籼型三系杂交稻产量及其构成因素分析

通过对在华南生产上大面积推广应用或新选育的5个不育系和6个恢复系进行不完全双列杂交产生的杂种, 2003年晚造种植杂种和其亲本(保持系和恢复系)并在收获后进行考种,对三系杂交稻亲本与其系列的产量及产量构成因素进行相关分析和对组合产量构成因素与产量进行通径分析。结果表明：保持系的每株穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重与其不育系系列组合对应性状分别呈显著、显著和极显著正呈显著正相关,每穗粒数与其不育系系列组合单株产量呈显著正相关;恢复系每株穗数与其系列组合每株穗数呈极显著正相关,结实率与其系列组合千粒重,千粒重与其系列组合每穗粒数均呈显著负相关。对于杂交稻组合选育,选育高产组合本身首先结实率要高,出于优质考虑千粒重较小,选择穗数适中的大穗型。     

粳型杂种稻米品质性状的表现及遗传控制

研究了由4个不育系及其保持系与7个恢复系配组的24个粳型杂种的9个品质性状的遗传表现 , 结果表明： (1)杂种粳米的品质性状表现普遍介于双亲之间, 但粒宽和直链淀粉含量有 较多的超高亲组合, 糙米率和精米率有较多的超低亲组合。 (2)杂种的整精米率、 粒长、 粒宽、 垩白率、 糊化温度5个性状与不育系呈显著正相关; 糙米     

杂交粳稻产量性状与品质性状相关性分析

为了探明杂交粳稻的产量性状与品质性状间的关系,以5个千粒重介于23.5~27.4 g之间的BT型不育系和40个千粒重介于18.7~31.2 g之间的三系粳稻恢复系,采用5×40 NCⅡ设计方式,配制200个杂交组合为试验材料,对产量性状、品质性状及其相互关系进行了分析,主要结果表明：单株谷重与单株有效穗数、每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重均呈极显著正相关（r=0.47**,0.63**,0.53**,0.35**）,与穗长呈显著正相关(r=0.15**);对单株产量贡献最大的是每穗实粒数。垩白粒率和垩白度2个性状是杂交粳稻品质改良的重点,其次是精米率和整精米率;糙米率、精米率、整精米率相互间均呈极显著正相关,糙米率与垩白粒率和垩白度呈极显著正相关（r=0.33**,0.25**）。产量性状对品质性状的影响不大,通过筛选,可以将高产、优质的性状聚合到同一杂交组合中。     

滇Ⅰ型杂交稻保持系与杂种优势的相关性研究

对由7个滇Ⅰ型不育系与2个恢复系组配的杂种F1及相应保持系的主要产量和品质性状及杂种优势进行分析.结果表明,保持系直链淀粉含量与杂种F1及杂种优势呈显著负相关,与胶稠度呈正相关,与其它性状相关不显著,但保持系在不同程度上影响杂种F1的性状表现.因此认为,可以通过改良保持系的某些品质性状来培育优质杂交稻.     

新选粳稻BT型同质恢复系农艺和品质性状的配合力研究

利用4个粳稻BT型不育系和5个新选粳稻BT型同质恢复系及4个非同质恢复系通过NCⅡ设计共配36个组合,对杂种一代8个农艺性状和10个品质性状的表现及亲本的配合力进行了研究。结果表明：（1）除播抽历期、千粒重和单株有效穗三性状外,同质恢复系所配杂种的其他农艺性状与非同质恢复系所配杂种相比,均有所降低,但就单株产量而     

滇I型杂交稻保持系与杂种优势的相关性研究

对由7个滇I型不育系与2个恢复系组配的杂种F1及相应保持系的主要产量和品质性状及杂种优势进行分析。结果表明，保持系直链淀粉含量与杂种F1及杂种优势呈显著负相关，与胶稠度呈正相关，与其它性状相关不显著，但保持系在不同程度上影响杂种F1的性状表现。因此认为，可以通过改良保持系的某些品质性状来培育优质杂交稻。     

全生育期耐盐恢复系在正常灌溉条件下性状表现及耐盐杂交稻的选育

利用前期以明恢86为轮回亲本与全球水稻分子育种计划的4个供体亲本(Gayabyeo、沈农265、早籼14和Y134)杂交构建的高代回交导入群体,在浙江省三门县沿海滩涂采用0.5%盐浓度的海水全生育期灌溉,筛选出150个耐盐恢复系群体,考察了耐盐恢复系在正常灌溉条件下的性状分离及与两个三系不育系测交种的优势表现。结果表明,耐盐恢复系在正常灌溉条件下的产量及其相关性状出现明显的分离,性状分离的类型及特点因选择群体和性状本身不同而异,从中选育出30个单株产量和耐盐性显著好于轮回亲本明恢86的株系,这些株系大多表现穗长缩短,株高和千粒重下降,但单株有效穗和结实率显著增加,导致产量的显著提高。4个组合的耐盐恢复系群体与两个三系不育系(II-32A和川345A)测交种的性状分离明显,与明恢86和两个三系不育系的测交种相比,多数测交种表现穗长缩短,株高降低,单株有效穗数相仿,但与II-32A测交的杂种千粒重显著增加,杂种表现趋势与耐盐恢复系本身不完全相同。分别鉴定出22个和23个耐盐恢复系,其与两个不育系测交的杂种产量显著高于明恢86与相应不育系的测交种,表现出较强的杂种优势,其中比生产对照种汕优10号显著或极显著增产的测交组合分别有7个(II-32A为母本)和4个(川345A为母本)。研究表明,利用优良恢复系的回交导入后代在大田盐胁迫条件下筛选耐盐单株,结合耐盐后代在正常灌溉条件下产量及相关性状的鉴定筛选,可以有效地改良恢复系的耐盐性,并选育出耐盐性提高的强优势组合。     

苏南地区晚熟粳稻杂种优势及其亲本配合力分析

用7个BT型晚粳不育系和7个粳稻恢复系按NCⅡ交配设计配成49个杂交组合，研究10个重要农艺性状的杂种优势及亲本的配合力。结果表明,各性状的优势有正有负，其中每穗总粒数的优势最为明显，竞争优势和超高亲优势平均值分别为22.6%和8.6%；产量性状的超高亲优势最大，平均值为9.5%，变幅为－38.0%～43.9%，竞争优势平均值变幅为－54.8%～10.3%。在产量性状上配合力较优的不育系有852-77A、后36A和9522A，恢复系有161-10、3402、HP121，优良组合有9522A/161-10、9522A/C166、852-77A/3402。     

K型细胞质对普通小麦主要性状的影响

选用3个K型不育系及其保持系与5个恢复系组配杂交组合，研究K型细胞质对16个小麦主要性状的影响。结果表明：K型细胞质对普通小麦大多数性状有一定影响，但不同性状产生的效应不同，对农艺性状是不利影响，而对品质性状则是有利影响。主要表现在：株高变矮，分蘖成穗以及主茎小穗数和主茎穗粒数减少，千粒重和主茎穗粒重降低，导致产量的下降，子粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量则增加。但是，不同的不育系和恢复系所配的组合表现出的效应有很大差异．可以找到细胞质效应较小的不育系和恢复系材料。     

转基因水稻高世代农艺性状的表现

以转SCK基因和bar基因粳稻恢复系超优1号和转GNA基因和hyg基因粳稻保持系早花二号自交高代(恢复系T5,T6,保持系T4,T5)材料为试材,进行抗性筛选鉴定和农艺性状考察。结果表明:转基因恢复系表现高抗除草剂,对二化螟呈不同程度抗性;保持系表现高抗潮霉素,大部分株系低抗稻飞虱,个别高抗褐飞虱、白背飞虱,田间表现高抗条纹叶枯病;转基因不育系表现高抗潮霉素;外源基因导入粳稻恢复系和保持系并在高代稳定表达。转基因恢复系生育期、株高、穗长、穗颈节等性状有不同程度变异;保持系株高、穗型变异较大。转基因恢复系与转基因不育系配制的多元转基因杂交组合F1表现高抗除草剂和潮霉素,其他农艺性状表现与对照(非转基因组合)基本一致。对转基因水稻的安全释放进行了探讨。     

Identification of restorers and maintainers for developing basmati and non-basmati hybrids in rice, Oryza sativa

Twenty‐seven improved aromatic lines of germplasm and 18 non‐aromatic disease‐resistant genotypes of rice were test‐crossed with four cytoplasmic male‐sterile lines (IR 58025A, IR 62829A, PMS 3A and PMS 10A). Thirteen aromatic and 10 non‐aromatic genotypes were selected based on pollen fertility, and crosses were repeated to confirm sterility‐maintaining and fertility‐restoring ability. Genotypes were categorized as effective restorers (> 80% spikelet fertility), partial restorers (21‐79% spikelet fertility) and maintainers (< 1% spikelet fertility). The effective basmati restorers identified were Basmati 385, Chandan, P1031‐8‐5‐1, HKR 241‐IET‐12020, SAF Khalsa 7 and Karnal Local. The basmati maintainers identified were Basmati 370, Pusa basmati 1, P615‐K‐167‐13 and P1173‐4‐1. The frequency of restorers obtained was higher for the non‐aromatic than the aromatic basmati type. The performance of restorers varied with cytoplasmic male‐sterile (CMS) line, location and season of testing. The differential ability to restore fertility in the CMS lines that have the wild abortive (WA) cytosterile system could result from different nuclear backgrounds of the CMS lines. These restorers and maintainers possess acceptable grain dimensions, a desirable degree of aroma, volume expansion through linear kernel elongation and cooking quality characteristics of basmati rice. These genotypes will contribute to developing basmati hybrids and provide restorers and maintainers with acceptable key basmati quality characteristics.     

杂交水稻主要亲本材料的垩白性状及其胚乳结构电镜扫描

【研究目的】针对杂交稻米品质问题，研究杂交稻亲本垩白形成与胚乳细胞形态结构和发育以及与淀粉粒之间的关系，为进一步研究杂交稻米高垩白形成机理奠定基础；【方法】对几个应用面积较大的杂交稻主要亲本和两个米质对照品种，按GB/T17891-1999方法调查其垩白性状，对其米粒胚乳结构和淀粉粒的采用扫描电镜观察分析；【结果】亲本材料间垩白性状差异首先表现在垩白率上，其次为垩白度，最后为垩白面积。高垩白的保持系和桂朝2号垩白主要发生在中、腹部，而相对低垩白的恢复系主要在中部，腹白少或无。垩白度与垩白率间存在明显的线性关系，与垩白面积无明显相关性。淀粉粒在米粒横断面上分布的均匀性与垩白率和垩白度有较大的相关性，分布越均匀则垩白率和垩白度越小；而长方柱状细胞层数和多少与垩白率和垩白度有一定的相关性但不明显。5个恢复系和3个保持系垩白米粒的背部淀粉粒普遍发育良好而中部较差；保持系与恢复系的差异主要表现在腹部淀粉粒的发育形态上。【结论】杂交稻保持系与恢复系的垩白发生部位有所差异，垩白形成与其淀粉粒的分布有重要关系；中、腹部淀粉粒发育异常容易产生垩白，主要受胚乳细胞生理发育规律的影响。     

Cytoplasmic male sterility in barley. III. Maintenance of sterility and restoration of fertility in the msml cytoplasm

Summary 58 varieties, strains or mutants of barley were tested in the msml cytoplasm in Finland, location ca. 61 N. Three (5%) were found to be partial restorers, the rest being maintainers of sterility. 31 Israeli strains of wild barley (ssp. spontaneum) were tested. About one third were maintainers of sterility, the majority partial restorers, and two strains were full restorers. There is probably polymorphism of the restorer gene in Israeli wild barley. Partial restoration displays an environmental response. The physiology of partial restoration is discussed.     

高粱新胞质雄性不育遗传机理及三系配套的研究

研究了A1至A7胞质不育与1000余种品种资源的育性反应，从而建立了A1与A7种胞质不育恢保体系的创新体系，研究了A1，A2，A3，A5，A6胞质不育育性恢复基因的遗传机制，找到了A1，A2，A5，A6胞质不育的育性恢复基因的差异和有许多共同恢复系和保持系的原因，研究了A3甩质不育杂交种F2分离比率，分析了A3不育系育性恢复基因的遗传方式。     

Tournefortii male sterility system in Brassica napus. Identification, expression and genetic characterization of male fertility restorers

A germplasm collection of 152 diverse rapeseed accessions from Canada, China, France, India, Poland and South Korea was assayed for identifying new fertility restorers and sterility maintainers for a Tournefortii (tour) cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system in rape‐seed. Only 16 (10.5%) genotypes showed complete fertility restoration following hybridization with tour CMS line NE 409A. Notable among these were GSL 8851, GSL 8953, Mokpo # 9, Mali, Buk‐wuk‐13, Kuju‐27 and Mokpo # 84. As many as 78 (51.3%) genotypes were perfect maintainers of sterility, the remaining 58 (38.2%) genotypes were classified as partial maintainers. To study the inheritance of fertility restoration, 20 CMS (tour) rapeseed lines were crossed with the four best fertility restorers, namely GSL 8851, GSL 8953, Kuju‐27 and Mokpo # 9, to obtain F₂ and test cross populations. Segregation data indicated that fertility restoration for tour CMS was governed by two genes, of which, one is stronger than the other (χ²_12:3:1). Differences in gene interactions were also observed (χ²_9:3:4) which could be explained on the basis of influence of female parent genotypes/or modified expression of the restorer gene(s) in different genetic backgrounds. Tests of allelism indicated that the restorer genes present in the four restorers evaluated were allelic.     

甘蓝型油菜细胞核 细胞质雄性不育三系的研究与利用 Ⅳ.隐性细胞核 波里马细胞质雄性不育三系的创建

甘蓝型油菜隐性细胞核雄性不育与波里马细胞质雄性不育可能具有完全不同的不育基因系统;采用有性杂交和连续回交的方法,将甘蓝型油菜隐性细胞核不育基因导入到含有波里马不育细胞质的基因型中,并得到甘蓝型油莱隐性细胞核 波里马细胞质雄性不育系RGCMS—S45A和RGCMS—117A及其相应的保持系S45B和117B;采用测交方法,从隐性细胞核雄性不育系中筛选出甘蓝型油菜隐性细胞核 波里马细胞质雄性不育保持系9个;波里马细胞质雄性不育的恢复系均是隐性细胞核 波里马细胞质雄性不育的恢复系。     

杂交水稻苗期同工酶与杂种优势关系的研究

运用双层垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,对杂交水稻苗期的酯酶、过氧化物酶、细胞色素氧化酶、多酚氧化酶、谷草转氨酶、β-淀粉酶、6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶同工酶、苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶进行电泳分析,探索水稻苗期同工酶与杂种优势的关系。结果表明,不同的同工酶与杂种优势相关性大小不同,其中酯酶、过氧化物酶、细胞色素氧化酶、     

高粱 A_2雄性不育系的鉴定 Ⅰ.育性反应

1983～1985年间观察了3份 A_2不育系(A_2TAM428,A_2Tx624,A_2Tx3197)与140份品种测交 F_1的自交结实率。结果表明,A_1不育系的恢复系或保持系,基本上也恢复或保持 A_2不育系的不育性;但也发现某些恢复 A_1不育系结实性的中国高梁地方品种和国外高梁品系却保持 A_2不育系的不育性。这证实 A_2不育系的育性反应确实与 A_1不育系     

Cytoplasmic male sterility with self-incompatibility,a novel approach to utilizing heterosis in rapeseed (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L.)

The Polima cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system has been successfully used in three/two-line hybrid production in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). However, the sterility of the Polima (pol) CMS lines is sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Also, traces of pollen can cause self-pollination within the CMS lines, which results in reduced levels of F₁ hybrid seed purity and leads to a significant yield loss. Self-incompatibility (SI) is another important approach for hybrid seed production in rapeseed. Despite having a wide range of restorers and being easily selected in a breeding program, SI system has some drawbacks. In this study, SI genes from a self-incompatible line of Brassica napus were transferred to a pol CMS line and S372A, a novel line of combined cytoplasmic male sterility with self-incompatibility was bred. Due to the SI genes, this line produced very few seeds when it was selfed at low temperature and no seeds at high temperature. This suggested that the line with CMS + SI had combined the advantages and overcome the disadvantages of both the pol CMS and SI systems. Furthermore, our results showed that most of the maintainers and all the restorers of the pol CMS system were also maintainers and restorers of the CMS + SI line, respectively. This indicates that the CMS + SI system can be easily used to establish three-line hybrids of rapeseed, and we believe this novel system could be extended to other species of Brassica.     

Frequency and fertility restoration efficiency of Rf3 and Rf4 genes in Indian rice

Identification of new parental lines is crucial for developing ecology‐specific hybrids with ideal agronomic performance. We screened a total of 570 different ecology‐specific Indian rice varieties for the presence of fertility restorer genes, Rf3 and Rf4 using tightly linked markers DRRM Rf3‐10 and RM6100, respectively. Among these varieties, 13% carried Rf3Rf3/Rf4Rf4, 31% carried rf3rf3/rf4rf4, 6% carried Rf3Rf3/rf4rf4 and remaining 50% carried Rf4Rf4/rf3rf3 allelic combinations. A mini set of 40 varieties with variable allelic combinations of fertility restorer genes were testcrossed with WA and Kalinga‐based CMS lines. All the 80 F₁s were evaluated for spikelet fertility and fertility restoration ability. Rf3Rf3/rf4rf4 genotypes mostly behaved as partial maintainers or partial restorers. In contrast, rf3rf3/Rf4Rf4 genotypes were partial or effective restorers. However, double dominant genotypes showed better fertility restoration than the genotypes containing Rf3 or Rf4 individually. Some of the genotypes showed unexpected restoration pattern implying occurrence of other fertility restorer(s) apart from Rf3 and Rf4. The perfect restorers and maintainers identified in this study can be directly used in hybrid rice breeding.