梨果黑斑病菌磷酸二酯酶PDE基因克隆及其在侵染结构分化中的表达分析

磷酸二酯酶(PDE)能够特异地催化cAMP/cGMP 3', 5'环磷酸的3'环磷酸键水解,调节胞内cAMP水平,进而调控致病真菌的生长发育,但PDE基因在梨果黑斑病菌中的具体调控机制有待研究。本研究采用反转录PCR(RT-PCR)克隆了梨果黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata中的PDEL和PDEH基因;通过TMHMM、ProtScale、SOPMA等在线分析工具对AaPDEL和AaPDEH基因及其编码蛋白进行生物信息学分析;采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术分析了PDEL和PDEH基因在梨果黑斑病菌侵染结构分化过程中的表达特性。克隆得到梨果黑斑病菌PDEL和PDEH,分别命名为AaPDEL和AaPDEH,蛋白编码区(CDS)长度分别为3 132和2 886 bp,分别编码1 043和961个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明AaPDEL和AaPDEH均属于不稳定亲水蛋白,不含信号肽也无跨膜结构,均具有多个磷酸化位点,分别定位于线粒体和细胞核上;AaPDEL和AaPDEH分别具有Class Ⅱ型和Ⅰ型保守催化结构域。系统分析结果表明,AaPDEL和AaPDEH与小麦褐斑病菌(Pyrenophora tritici-repentis)和番茄匍柄霉(Stemphylium lycopersici)亲缘关系最近,同源性分别高达79.25%和88.80%。qRT-PCR结果显示,疏水性诱导,A. alternata侵染结构分化过程中,AaPDEL和AaPDEH基因在附着胞形成阶段(6 h)表达量显著提高,较萌发初期阶段(2 h)分别上调1.19和1.97倍,表明AaPDEL和AaPDEH在A. alternata侵染结构分化中具有重要的调控作用。本研究为进一步从分子水平揭示PDE调控机制奠定了基础。     

Influence of soil and host plant crop on the genetic diversity of Azospirillum amazonense isolates

The genetic structure of Azospirillum amazonense populations isolated from the rhizosphere soil and washed and surface-sterilised roots of rice, maize and sorghum plants, cropped simultaneously in two different soils (clay loam and sandy loam) was characterised. Genetic diversity was measured by restriction fragment length polymorphism of the amplified 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (RISA-RFLP) and cluster analysis. Four genetically distinct clusters of isolates were observed with 78% similarity, suggesting that the A. amazonense population was heterogeneous at the strain level regardless of the soil type or host plant. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated that the host plant had a highly significant selective effect on the genetic structure of this species, especially on those isolates intimately associated with them, but also to a lesser extent on isolates from the rhizosphere and washed roots. The soil type also had a highly significant selective effect on A. amazonense genetic diversity, especially for those isolates from the rhizosphere soil. The selective effect of the soil type combined with that of the host plant suggests that environmental factors, such as soil texture and composition of exudates provided by C₃ or C₄ plants, play major roles in the overall genetic structure of A. amazonense populations associated with these cereals.     

Habitat selection and conservation of an endemic spanish lizard Algyroides marchi (reptilia, lacertidae)

We study the habitat selection of Algyroides marchi, a small lizard endemic to the southeastern mountains of the Iberian Peninsula whose populations are concentrated in a few small localities. Three spatial scales of study were used to analyse the different factors affecting the species distribution patterns: regional scale, local scale and within-habitat use of different substrates. The results obtained at these different spatial scales showed a high consistency, suggesting that the same ecological pressures probably acted at different scales. Localities occupied by A. marchi were characterized by high altitude, high geomorphological complexity, northern aspect, high cover of large rocks, and presence of water. Density of A. marchi in a favourable locality was 213 adult-subadult lizards/ha. Abundance and use of space of A. marchi (at local and individual levels) were directly associated with extent of water (streams and small pools) and the presence of large rocks, and inversely with hours of direct solar radiation and cover of small stones and vegetation. Considering the habitat selection of A. marchi and the management practices within its geographical range, potential risks for the conservation of the species are identified.     

基于Dual RNA-seq分析的褪黑素影响萝卜与链格孢菌互作的作用研究

由芸薹链格孢菌(Alternaria brassicae)严重影响萝卜(Raphanus sativus)生产,外源喷施褪黑素可减轻病症,但褪黑素同时存在于植物和微生物中,外源喷施时可对感病植株上寄主和病原物的生命活动均有影响,其介导寄主-病原菌互作的作用模式。为解析褪黑素参与调控病叶上萝卜和链格孢菌互作的生理和基因转录机制,本研究通过对感黑斑病萝卜叶面外施0~1 500 μmol·L^-1浓度褪黑素,检测病情指数变化,同时利用互作转录组分析0、500和1 500 μmol·L^-1褪黑素处理下萝卜和链格孢菌转录水平变化。结果显示,50~500 μmol·L^-1褪黑素可分别显著提高萝卜和链格孢菌双方的生长势和抗逆性,且500 μmol·L^-1表现最优,1 000和1 500 μmol·L^-1与500 μmol·L^-1相比作用较小,呈明显剂量依赖型模式,但500 μmol·L^-1褪黑素处理下,萝卜对链格孢菌抗性明显提升。Dual RNA-seq检出萝卜基因组reads比对率>88%,链格孢菌基因reads比对率≤0.06%,萝卜差异表达基因数显著高于链格孢菌检出数。对萝卜及链格孢菌生长及抗逆性调控相关基因表达模式进行验证,基因表达模式基本与表型反应一致。综上所述,褪黑素介导萝卜与链格孢菌的作用存在低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的剂量依赖性效应,500 μmol·L^-1浓度下褪黑素对双方均具生长促进作用,但褪黑素对寄主的影响超过对链格孢菌的影响,最终表现为诱导萝卜对链格孢菌抗性增强。本研究为褪黑素在萝卜黑斑病抑制中的应用提供了数据支撑和理论基础,并在转录水平上初步解析了褪黑素参与萝卜对链格孢菌抗性变化的作用模式。     

黄芩叶斑病病原菌鉴定和药剂室内毒力测定

为探究黄芩叶斑病的病原种类,筛选有效的杀菌剂,本研究从甘肃省定西市陇西县黄芩主产区采集黄芩叶斑病病叶,采用组织分离法进行病原物的分离,通过病原菌的形态特征并结合rDNA转录间隔区(rDNA-ITS)、过敏原基因(Alt a1)、质膜腺苷三磷酸基因(ATPase)和组蛋白基因(His 3)4个基因序列对病原菌进行种类鉴定,采用菌丝生长速率法测定4种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑菌作用。结果表明,引起陇西县黄芩叶斑病的病原菌为茄链格孢(Alternaria solani)和细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima),其中细极链格孢为优势病原菌;室内毒力测定表明,97%咯菌腈的抑菌作用最强,对茄链格孢(A. solani)和细极链格孢(A. tenuissima)均有较好的抑菌作用,EC₅₀分别为0.06和0.04 mg·L^-1。本研究在国内首次报道了茄链格孢(A. solani)和细极链格孢(A. tenuissima)是引起黄芩叶斑病的病原菌,可为科学诊断该病害、研究其发生规律和田间防治提供理论基础和科学依据。     

Role of soil mesofauna in dispersal of Coniothyrium minitans: transmission to sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Coniothyrium minitans Campbell is a mycoparasite with proven biocontrol activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary in the field and glasshouse. It is known to spread from sites of application but the mechanisms of dispersal are unclear. As C. minitans has been recovered from collembolans collected during glasshouse trials, and numerous mites and insects are often associated with decaying S. sclerotiorum-infected plant material in the glasshouse, the mite Acarus siro L. and the collembolan Folsomia candida Willem were used to investigate the potential of soil mesofauna to disperse C. minitans. In an initial investigation, A. siro was found to transmit the mycoparasite from infected to uninfected sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum in moist sterile sand and non-sterile soil. Subsequently, a simple assay system to monitor transfer of C. minitans from colonised wheat grains to uninfected sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum was developed. Both A. siro and F. candida transmitted C. minitans at least 55 mm to sclerotia in soil at water potentials ranging from saturation to −3.6 MPa. Transmission by A. siro was greater in drier conditions (−0.25 to −3.6 MPa) as mites survived poorly in saturated soil. However, water potentials between saturation to −3.6 MPa had no effect on transmission by F. candida, although collembolans died after 18 d at water potentials of −5.4 MPa or drier. Generally, maximum dispersal occurred within 2 weeks. In soil lacking added arthropods, negligible spread of the mycoparasite was observed. These results suggest that soil mesofauna may be important in the dissemination of C. minitans.     

Soil aggregation in a laboratory experiment: Interactions between earthworms, woodlice and litter palatability

Interactions between soil invertebrate functional groups are still poorly understood. In this study, the effect of the soil dwelling earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa and the woodlouse Porcellio scaber (litter inhabitant), alone or in combination, on soil aggregation was investigated in laboratory microcosms with litter of different quality (Quercus robur and Fagus sylvatica). After 4 months of incubation, the aggregate size distribution was measured using a dry-sieving method. A. caliginosa played an important role in the formation of large aggregates (>2 mm), whereas P. scaber greatly influenced litter disappearance. A. caliginosa individuals formed a greater number of large aggregates when fed with beech leaves compared to oak leaves even though they preferred the latter. In the presence of beech and P. scaber, A. caliginosa produced significantly fewer large aggregates than expected.     

Soil fungal population in preharvest maize ecosystem in different tillage practices in Argentina

The distribution of the soil borne fungal population in maize non-rhizospheric soil in experimental trials were studied during the harvest seasons 2000/2001 and 2001/2002. The effect of different tillage practices was evaluated. Soil samples were collected from three tillage treatments, conventional tillage, reduced tillage and no tillage, with and without grazing. The distribution of fungal propagules in different treatments was compared. Soil samples were collected from the top soil (3 cm) before planting, in the sprong. No tillage without grazing and reduced tillage with grazing had the highest densities of filamentous fungi (5.71 and 5.85 log, respectively). The mycological survey showed the presence of six genera of filamentous fungi. They were Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, Alternaria. The species identified from genus Aspergillus were A. flavus, A. restrictus, A. candidus, A. parasiticus and other Aspergillus spp. The species identified from genus Penicillium were P. pinophylum, P. citreonigrum, P. implicatum, P. purpurogenum, P. minioluteum, P. waksmanii, P. restrictum, P. rugulosum, P. funiculosum and P. variabile. Species from genus Fusarium were identified as F. verticillioides, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum and others Fusarium species. The isolation frequency of Aspergillus increased in the no tillage and grazing practices treatments. The data indicate that different agricultural practices impact soil inocula of principal maize toxigenic fungi in the production area. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of tillage management practices on fungal populations in preharvest maize agroecosystem in Argentina.     

Role of soil mesofauna in dispersal of Coniothyrium minitans: mechanisms of transmission

Soil mesofauna are thought to play a role in the dispersal of Coniothyrium minitans Campbell but the mechanisms of transmission are unclear. The mite Acarus siro L. and the collembolan Folsomia candida Willem are known to be able to transmit the mycoparasite to uninfected sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary in soil, and consequently the mechanisms of transmission of the mycoparasite by these animals have been investigated in detail. To facilitate this work, a novel method for surface sterilising mites was developed. In an initial investigation, A. siro was found to carry inoculum externally and in the gut. Indeed, almost all faecal pellets collected from either A. siro or F. candida, following feeding on C. minitans, contained germinable inoculum of the mycoparasite. Microscopic examination showed that faeces from these animals consisted mainly of conidia or fragments of conidium, but that only intact conidia gave rise to growth of C. minitans. Passage through the gut of either animal reduced percentage germination of conidia to 11 and 60% in mite and collembolan faeces, respectively, compared to 99% in controls not subjected to gut passage. In addition, germination in mite faeces was delayed by approximately 12 h compared to controls. However, subsequent germ tube extension from surviving conidia appeared unaffected by gut passage. Individual faecal pellets of A. siro were found to contain sufficient inoculum of the mycoparasite to initiate infection of sclerotia in moist sterile sand and non-sterile soil. The relevance of these results to the glasshouse and field situation is discussed.     

不同湿地植物配置对扑草净的吸收和去除效果研究

为探究不同湿地植物配置对扑草净的去除效果,设置香根草和菖蒲生物量比例为1∶2、1∶1、2∶1及香根草和菖蒲单独种植共5个处理,以未种植植物的水体为对照,测定5 mg·L^-1扑草净处理5、10、15、20、25、30 d时水体和植物体内的扑草净含量,并与单一植物处理相比较,分析不同植物搭配处理对扑草净的吸收去除效果。结果表明,3种不同生物量配置处理下水体中的扑草净含量均显著低于对照和单一植物的水体;从第5天开始,2种植物搭配处理的水体中扑草净的含量已开始低于单一植物的水体;第20天时,香根草和菖蒲生物量比为2∶1的处理水体中扑草净去除率达89.6%,残留的扑草净含量仅为0.52 mg·L^-1,显著低于其他处理。香根草对扑草净的吸收能力优于菖蒲,以香根草为优势植物(生物量大)时对扑草净的吸收效果优于以菖蒲为优势植物的处理。综上所述,2种湿地植物搭配对扑草净的吸收和净化效果优于单一植物,其中香根草和菖蒲生物量比为2∶1的处理效果最佳。本研究为深入挖掘湿地植物对水体污染物的净化潜力提供了理论参考。     

Mosquito-killing water molds isolated from soil samples collected in Taiwan

Mosquito-killing water molds were isolated from soils collected from various parts in Taiwan. The first-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were used as baits. A total of 453 soil samples were collected from Taipei, Ilan, Hualien, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Taichung, Tainan, Nantou, Chiayi, Yunlin and Pintung. Four mosquito-killing Pythium spp. and one Saprolegnia sp. were isolated from the soil samples. Using zoospores of the Pythium spp. as inoculum to infect the first-instar larvae, scanning electron micrographs showed that most zoospores attached in the anal gill and a few attached between head and thorax. Thus, Pythium spp. is a potential biocontrol agent against first-instar larvae of A. aegypti and A. albopictus.     

沙打旺种群对草原植被演替影响试验研究

沙打旺人工种群大量进入百里香群落后,促进百里香地椒群落在9～10年短时间内演替到长芒草顶极群落。自然封禁条件下,百里香群落在5～7年较快恢复到百里香+长芒草群落这一偏途顶极,而进一步恢复到顶极长芒草群落则需要很长的时间。沙打旺种群促进这一演替过程的作用机制,在于它迅速将百里香种群几乎完全排挤出群落之外,为长芒草种群占领随着它的自然衰退而空出的空间创造了条件。沙打旺种群引起的这一短期人为演替过程,实际上是原来百里香群落中种群关系重新调整的过程,各个种群数量变化的结局,取决于它们各自的种间竞争能力。一些竞争力比较强的种群,如糙隐子草、兴安胡杖子、阿尔泰狗娃花、大羽茅、厚穗宾草等,由原来百里香群落中的次要伴生种,成为长芒草群落中的主要伴生种,一些竞争力弱的种群,如冷蒿,星毛委陵莱、猪毛蒿、狼毒等,则由原来百里香群落中的主要伴生种,成为长芒草群落中的次要伴生种。     

2,4-表油菜素内酯结合氯化钙处理对采后杏果实黑斑病及苯丙烷代谢的影响

为探究减轻杏果实采后黑斑病的方法,以赛买提杏果实为试验材料,经3.0 mg·L^-1 2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)结合2%氯化钙(CaCl₂)减压渗透处理后,于温度1.0±1℃、相对湿度90%~95%条件下放置48 h后,进行交孢链格孢(Alternaria alternata)损伤接种,并进行A. alternata离体抑菌试验。结果表明,3.0 mg·L^-1 EBR结合2% CaCl₂对A. alternata的菌落直径和孢子萌发没有直接抑制作用。EBR结合CaCl₂处理可通过诱导苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(C4H)、香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL)活性上升,增加总酚、类黄酮和木质素含量来抑制杏果实接种发病率与病斑直径的上升。综上,EBR结合氯化钙处理可通过诱导苯丙烷代谢途径来增强杏果实对黑斑病的抗性。本研究结果可为减轻杏果实采后黑斑病提供技术参考与理论依据。     

Dynamics of harvested populations of the tropical understory herb Aechmea magdalenae in old-growth versus secondary forests

The prevalence of secondary forests is increasing across tropical landscapes, but the effects of these environments on the population dynamics of understory species and on their capacity to regenerate after harvest remains poorly documented. We compare the population dynamics of the understory bromeliad, Aechmea magdalenae, between old-growth and secondary rainforests in Southeast Mexico. A. magdalenae is a non-timber forest product (NTFP), the ramets of which are harvested from wild populations to make forest plantations. The fates of 600 rosettes in the two forest types were monitored over 3 years to build annual transition matrices. Population projections using the matrices show that secondary forest populations have finite rates of growth significantly higher than those of old-growth populations under both ramet-harvest and no-harvest conditions. Life table response experiments indicate that differences in the capacity for re-growth after harvest was due to greater vegetative reproduction of the largest secondary forest rosettes and faster growth of their ramets. For understory NTFP such as A. magdalenae, secondary forests may offer more economic incentive and greater potential for forest conservation than old-growth forests.     

Effects of plant diversity on plant biomass production and soil macrofauna in Amazonian pastures

We examined the effect of plant diversity on plant production and soil macrofauna density and diversity. Four plants species (Arachis pintoi, an herbaceous legume; Brachiaria brizantha, a perennial grass; Leucaena leucocephala, a legume shrub; Solanum rugosum, a non-legume shrub) were used in a field experiment and communities of all combinations of one, two, three or four species were established. Plant diversity neither significantly affected density and diversity of soil macrofauna nor total plant biomass, however, the biomass of specific plants was negatively affected by plant diversity. Earthworm and ant densities were significantly higher in the presence of A. pintoi although this plant influenced neither the density of the other group nor fauna diversity. Earthworm and diplopod densities increased significantly with shoot biomass of A. pintoi. Fauna diversity increased significantly with shoot biomass (specific and total). Root biomass did not affect fauna density and diversity. Our results suggest that fauna density is affected by litter quality and that it is more affected by resource quantity than quality. Our results also confirm the importance of nitrogen fixers to ecosystem function.     

Interactions of an introduced shrub and introduced earthworms in an Illinois urban woodland: Impact on leaf litter decomposition

This study examined an ‘invasional meltdown’, where the invasion of a Midwestern woodland by an exotic shrub (Rhamnus cathartica L.P. Mill) and the invasion by Eurasian earthworms facilitated one another. Using a litterbag approach, we examined mass loss of four substrates (R. cathartica, Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra, and Quercus alba) along a gradient of Eurasian earthworm density and biomass throughout a 40.5 ha oak woodland in Glencoe, Illinois. Earthworm densities and biomass were greatest in patches where R. cathartica prevailed, and populations were lowest in an upland forest subcommunity within the woodland. At each of three points along this earthworm gradient, we placed replicated litterbags constructed either to permit or to deny access to the litter by earthworms. The treatments were, therefore, plot treatments (low, medium and high earthworm density and biomass) and litterbag treatments (earthworm access and earthworm excluded). We found that earthworms promoted a very rapid loss of litter from R. cathartica bags. Within 3 months greater than 90% of this litter was lost from the litterbags. Earthworm impacts on other substrates followed the sequence A. saccharum>Q. alba=Q. rubra. Effects of both litterbag and plot treatments were found within 3 months for A. saccharum but Quercus species were affected only after a year. We propose that the impact of earthworms on litter breakdown creates conditions that promote and sustain invasion by R. cathartica. Previous work has demonstrated that R. cathartica may alter soil properties in a way that promotes and sustains invasion by earthworms. These findings have implications for the restoration management of these systems, since the legacy of R. cathartica on soil properties and earthworm populations may persist even after the plant has been physically removed.     

Chemical communication in Ceratophysella sigillata (Collembola: Hypogastruridae): intraspecific reaction to alarm substances

When disturbed or damaged, the winter-active collembolan Ceratophysella sigillata releases a strong aromatic odour, which can be perceived even by humans. The efficiency of the substances released as an intraspecific alarm substance was investigated. C. sigillata showed distinct reactions to chemicals released by conspecifics; crushed conspecifics, cuticle washings (with pentane) and whole body extracts (with methyl acetate) were tested. Our results demonstrate that a very sensitive intraspecific avoidance reaction is present to the substances released by crushed C. sigillata as well as to washings and extracts: extracts from as little as half a springtail induced a significant avoidance reaction in conspecifics. Alarm substances were present in all instars of C. sigillata including eggs, and all instars of C. sigillata tested showed similar reactions to the extracts or crushed conspecifics.     

Influence of decomposition of roots of tropical forage species on the availability of soil nitrogen

Immobilization of mineral N induced by decomposition of roots of four tropical forage species (Stylosanthes guianensis, Centrosema sp., Andropogon gayanus and Brachiaria decumbens) in an Oxisol was studied under laboratory conditions. Root materials had a high lignin content (12–20%) but total polyphenol content was small (<0.8%). Roots, at 2.5 and 5.0 g kg⁻¹, and 10 mg N kg⁻¹ of -labelled ammonium sulphate (20.3 at.%) were thoroughly mixed with the soil which was maintained at field capacity for 117 d. Decomposition of the roots (as monitored by CO₂ evolution) was initially rapid and the legume materials (S. guianensis, Centrosema sp.) with their lower C-to-N ratio and lignin content, decomposed more quickly than the grass roots (A. gayanus, B. decumbens). After 8 d of incubation the rate of CO₂ evolution decreased and was similar for all root materials. CO₂ evolution from the decomposing roots in all cases fitted closely (R²>0.99) a double exponential equation defining two compartments of root carbon of differing susceptibility to decomposition. The equation predicted that between 43% (Centrosema) and 62% (Brachiaria) of root carbon would not be decomposed even at infinite time under incubation conditions. Mineral N in the soil was immobilized rapidly at the start of the incubation, and the immobilization was greatest with the higher rate of application of root material. Although the C-to-N ratio of legume roots was narrower their higher degradability stimulated greater immobilization of soil mineral N than the grass roots. The results are discussed with reference to N immobilization and carbon sequestration in planted pastures of tropical South America.     

Food preferences of earthworms for soil fungi

Soil fungi are considered to be an important food source for earthworms. Selection experiments were carried out in order to study the preferences of earthworm species for a variety of soil fungi. Nine fungal species (Cladosporium cladosporioides, Rhizoctonia solani, Mucor sp., Trichoderma viride, Fusarium nivale, Phlebia radiata, Glaeophyllum trabeum, Coniophora puteana, Coriolus versicolor) were grown separately in centrifuge tubes on sterilized sand with potato dextrose. Tubes containing different fungal species, 8–9 per experiment, were arranged in a food choice arena. The preference for the fungi of 5 different earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris, Lumbricus castaneus, Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea rosea, Octolasion cyaneum) was tested by adding one specimen per chamber. Removal of sand from the tubes within 6 days was used as the indicator of preference by earthworms. The food preference of earthworms irrespective of ecological group followed a general pattern. F. nivale and C. cladosporioides were the preferred fungal species, followed by fast-growing species such as Mucor sp. and R. solani. In contrast, basidiomycetes were generally refused. The epigeic species L. rubellus had the strongest preference for a single fungal species, in contrast the endogeic species A. rosea fed more evenly on different fungal species. We conclude that early successional fungal species are used as cues by earthworms to detect fresh organic resources in soil.     

黄土区不同植被类型条件下土壤分离速率变化特征及其影响因素

为比较土壤理化性质与根系特征对土壤分离速率的影响强度,采用模拟冲刷试验与室内分析相结合的方法,探究了黄土区不同植被类型在3种处理下（含根系、含冠层、含结皮）土壤分离速率变化特征及其影响因素。结果显示:（1）不同植被类型间,狼牙刺群落下土壤分离速率最小,显著低于达乌里胡枝子;不同处理下,含结皮土壤分离速率最大,含根系土壤次之,含冠层土壤最小。（2）土壤分离速率与容重呈显著正相关关系（p<0.05）,与有机质、团聚体呈显著负相关关系（p<0.05）。只考虑土壤理化性质对土壤分离速率的影响时,影响狼牙刺、白羊草群落下土壤分离速率的主导因素是容重;影响铁杆蒿、达乌里胡枝子群落下土壤分离速率的主导因素为有机质。（3）根系特征也是影响土壤分离速率的因素,土壤分离速率与根系生物量密度、根长密度、根系表面积密度、根体积密度呈负相关关系。只考虑根系特征对土壤分离速率的影响时,影响狼牙刺、铁杆蒿、白羊草群落下土壤分离速率的主导因素是根长密度;影响达乌里胡枝子群落下土壤分离速率的主导因素是根系表面积密度。（4）本研究中,土壤分离速率回归方程D_r=0.086-0.035X₁+1.367X₂,（R²=0.767,N=36,p=0.000;X₁为土壤有机质,X₂为土壤容重）,土壤理化性质对于分离速率的作用强于根系的作用;不考虑植被类型时,土壤有机质、土壤容重是影响土壤分离速率的主导因素。