分枝数分别提高124%、215%、323%、86.4%、279%;谷子地上部分幼苗株高、茎粗和叶面积分别提高48.28%、50%、159%;叶片相对叶绿素含量和净光合速率分别提高21.01%和167%。研究表明,生物炭添加可以改善地下根系和地上茎叶形态,改善叶片光合和根系对水分和矿质元素的吸收能力,从而促进谷子生物量的积累,可为后期产量的形成奠定基础。     

小针茅草原植被地下与地上生物量季节动态及根冠比变化规律

利用内蒙古苏尼特右旗小针茅荒漠草原生长季地上、地下生物量数据,分析小针茅草原植被地上、地下生物量以及根冠比的季节动态,并建立根冠比季节动态模型。研究结果表明：① 小针茅草原植被地上生物量季节变化呈单峰型曲线,地上生物量的峰值出现在6月下旬,为46.14 g•m^-2,地下生物量季节动态表现为“N”型变化规律,最高值出现在7月下旬,最低值出现在8月下旬,分别为1 275.46 g•m^-2和365.1 g•m^-2。② 2011年小针茅草原植被根冠比季节波动较大,最小根冠比为16.8, 出现在8月下旬, 最大根冠比为51.05, 出现在7月下旬。③ 小针茅草原植被地上生物量与根冠比具有较明显的相关关系,8月的相关关系最好,相关系数达到0.626,可以用8月的地上生物量模拟根冠比的变化。     

典型荒漠植物凋落物分解及养分动态研究

采用分解网袋法,对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘粗柄独尾草(Eremurus inderiensis)、尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)和沙漠绢蒿(Seriphidium santolinum)3种荒漠植物叶、茎和根的分解、养分释放特性进行了研究。结果表明：叶片、茎、根系的质量损失过程均符合指数衰减模型。经过364 d的分解,粗柄独尾草叶、粗柄独尾草根、尖喙牻牛儿苗叶、尖喙牻牛儿苗茎、尖喙牻牛儿苗根、沙漠绢蒿茎、沙漠绢蒿根的失重率分别为41.96%、81.94%、42.18%、29.32%、47.02%、20.66%和20.71%;3种植物根、茎、叶的分解速率存在显著差异,分解速率依次为：粗柄独尾草根>叶;尖喙牻牛儿苗根>叶>茎;沙漠绢蒿根>茎。在整个分解过程中,N和P含量总的趋势表现为释放,叶、根凋落物质量损失与初始N、P含量显著负相关,非生物因素对其分解有重要影响。     

不同扁蓿豆种质孕蕾期抗旱性综合评价

采用盆栽反复干旱法,在适度、中度和重度水分胁迫(土壤含水量分别为75%~80%、50%~55%和30%~35%)条件下,研究了12份不同生境扁蓿豆(Medicago ruthenica)种质孕蕾期的抗旱性。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,12份扁蓿豆的绝对株高、茎粗、地上生物量、地下生物量、叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量均呈下降趋势,而丙二醛(MDA)含量呈上升趋势;与对照相比,中度水分胁迫下,12份扁蓿豆叶片相对含水量的降幅均在11%以下,重度水分胁迫严重抑制了扁蓿豆的生长;中度和重度胁迫下,陇县扁蓿豆绝对株高降幅较小,分别下降了1.8%和22.1%;而渭源扁蓿豆叶片MDA含量在中度和重度水分胁迫下均比其他材料的含量高,分别为26.172μmol·g-1和31.149μmol·g-1。以中度和重度水分胁迫处理下绝对株高、茎粗、地上生物量、地下生物量、叶片相对含水量、MDA含量和叶绿素含量的相对值为评价指标,应用隶属函数法对12份扁蓿豆孕蕾期抗旱性进行综合评价,抗旱性强弱依次为:陕西陇县榆中永昌陇西天水渭源土默特自选8号景泰临夏镇原夏河。     

水分胁迫下荒漠地区2种草本植物生物量分配策略

水分胁迫是荒漠地区生态系统结构和功能变化的主要驱动力。分析水分胁迫下,不同生长阶段荒漠植物生物量在地上-地下的分配比例,对精确估算地下有机碳存储量有重要的理论意义。通过盆栽控制实验,设置对照、中度和重度胁迫的水分梯度,选取荒漠地区2种草本植物涩荠（Malcolmia africana）和角果藜（Ceratocarpus arenarius）,分析其生物量在地上-地下的分配比例变化。结果表明：无论水分胁迫存在与否,总生物量累积均符合Sigmoidal生长模型;水分胁迫对植株早期发育阶段总生物量的累积无明显影响,但显著减少了发育后期总生物量的累积;植株每生长10 d,涩荠和角果藜叶片占总生物量的比例分别减少8.9%～10.6%和3.1%～3.4%。几乎等同于茎所增加的比例。水分胁迫使得地下生物量显著增加,但总生物量的累积仍以地上部分为主;根冠比在整个生长过程中呈4个渐变的阶段。     

乌拉特荒漠草原红砂生物量预测模型

红砂(Reaumuria soogorica)是一种广泛分布在中国半荒漠地区的多年生半灌木,是干旱荒漠区分布最广的植物种之一,具有固沙、固土的优良特性。其生物量估算对评价荒漠草原红砂的生态功能和荒漠草原经营管理具有重要作用,红砂生物量模型是估测红砂生物量的重要方法之一。本研究采用全挖法,以乌拉特荒漠草原优势种之一红砂为研究对象,基于对红砂地上、地下和整株生物量及株高(H)、冠幅(C)、基径(D)等的测定,通过数理统计的回归分析方法,利用相关生长模型(幂函数W=aX^b),分别构建了地上部分(W1)、地下部分(W2)和全株生物量(W)的预测模型。通过对比判别系数R2的大小,挑选最佳生物量估测模型。结果表明:①以冠幅(C)为指标的估测模型W1=0.555×C^1.867(R^2=0.866)能较好地反映红砂单株地上生物量累计特征。②以复合因子基径×基径×株高(D2H)为指标的估测模型W2=2.259×(D^2H)^0.762(R^2=0.769)能较好地反映红砂单株地下生物量累计特征。③以复合因子基径×基径×株高(D^2H)为指标的估测模型W=7.057×(D^2H)^0.813(R^2=0.859)能较好地反映红砂总生物量的累计特征。利用此类方法建立的生物量模型,精度高,简便易行,为评价乌拉特荒漠草原红砂的生态功能和准确测定其生物量提供科学依据。     

外来入侵杂草田菁的构件生物量分配与异速生长分析

田菁(Sesbania cannabina)是我国华南、华中和华东等地区危害严重的外来入侵杂草，通过测定其构件(根、茎、叶、花、果)生物量和植株高度等数据，分析其构件生物量分配特征及其与异速生长的关系，以期掌握该入侵杂草的生长发育规律。结果表明：田菁的构件生物量分配关系表现为茎>叶>果>根>花，而其变异系数从大到小为果>茎>叶>根>花，其地上与地下以及生殖与营养构件间的生物量均表现出极显著的差异性。此外，田菁各构件之间以及株高与构件间均为异速生长关系，株高与各构件生物量间呈极显著正相关性。田菁种群各构件间的异速生长关系以及较高的地上构件生物量与其较强的入侵性有密切联系，该结果对评估田菁的入侵机制具有重要价值。     

叶片被毛对干旱区短命植物狭果鹤虱生理生态特征的影响

以荒漠短命植物狭果鹤虱为研究对象,通过野外控制实验,研究叶片被毛(leaf hairs)对狭果鹤虱生理生态特征的影响。结果表明:对于叶片有被毛的植物,模拟凝结水能显著提高叶厚、叶重、叶片水势、净光合速率、气孔导度以及地上生物量(干重),而对根径、根长与地下生物量(干重)表现出较小的效应;对于人工去除叶片被毛的植物,模拟凝结水对其根长、根径、叶厚、叶重、叶片水势、净光合速率、气孔导度、地上与地下生物量的影响不大。由此可知,被毛的存在能显著增加狭果鹤虱叶片吸附凝结水的量,同时也能增强其对干旱环境的适应能力。     

Ecological stoichiometry and biomass response of Agropyron michnoi Roshev. under simulated N deposition in a sandy grassland,China

Sandy grassland in northern China is a fragile ecosystem with poor soil fertility. Exploring how plant species regulate growth and nutrient absorption under the background of nitrogen (N) deposition is crucial for the management of the sandy grassland ecosystem. We carried out a field experiment with six N levels in the Hulunbuir Sandy Land of China from 2014 to 2016 and explored the Agropyron michnoi Roshev. responses of both aboveground and belowground biomasses and carbon (C), N and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the plant tissues and soil. With increasing N addition, both aboveground and belowground biomasses and C, N and P concentrations in the plant tissues increased and exhibited a single-peak curve. C:N and C:P ratios of the plant tissues first decreased but then increased, while the trend for N:P ratio was opposite. The peak values of aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and C concentration in the plant tissues occurred at the level of 20 g N/(m²·a), while those of N and P concentrations in the plant tissues occurred at the level of 15 g N/(m²·a). The maximum growth percentages of aboveground and belowground biomasses were 324.2% and 75.9%, respectively, and the root to shoot ratio (RSR) decreased with the addition of N. N and P concentrations in the plant tissues were ranked in the order of leaves>roots>stems, while C concentration was ranked as roots>leaves>stems. The increase in N concentration in the plant tissues was the largest (from 34% to 162%), followed by the increase in P (from 10% to 33%) and C (from 8% to 24%) concentrations. The aboveground biomass was positively and linearly correlated with leaf C, N and P, and soil C and N concentrations, while the belowground biomass was positively and linearly correlated with leaf N and soil C concentrations. These results showed that the accumulation of N and P in the leaves caused the increase in the aboveground biomass, while the accumulation of leaf N resulted in the increase in the belowground biomass. N deposition can alter the allocation of C, N and P stoichiometry in the plant tissues and has a high potential for increasing plant biomass, which is conducive to the restoration of sandy grassland.     

Ecological biomass allocation strategies in plant species with different life forms in a cold desert,China

Biomass allocation patterns among plant species are related to their adaptive ecological strategies. Ephemeral, ephemeroid and annual plant life forms represent three typical growth strategies of plants that grow in autumn and early spring in the cold deserts of China. These plants play an important role in reducing wind velocity in the desert areas. However, despite numerous studies, the strategies of biomass allocation among plant species with these three life forms remain contentious. In this study, we conducted a preliminary quadrat study during 2014-2016 in the southern part of the Gurbantunggut Desert, China, to investigate the allocation patterns of above-ground biomass (AGB) and below-ground biomass (BGB) at the individual level in 17 ephemeral, 3 ephemeroid and 4 annual plant species. Since ephemeral plants can germinate in autumn, we also compared biomass allocation patterns between plants that germinated in autumn 2015 and spring 2016 for 4 common ephemeral species. The healthy mature individual plants of each species were sampled and the AGB, BGB, total biomass (TB), leaf mass ratio (LMR) and root/shoot ratio (R/S) were calculated for 201 sample quadrats in the study area. We also studied the relationships between AGB and BGB of plants with the three different life forms (ephemeral, ephemeroid and annual). The mean AGB values of ephemeral, ephemeroid and annual plants were 0.806, 3.759 and 1.546 g/plant, respectively, and the mean BGB values were 0.106, 4.996 and 0.166 g/plant, respectively. The mean R/S value was significantly higher in ephemeroid plants (1.675) than in ephemeral (0.154) and annual (0.147) plants. The mean LMR was the highest in annual plants, followed by ephemeroid plants and ephemeral plants, reflecting the fact that annual plants allocate more biomass to leaves, associated with their longer life span. Biomass of ephemeral plants that germinated in autumn was significantly higher than those of corresponding plants that germinated in spring in terms of AGB, BGB and TB. However, the R/S value was similar in plants that germinated in autumn and spring. The slope of regression relationship between AGB and BGB differed significantly among the three plant life forms. These results support different biomass allocation hypotheses. Specifically, at the individual level, the AGB and BGB partitioning supports the allometric hypothesis for ephemeroid and annual plants and the isometric hypothesis for ephemeral plants.     

Allometric models for estimating shrub biomass in desert grassland in northern China

The development of shrub allometric models is crucial for accurate biomass assessment, as well as for scientific studies of carbon storage and carbon cycling of desert ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to construct allometric models to predict biomass using easily measured variables for xerophytic shrubs. The 12 most widespread shrub species of northern China were selected and a total of 385 individuals were harvested to obtain the weight of its components (leaves, twigs, branches, and roots), the crown area (CA) and plant height (H). Based on a high coefficient of determination (R2), a low standard error of estimate (SEE), and low Akaike information criterion (AIC) values, 72 species-specific and 24 multispecies models with CA and H as independent variables were developed. The function lnW (biomass of different components)?=?a?+?b?×?lnX (predictor variable) was selected as optimal model. CA was revealed as the best independent variable for the biomass of leaves and twigs, and V (CA?×?H) was the best predictor variable for branches, aboveground, belowground, and total biomass. In conclusion, for the first time species-specific and multispecies models were constructed with a high goodness of fit of leaves, twigs, branches, aboveground, belowground, and total biomass for 12 shrub species in northern China. Compared to multispecies models, species-specific models had improved accuracy. Since biomass quantification is the basis of carbon stocks estimation, the models presented here can be considered as alternative tool for assessing carbon storage and carbon cycling of desert ecosystems.     

中国北方天然草地的生物量分配及其对气候的响应

通过收集我国近20年来草地生物量的有关文献,估算了我国北方天然草地根冠比(R/S)及地下生产力占总生产力比例(fBNPP)的大小及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:不同草地类型R/S比及fBNPP变异较大,根冠比为1.66~15.21,fBNPP为0.29~0.98;荒漠草原的R/S比及fBNPP较大,但变幅较小;森林草原R/S比和fBNPP较小,但变幅较大;R/S比及fBNPP随年降水的增加而显著降低,随年平均气温增加而降低的趋势不明显。采用生长季最大生物量估算的方法可能高估了R/S比及fBNPP。长期、高质量的生物量观测数据,尤其是地下生物量的数据以及开展不同研究方法对生产力估算结果的影响,对于准确评价草地在区域及全球碳循环中的作用是十分必要的。     

内蒙古温带草地植被的碳储量

草地生态系统在全球碳循环中起着极为重要的作用。大部分草地碳储存在地下,但是实测数据十分匮乏,因此准确估算温带草地植被碳储量对评价草地生态系统碳循环具有重要意义。作为一个区域性资料积累工作,作者对内蒙古温带草地的碳储量进行了大范围的实测研究,以估算该地区草地植被的碳储量。主要结果如下:(1)内蒙古温带草地总面积为58.46×106hm2,总植被碳储量为226.0±13.27Tg C(1 Tg=1012g),平均碳密度为3.44Mg C.hm-2;(2)地下根系储存的碳是地上碳储量的6倍左右,地上、地下生物量碳储量分别为33.22±1.75和193.88±12.6 Tg C,平均碳密度分别是0.51和2.96 MgC.hm-2;(3)不同草地类型的碳储量差异较大,典型草原最大(113.25 Tg C),占草地总碳储量的50%,其次是草甸和草甸草原,荒漠草原碳储量最低(15.37 Tg C)。     

白梭梭幼苗生长和生物量分配对不同盐分类型和浓度的响应

采用盆栽实验,设置3种盐分类型（NaCl,Na₂SO₄以及两者等摩尔比例混合盐）和6个浓度梯度〔0（CK）,50,100,200,300,500 mmol/L）〕,探讨了白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum Bunge ex Boiss. et Buhse）幼苗生长以及不同生长期地上地下生物量分配,对不同盐分类型及浓度的响应。结果发现：① 不同盐分类型和浓度处理下,白梭梭幼苗同化枝直径和分叉数具有明显差异,幼苗株高、基径和同化枝枝长随盐分浓度增大而减小,适度盐分浓度（300 mmol/L）促进主根生长,高盐分浓度（500 mmol/L）则具有显著抑制作用。② 随处理时间和盐分浓度的增加,白梭梭幼苗生物量积累受到的抑制不断增大,与对照相比,处理后期（第75 d）500 mmol/L浓度的NaCl,Na₂SO₄和混合盐处理下,白梭梭幼苗总生物量分别降低77%,87%和78%,地上生物量分别降低78%,87%和74%,地下生物量分别降低75%,81%和76%。③ 随时间的延长,白梭梭幼苗根冠比在各盐分处理下均呈增大趋势,但随盐浓度增加,根冠比变化趋势随盐分类型和处理时间的不同而有所区别。④ 白梭梭幼苗地上-地下生物量存在明显异速生长关系,且盐分处理未显著改变异速生长指数,均表现为地下生物量累积速率大于地上生物量。研究结果表明,在盐分胁迫下,白梭梭幼苗地上地下生物量分配对Na₂SO₄作出的响应要先于NaCl和混合盐,随处理时间的延长,对3种盐分类型作出的响应趋于一致,即将更多的生物量分配给地下根系,以缓解盐分过多造成的水分短缺等影响,维持植物的存活,符合最优分配理论。