基于分期的实际种群分析法研究

实际种群分析法(virtual population analysis,VPA)是开展渔业资源评估最有效的技术之一,一般以世代为基础开展评估.基于实际渔业存在渔汛期、休渔期等特点,本研究运用分期评估的概念对传统实际种群分析进行了扩展,即分期种群分析法,并根据不同时期的捕捞死亡特征,评估与分析了4种不同分期情景对评估结果的影响.模拟研究表明,由于分期不当造成评估结果的误差为6％～33％.文中一并给出了开展分期实际种群分析法对资料收集和参数评估的要求.该方法克服了传统实际种群分析法中没有全面分期产生的误差,使其扩展至适合于评估全年捕捞死亡率不稳定或非连续性渔业种群,评估结果也更接近于评估种群的真实值.     

应用体重结构的实际种群分析模型估算捕捞死亡系数和资源量的初步研究

实际种群分析(VPA)是渔业评估的经典方法之一,被广泛应用于分析渔业的历史数据、估算渔业种群的资源量及捕捞死亡系数.文章提出了体重结构的VPA(WVPA),蒙特卡罗模拟分析的结果表明,即使在较高的白色噪音水平下(30%),WVPA仍然可以较准确的估算捕捞死亡系数[相对估算误差REE=3.81%(长寿命种群),和2.75%(短寿命种群)].文章应用WVPA与年龄结构的VPA一起评估大西洋赤鲷渔业,结果表明,采用WVPA得到的结论与采用VPA的结果近似一致,但考虑到体重结构产量数据更易获得,该方法更具有优越性.     

海洋鱼类种群划分的研究方法及其在小黄鱼上的应用进展

综述了标记重捕法、渔获量分析法、寄生虫标记法、形态表型量度特征法、分子生物学法、钙质结构元素指纹法等6种方法在海洋鱼类种群划分上的应用进展,并探讨了这些方法各自的可靠性和局限性。并以我国重要经济鱼类小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)为例,归纳了自20世纪40年代以来应用上述方法开展小黄鱼种群研究的脉络,剖析了我国近海小黄鱼种群(特别是黄海南部种群)划分存在较大分歧的现状。通过比较分析各种方法的研究效果,指出基于钙质组织中元素指纹的方法在鱼类种群判别研究中将具有更大优势。最后,展望了海洋鱼类种群研究方向,以及在今后小黄鱼种群划分研究中上述方法的应用特征。     

渔业水质中尿素检测方法的研究

建立了一种检测渔业水质中尿素的方法。方法检出限为0.031mg/L,当尿素含量在0.1～5.0mg/L范围时,标准曲线线性关系良好,r=0.9992。分别测定高、中、低3个浓度的加标样品,回收率为86.0～109.0%,相对标准偏差为0.9～2.9%,加标回收和精密度均符合要求。该方法简单、灵敏、干扰少、准确度高,线性范围广,能满足对渔业水质中尿素的检测要求。     

水利建设中渔业增殖技术研究的趋向和今后的任务（二）

1915年以后，世界上才开始建设面积超过100平方公里的大水库。随着工程技术的发展，到50年代和60年代，在非洲建的一些水库面积达到1，000万亩以上。世界上水库最多的国家是苏联，其次是美国、加拿大、印度和中国。日本和西欧主要是一些中、小型水库。     

施肥对围隔中浮游纤毛虫种群动态的调控分析

通过不同的施肥处理,对低盐度对虾养殖围隔环境中浮游纤毛虫群落结构动态变化进行了研究,共检测到浮游纤毛虫48种,分属于3纲、11目、37属;其中,寡毛目（Oligotrichida）8种,缘毛目（Peritrichida）7种,腹毛目（Hypotrichida）和盾纤目（Scuticociliatida）均为6种;优势种...     

施肥对围隔中浮游纤毛虫种群动态的调控分析

通过不同的施肥处理,对低盐度对虾养殖围隔环境中浮游纤毛虫群落结构动态变化进行了研究,共检测到浮游纤毛虫48种,分属于3纲、11目、37属;其中,寡毛目(Oligotrichida)8种,缘毛目(Peritrichida)7种,腹毛目(Hypotrichida)和盾纤目(Scuticociliatida)均为6种;优势种多为富营养化水体中的耐污性种类。不同施肥处理对纤毛虫的种群结构与动态变化影响显著,施肥量适宜且有机肥与无机肥混施的5号围隔及单施商品复合肥的7号、9号围隔纤毛虫种类较丰富,各次检测到纤毛虫种类的平均值为6.7种,种群密度分别为112.30、91.15、111.00个/mL,显著高于其它围隔。施有机肥培藻的围隔,纤毛虫较早出现,优势种始终是嗜污性比较强的纤毛虫。围隔中纤毛虫与藻类的密度变化趋势基本同步,前、后期低,中期高;纤毛虫种类丰富度变化为前、后期低,中期高,而藻类丰富度为前、后期高,中期低。研究结果为对虾的健康养殖及水体生态调控提供了理论依据。     

黄海小黄鱼（Pseudosciaena polyactis）生态和种群动态的研究

本文通过１９８５年至１９９０年的大规模黄海调查，对小黄鱼的资源分布、种群结构、生殖和摄食、生长和死亡的变化进行了分析研究，表明八十年代以来小黄鱼种群结构趋于简单、性成熟提前、生长加快。当前捕捞死亡率过高，以至于小黄鱼大部分群体在性成熟之前已被捕获。在八十年代中期，小黄鱼的资源量已降至五十年代的十至十五分之一。渔获量和资源量的下降主要是由于过度捕捞所致。只要黄海周围过高的捕捞力量的存在，小黄鱼资源很难得以恢复并达到最大持续产量。若将目前的捕捞死亡系数至少降低５０％，开捕年龄应不低于２龄，则其资源才有可能恢复。     

不同饵料对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群生长繁殖的影响↑（*）

用３种饵料、４个组合培养褶皱臂尾轮虫,研究饵料对轮虫种群生长、繁殖的影响。结果表明：用光合细菌和鲜酵母混合为饵组,轮虫的最高培养密度达到了１８２０ｍＬ－１,高于其它３组;轮虫的日平均增殖率为０．４３５１,比光合细菌组和鲜酵母组分别增加了６．４％和２５．０％。对轮虫生长、繁殖有明显的促进作用。     

pH对萼花臂尾轮虫种群动态和休眠卵的影响↑（*）

应用种群累积培养法,研究了pH3.5～11.5(间隔1.0)之间萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionuscalyciflorus)的种群动态及休眠卵的形成。结果表明,该轮虫在pH5.5～10.5为正增长,pH7.5时种群增长趋势最好;pH4.5时为负增长;pH3.5和11.5分别是该轮虫存活下限和上限。pH对轮虫休眠卵的产量和形成效率、平均混交雌体百分率和受精率皆具极显著影响。7.5是该种轮虫休眠卵规模化生产的最佳pH值,此时休眠卵的产量和藻类食物的形成效率最大,分别为(132567±20264)/(20ml·6d)和(11.05±1.69)/(6×106cells)。     

Reliability of stock size estimates from adaptive framework virtual population analysis

ABSTRACT:   The stock size estimates from adaptive framework virtual population analysis are sometimes very sensitive to the model's assumptions. The uniqueness and precision of stock size estimates from adaptive framework virtual population analysis are examined analytically and numerically. The results indicate that (i) when the fishing mortalities remain constant for all years, the stock size estimates are not determined uniquely without additional assumptions, and (ii) when the cumulative fishing mortalities are similar among cohorts, the precision of stock size estimates will be poor, even if the abundance indices are precise and informative. For the precise estimation of stock size, it is necessary that fishing mortalities vary among years, that cumulative fishing mortalities vary among cohorts and that auxiliary information such as selectivity is available in addition to precise abundance indices.     

Weight-based virtual population analysis of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus off the Pacific coast of southern Hokkaido, Japan

ABSTRACT:   Age-based population assessment is widely used, but there are cases where information on age or even body length of landed fish is difficult to collect. In the present study, the biomass and fishing mortality of the southern Hokkaido stock of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus was estimated directly from body weight composition, using weight-based virtual population analysis, from 1994 to 2000. The estimated biomass over 1 kg body weight was 5607 t in 1994 and increased to 7908 t in 2000. The increase was explained by an increase in recruitment.     

Effects of sampling errors on abundance estimates from virtual population analysis for walleye pollock in northern waters of Sea of Japan

ABSTRACT:   Effects of sampling errors on abundance estimates from virtual population analysis (VPA) were quantified with the bootstrap method for stock of walleye pollock in the the Sea of Japan. In the bootstrap method, individual fish measurements were resampled. A total of 1000 bootstrap samples were produced for each year from 1991 to 2001. The coefficients of variation (CV) of catch at age in 2001 ranged 6.1–33.1%. The CV of an abundance estimate in 2001 ranged 9.0–35.7%. Abundance estimates of the oldest age and the latest year, which had larger CVs than the other estimates, were sensitive to sampling errors. Effects of sampling errors became smaller when the catch at age had been accumulated over a few years. Although VPA includes various types of errors, only the sampling errors have room for improvement in reality. Quantifying the effect of sampling error on VPA estimates is essential for sound and efficient stock management, and is emphasized in this study.     

“水产虚拟标本馆”的设计与开发

结合 Flash MX 2004和 MS Access 2000,运用 ActionScript 脚本语句和 ASP 技术实现动态网页中 Flash 对数据库的调用;通过脚本编程模拟了实地参观标本馆的过程,实现了现实场景和单个标本体360°旋转,成功设计并开发了“水产虚拟标本馆”。随着“数字地球”概念的推广,“水产虚拟标本馆”必将成为水产实物标本馆的重要分支。     

水产虚拟标本馆的设计与开发

结合Flash MX 2004和MS Access 2000,运用ActionScript脚本语句和ASP技术实现动态网页中Flash对数据库的调用;通过脚本编程模拟了实地参观标本馆的过程,实现了现实场景和单个标本体360旋转,成功设计并开发了水产虚拟标本馆。随着数字地球概念的推广,水产虚拟标本馆必将成为水产实物标本馆的重要分支。     

美国红鱼养殖种群的同工酶酶谱及其生化遗传初步分析

利用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术，对50尾美国红鱼肌肉及肝脏组织进行了14种同工酶的初步分析。结果表明，美国红鱼多态位点比例P＝0.292，实际平均杂合度Hp=0.057，预期杂合度He=0.108，每个位点的有效等位基因数Ae=1.108，Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数D＝－0.472。     

长江的铜鱼生物学及三峡水利枢纽对铜鱼资源的影响

为了解三峡水库蓄水后,长江中游宜昌江段铜鱼的种群动态变化特征,基于2003—2005年、2009—2011年和2017—2019年用流刺网在宜昌江段收集的9 120尾铜鱼样本的基础生物学数据,运用FISAT Ⅱ 软件对种群参数和资源量进行估算。结果显示,2003—2005年、2009—2011年和2017—2019年宜昌江段铜鱼体长分布范围分别为118~416、111~409和107~380 mm,平均体长(平均值±标准差)为 (230.7±49.8)、(217.5±54.3)和(267.2±34.1) mm;体重分布范围分别为10~1000、19~889和16~816 g,平均体重(平均值±标准差)分别为 (195.8±123.6)、(153.2±118.6) 和(250.3±84.2) g;生长指数b值分别为3.015 1、3.031 9和2.977 5,均属匀速生长型。由Powell-Wetherall plot法和 ELEFAN Ⅰ 法拟合渐进体长L_∞分别为535、530、500 mm;生长系数k值分别为0.18、0.14和0.15,属中等速率生长型;由体长结构实际种群分析估算铜鱼年资源量分别为1.14×10⁶、1.89×10⁶和2.10×10⁶尾。研究表明,三峡水库蓄水后,宜昌江段铜鱼为匀速生长型,资源数量增加明显,但生长速率减缓,存在小型化趋势。研究结果将为长江禁渔后的渔业资源保护与利用提供科学依据。

     

A case study on the population ecology of a topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) population in the UK and the implications for native fish communities

• 1. The topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva is a small Asian cyprinid species that has proved invasive throughout many European countries. Following an initial introduction into the wild in 1996, the species is now proving invasive in the UK, with at least 25 infested waters in England and Wales, of which 10 are known to have direct connection to a major river catchment.
• 2. To demonstrate the threat of P. parva to fisheries in the UK, a case study is presented on a lake located in the Lake District of England where the species was introduced in 2000. The species rapidly established a breeding population that, by 2003, was the dominant species in size classes <70 mm. In 2004, they were the only species in the lake that produced young‐of‐the‐year.
• 3. Individual P. parva adopted the reproductive tactics of early maturity, multiple spawning, male dominance and male nest guarding; sexual dimorphism was manifested in larger body size of males. These traits were in contrast to the resident, native species of the lake, including roach Rutilus rutilus and gudgeon Gobio gobio, which adopted traits of later maturity and single spawning.
• 4. This case study, therefore, revealed relatively rapid establishment of a P. parva population, their subsequent numerical dominance of the fish community, and the impediment of the recruitment of native fish. The implications for UK fisheries are concerning: should P. parva continue to disperse and individuals adopt similar traits as those in this case study, there may be few waters immune from their invasion, numerical dominance and subsequent impacts.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.