华北越冬绿肥作物二月兰生长特征的研究

二月兰是华北地区冬季覆盖作物,可作为冬季绿肥作物引入农田生产,与春玉米等作物形成粮肥复种体系.试验调查了二月兰返青到成熟的生长状况,研究了不同播期对二月兰生长的影响,对二月兰的生育期进行了划分.结果表明,4月上旬开始,二月兰的株高、鲜草重、干物重快速增长;鲜草重、干物重在4月中下旬的盛花期达到高峰;盛花期以后,干物重变化不大,但鲜草产量迅速降低.试验条件下,二月兰最佳播种期为9月中旬,最佳翻压期为4月23日～5月5日.将二月兰生育期划分为苗期、冬季休眠期、返青期、现蕾抽薹期、花期、结角成熟期等6个阶段,花期又可以区分为初花期、盛花期、终花期.本研究可以作为二月兰合理播种和利用的参考.     

不同播期对华北地区二月兰生长及养分吸收的影响

通过小区试验研究了华北地区不同播期对二月兰(Orychophragmus violaceus)生长发育、养分吸收和产量的影响。结果表明,播期推迟会造成二月兰的出苗数、越冬数、养分累积量和产量下降,以9月14日播种为最高,其鲜草产量达到20 925 kg/hm2,氮、磷、钾累积量分别达到51.59、6.95和93.44 kg/hm2,种子产量达到667 kg/hm2;但植株的氮、磷含量有随播期推迟而上升的趋势。播期推迟会导致二月兰生育期延迟,表现为收获时二月兰秸秆和种子的含水量增加。本试验条件下,综合考虑二月兰在华北地区的最适播期为9月14日。     

华北冬绿肥作物养分累积特征及对翻压前土壤养分的影响

采用大田试验方式研究华北地区冬绿肥生态适应性。试验设置冬闲、二月兰、毛叶苕子、黑麦、黑麦草、毛叶苕子二月兰混播、毛叶苕子黑麦混播7个处理,分析其养分累积及其对翻压前土壤养分的影响。结果表明,供试冬绿肥翻压前生物产量为4991～7262 kg/hm²,氮、磷、钾累积吸收量分别为121.5 ～191.4、26.8～41.9、140.7～261.5 kg/hm²,显著高于冬闲处理。其中,毛叶苕子氮吸收量最高,黑麦磷、钾吸收量最高;冬绿肥翻压前土壤硝态氮、有效磷含量显著降低,土壤速效钾含量显著增加。研究结果为冬绿肥种植减少土壤氮、磷养分淋失和钾素固持提供了理论支持。     

水肥调控对二月兰和后茬花生养分累积及土壤肥力的影响

摘 要：田间试验条件下，研究不同水肥处理对二月兰生长，及其翻压后后茬花生产量和养分累积的变化。结果表明，灌溉和施肥可显著促进二月兰生长。在绿肥季，不论施肥与否，灌溉处理均可显著提高二月兰的生物量和N、P、K养分含量， NPW（绿肥季施氮磷肥和灌溉）和CKW处理（绿肥季不施肥，只进行灌溉处理）的二月兰生物量和N、P、K养分含量分别比相应的未灌溉处理提高了66.47%和63.97%、76.95%和32.36%、88.31%和9.80%、21.71%和15.56%。二月兰翻压的养分还田量为91.04～260.23 kg/hm2，约占花生季化肥总养分的27.59%～78.86%。与冬闲处理（CF）相比，不同施肥和灌溉处理的绿肥翻压均促进了花生产量和养分累积，及土壤养分含量的提高，其中以EN处理的提升效果最明显。周年等养分条件下，花生季35.00%氮和/或42.86%磷肥料前移至绿肥季，可明显促进绿肥养分还田量的增加，后茬花生产量不同程度增加（增幅22.82%～41.18%）。综上，在适量灌溉和施肥条件下，二月兰生物量明显增加，进而促进后茬花生产量增加及养分累积。研究结果可为我国绿肥农田应用及化肥减施提供数据支撑和实践依据。     

冬绿肥二月兰间作及翻压对北方桃园生长环境及果实品质的影响

研究二月兰间作及其翻压对北方桃园生长环境及果实品质的影响。结果表明:二月兰翻压或自然生长处理能够维持土壤温度、保持土壤水分,显著防除艾蒿等杂草,降低土壤容重,提高了土壤有机氮、有机碳、有效氮含量及微生物数量,为桃树生长发育提供适宜的土壤环境;增加果桃Vc、可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量。     

黄土丘陵区华北落叶松人工林生态系统生物量与养分循环特征

通过样地调查观测和室内样品分析,对位于山西吉县的23年生华北落叶松人工林生态系统中13种元素的循环特征进行研究。测算得到研究区域人工林生态系统的生物量在各器官的空间分布,结合林木各器官养分含量,得出养分元素在空间变异上的积累与分布;测算四大分室(林木、土壤、枯落物和大气)中其余分室的养分含量和养分积累与分布,得到养分循环过程中华北落叶松人工林养分年归还量134.719kg/(hm~2·a),年存留量53.409kg/(hm~2·a)和年吸收量188.129kg/(hm2·a);最后综合上述的各分室养分循环状况,得出反映该森林生态系统的养分生物循环特征的参数和指标。研究区华北落叶松人工林生态系统内N,P,K的循环系数均值(0.68),表明研究区生态系统循环速率较快;利用系数偏小,储存效率慢,土壤养分利用效率较高;养分元素通过林冠后均明显增加(林冠截留量142.1mm),并且对降水量(587.8mm)要求一般。较高的富集系数使其适应瘠薄自然环境,养分消耗量低。总体来看,华北落叶松是很有潜力的森林更新和荒山造林树种。     

九叶青花椒不同生育期矿质养分累积规律及分配特征研究

通过对九叶青花椒不同生育期各器官干物质量与矿质养分含量的测定,计算不同生育期九叶青花椒各器官养分净累积量,探究九叶青花椒的矿质营养需求规律,以期为九叶青花椒养分管理提供理论依据。以8年生九叶青花椒为研究对象,在关键生育期进行整株砍伐采样,测定不同部位干物质重及养分(氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌、硼)含量,计算不同生育期各矿质元素的净累积量与比例。结果表明,九叶青花椒在整个生育期内,树体周年干物质总累积量为9.33 kg·株-1,树干占比最高,为24.62%;当年净累积量为5.45 kg·株-1,枝条占比最高,为21.59%。干物质净累积量和累积速率出现2次高峰,分别是抽梢期-旺长期(净累积量为     

砂质土壤pH对中性缓释复合肥养分释放特性的影响研究

采用连续恒温培养研究了30℃条件下砂质酸性、中性土壤对2种不同剂型中性缓释复合肥养分释放特性的影响.研究结果表明,中性缓释复合肥的养分累积量、拟合动力学方程参数b值及养分平均释放相对百分率的变化趋势,受砂质土壤pH的影响基本一致.随砂质土壤pH升高,两种中性缓释复合肥氮素和磷素释放速率、累积量和相对百分率变大;砂质土壤pH降低,中性缓释复合肥钾素释放速率、累积量和相对百分率变大.两个中性缓释复合肥的养分释放速率对于砂质土壤pH变化响应一致,均表现为SRF1(有机无机型)＜SRF2(无机型).     

我国北方不同地区玉米养分吸收及累积动态研究

通过在东北地区的黑龙江、吉林和华北地区的河北、河南等省进行的田间试验,研究了同一玉米品种（郑单958）在我国北方不同地区玉米养分吸收及累积规律。结果表明,郑单958在东北地区作为春玉米栽培时的总生物量及氮、磷吸收量要高于在华北地区作为夏玉米栽培时的相应值,钾吸收量则相反。在华北地区作为夏玉米栽培时,营养体中氮、磷、钾百分含量最大值要高于在东北地区作为春玉米栽培时的相应值;而在东北地区作为春玉米栽培时营养体中氮、磷养分向籽粒中的转运量显著高于在华北地区作为夏玉米栽培时的转运量,钾素的转运量正好相反。在东北地区作为春玉米栽培时,其生物量最大增长速率和养分最大吸收速率出现的时间都要晚于在华北地区作为夏玉米栽培时的。因此,在东北地区种植的春玉米可以适当的推迟追肥的时间,增加玉米对养分的吸收,从而提高玉米的产量。     

冀中平原主栽山药品种的生长发育和养分累积特征

【目的】我国山药种质资源丰富,生态条件、栽培技术措施等各异,因此不同产地、不同品种的山药生长发育特性、养分累积及分配特性等均存在较大差异。本研究分析比较了冀中平原3个主栽山药品种的生长发育以及对氮磷钾养分的吸收、累积动态特征,以期为山药可持续生产中养分资源的高效管理与利用提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以研究区域主栽的棒药、紫药和小白嘴为供试品种,在农民常规管理的山药田随机设置采样小区,分别于山药播种后的80 d、110 d 、140 d和180 d取样,测定山药根茎、茎、叶的鲜干重及氮、磷、钾养分含量。【结果】茎叶生物量随生育进程呈现先升后降的变化趋势,而根茎的生物量在收获期达到最高。棒药根茎鲜生物量显著高于紫药和小白嘴,但由于棒药栽培密度显著低于紫药和小白嘴,导致3个品种单位面积根茎的干物质积累量基本相当。对鲜干生物量累积动态特征的分析表明,与紫药和小白嘴相比,棒药鲜干生物量最大累积速率差异不大,但鲜干生物量快速累积持续期明显延长,最大累积速率出现的时间较晚。不同山药品种各养分的累积分配及养分利用效率不同,在整个生育期内,对氮磷钾养分的累积量3个品种均表现为K₂O ≥ N > P₂O₅,根茎 > 叶 > 茎,其中棒药对氮磷钾的累积量均最高,氮磷钾养分生产效率也均为最高,紫药和小白嘴差异不显著。对养分的累积动态特征分析结果表明,棒药对氮素和钾素的快速累积持续期最长,且最大累积速率也最高,但3个品种对磷素的累积动态特征差异不明显。【结论】供试3个品种中,紫药和小白嘴的生长发育及养分吸收累积动态特征相似,但与棒药明显不同。棒药的生物量大,产量高,养分的生产效率也最高,形成单位产量的养分需求量显著低于紫药和小白嘴。     

A new forage genetic resource Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) O.E. Schulz

O. violaceus is a species of Brassicaceae, which is mainly found in China. Its shoots are rich in protein, iron, calcium and vitamins A and C. Hence it is a valuable forage. Its shoot yield is high, about 36,400 kg/ha, when cultivated in Chengdu. This plant species is adaptable to grassland, barren hills, roadsides, gardens, etc. Its protein content is higher than most other forage plants. Therefore, O. violaceus is a new forage genetic resource.     

Effect of Zn-tolerant bacterial strains on growth and Zn accumulation in Orychophragmus violaceus

Several Zn-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from heavy-metal contaminated sludge, and their effects on root elongation, mobility, and accumulation of Zn in Orychophragmus violaceus were studied. The isolated strains included Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Flavobacterium sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were capable of stimulating root elongation in O. violaceus seedlings either in the presence or absence of Zn. The four bacterial strains significantly increased the concentration of water-extractable Zn compared with axenic soil. In addition, the four Zn-tolerant bacteria significantly increased the shoot biomass and Zn accumulation in O. violaceus compared to non-inoculated plants. The bacterial strains displayed different capacities to enhance plant Zn accumulation. Flavobacterium sp. was identified as the best candidate for enhancing Zn accumulation in plants, increasing Zn accumulation up to 1.21- and 1.19-fold in shoots and roots, respectively, compared to non-inoculated plants. It was indicated that Zn-tolerant bacteria played an important role in influencing the availability of water-soluble Zn in soil and Zn accumulation by plants. This study provides insight into the development of plant–microbe systems for phytoremediation.     

固氮芽孢杆菌N3的筛选鉴定及其对二月兰的促生效果

从山东泰安农田土壤中筛选获得1株固氮能力强的菌株N3,通过形态观察、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA基因序列分析,确定为巨大芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus megaterium),该菌株固氮酶活性达C2H428.33 nmol/(h·ml).温室条件下进行二月兰盆栽试验,设置不接菌对照(CK)、接种巨大芽孢杆菌N3、接种...     

诸葛菜OvCYP86MF基因的克隆及其特性分析

为进一步阐明细胞色素P450基因CYP86MF在诸葛菜发育中的分子机理,本文根据已知同源基因保守序列设计特异引物,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术从诸葛菜中获得一个细胞色素P450基因(OvCYP86MF)全长cDNA序列,该序列全长为1876bp,含有1605bp的完整开放阅读框,可编码534个氨基酸,分子量和等电点分别为61.4kDa和6.90,具有细胞色素P450蛋白的典型特征,即保守结构域FNAGPRLCIG;原核表达显示该基因的融合蛋白在体外可以诱导表达;DANSTAR和Clustal W软件分析表明该基因的全长cDNA序列及其编码氨基酸序列与十字花科物种拟南芥相似性很高,达到80%以上,亲缘关系最近;与CYP86C亚家族成员在氨基酸水平上的相似性均高于50%,因此推断该基因属于CYP86C这个亚家族。Northern杂交分析表明该基因在花蕾中特异表达。     

Nutritional Alleviation of Zinc-Induced Iron Deficiency in Indian Mustard and the Effects on Zinc Phytoremediation

ABSTRACT

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea Czern) is a promising species for the phytoextraction of zinc (Zn), but the effectiveness of this plant can be limited by iron (Fe) deficiency under Zn-contaminated conditions. Our objectives were to determine the effects of root-applied Fe and Zn on plant growth, accumulation of Zn in plant tissues, and development of nutrient deficiencies for B. juncea. In the experiment, B. juncea was supplied 6 levels of iron ethylenediamine dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (Fe-EDDHA; 0.625 to 10.0 mg L^?1) and two levels of Zn (2.0 and 4.0 mg L^?1) for 3 weeks in a solution-culture experiment. Nutrient solution pH decreased with decreasing supply of Fe and increasing supply of Zn in solution, indicating that B. juncea may be an Fe-efficient plant. If plants were supplied 2.0 mg Zn L^?1, plant growth was stimulated by increases in Fe supply, but plant growth was not influenced by Fe treatments if plants were supplied 4.0 mg Zn L^?1. Zinc concentration in roots and shoots was suppressed by increasing levels of Fe in solution. Leaf concentrations of Cu, Mn, and P were suppressed also as Fe supply in solutions increased. Iron additions to the nutrient solution were not effective at increasing the Zn-accumulation potential of B. juncea unless plants were supplied the higher level of Zn in solution culture. Even under these conditions, Fe additions were effective only if supplied at low levels in solution culture (1.25 mg Fe L^?1). Results suggest that Fe fertility has limited potential for enhancing Zn phytoextraction by B. juncea, even if plants suffer a suppression in growth from Fe deficiency.     

冬油菜叶片的物质及养分积累与转移特性研究

为优化当季和下季作物的养分管理,采用田间试验研究了冬油菜品种:华双5号与中油杂12号叶片的干物质及氮、磷、钾的积累及转移规律,并比较了品种间的异同。结果表明,两个油菜品种的绿叶干物质量在苗后期基本达最大值,花后期迅速降低;苗期的落叶干物质量较小,蕾薹期后直线增加;叶片总干物质先增后减,花期达最大值。中油杂12号的落叶及叶片总干物质均高于华双5号,差异随生育期的推进逐渐明显。绿叶氮含量出苗后逐渐降低,后因越冬肥的施用又略有升高,蕾薹期后便迅速下降;落叶氮含量持续降低,苗后期降至最低点,其后一直保持稳定。绿叶磷含量在苗期缓慢增加,蕾薹期达到最大值,而后迅速下降;苗期落叶的磷含量逐渐降低,蕾薹期降至最低值,角果期后又略有升高。出苗50d后绿叶钾含量快速下降,70d达到最低值,其后保持稳定;落叶钾含量在蕾薹期达到最低值,其后波动较大。两品种叶片养分含量的变化趋势相似,但无论绿叶还是落叶,华双5号的养分含量总体略低于中油杂12号。绿叶的养分与叶片总养分积累的变化规律一致,即氮、磷、钾积累量均先增加后降低,分别在蕾薹期、苗后期和花期达到最高值。落叶的养分积累量在抽薹后迅速增加,收获期达最大值。华双5号叶片的干物质、N、P2O5、K2O转移率分别为25.5%、82.9%、75.4%、45.8%;中油杂12号则分别为8.4%、76.0%、60.2%、38.8%,品种间差异显著。     

Rhizosphere calcareous soil P-extraction at the expense of organic carbon from root-exuded organic acids induced by phosphorus deficiency in several plant species

The amount of organic acids in root exudates rapidly increases under phosphorus (P) deficiency. Loss of carbon from root-exuded organic acids, which are derived from plant net photosynthetic products, is generally considered negligible. The present study aimed to study the characteristics of root-exuded organic acids, extraction of phosphorus (P extraction) in calcareous soil and the expression of organic carbon from root-exuded organic acids in two woody Moraceae plants (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent and Morus alba L.) and two herbaceous cruciferous plants (Orychophragmus violaceus L. Schulz and Brassica napus L.) under two P levels (P-normal and P-deficient). P extraction and the amount of root-exuded organic acids simultaneously and disproportionately increased in the four plant species tested under P deficiency. The maximum P-extracting capability of the four plant species was observed after 40 days of treatment. Additionally, the response of root-exuded organic acids induced by P deficiency was species-specific. B. papyrifera extracted more P in calcareous soil, and expended less organic acid for the same P-extraction than M. alba. Similarly, O. violaceus extracted more P in calcareous soil, and consumed less organic acid for the same level of P-extraction than B. napus. Root-exuded oxalic and malic acids accounted for most of the increment of P extraction in woody Moraceae plants, while root-exuded citric acid accounted for most of the increment in P extraction in herbaceous cruciferous plants. B. papyrifera and O. violaceus exhibited the strongest P-extracting capability at lower expense of organic carbon over the treatment duration in the four plant species. O. violaceus had the most rapid response of root-exuded organic acids to P deficiency, while B. napus had the slowest response. Thus, rapid response with low organic carbon cost and high efficiency of extraction on P in calcareous soil may underlie the strong adaptability of B. papyrifera and O. violaceus to a Karst environment.