云南旱直播稻田土壤封闭除草剂的筛选

为筛选适宜冬马铃薯—水稻轮作模式下旱直播水稻田使用的土壤封闭除草剂,在云南省双江县主要杂草为稗草、莎草、牛筋草和莲子草的稻田开展了施药除草试验,比较不同除草剂的防除效果、相应处理区的水稻产量及综合效益。结果表明,供试药剂中以19%氟酮磺草胺悬浮剂、35%丁草胺·扑草净乳油和35%丙炔噁草酮·丁草胺水乳剂对总草的防除效果较好,分别为99.3%、91.5%和90.5%;不同施药处理间的产量差异不显著,均显著高于不除草处理;使用丙炔噁草酮·丁草胺或氟酮磺草胺除草的总收益较高。     

40%2,4-滴丁酯·扑草净·乙草胺乳油的液相色谱分析

应用液相色谱法测定2,4-滴丁酯.扑草净.乙草胺乳油有效成分含量的测定方法,此方法采用甲醇和水为流动相,使用C18柱、紫外检测器的高效液相色谱,标准偏差分别为2,4-滴丁酯0.06,扑草净0.04,乙草胺0.05;变异系数分别为2,4-滴丁酯0.50%,扑草净0.67%,乙草胺0.23%。经验证其添加回收率分别为2,4-滴丁酯99.94%,扑草净99.99%,乙草胺100.02%,线性相关系数分别为0.999 3、0.999 0、0.999 2。     

28%苄嘧·扑草净泡腾颗粒剂的高效液相色谱分析

采用高效液相色谱法,以甲醇+水+冰乙酸=70+30+0.1(V/V)为流动相,使用C_(18)色谱柱,在254nm波长下对28%苄嘧·扑草净泡腾颗粒剂样品中的苄嘧磺隆和扑草净进行分离和定量分析。结果表明:苄嘧磺隆和扑草净的线性相关系数分别为0.998 7、0.999 7;标准偏差分别为0.034 6、0.068 9;变异系数分别为1.351 6%、0.269 1%;平均回收率分别为99.90%、99.93%。该方法操作简单、快速、准确,适用于28%苄嘧·扑草净泡腾颗粒剂样品的定性和定量分析。     

UPLC-MS/MS法检测稻米及土壤中扑草净除草剂的残留量

建立检测稻米及土壤中扑草净的UPLC-MS/MS方法。稻米和土壤样品经乙腈和混合液提取,甲醇/二氯甲烷溶解,PSA固相萃取柱净化,氮气吹干后经UPLC-MS/MS测定,外标法定量。建立了水稻及土壤中提取扑草净残留量的液相色谱-质谱/质谱测定方法。扑草净在稻米及土壤中的最低检测质量分数分别为0.01mg/kg;最小检出量5×10~11g;稻米添加回收率为82.7%~105.3%,土壤中添加回收率为79.6%~103.3%;稻米的RSD为2.6%~3.6%,土壤的RSD为3.2%~5.2%。建立方法准确、快速、灵敏度高,能够满足扑草净残留量分析的要求。     

轮叶党参根的扑草净残留量分析

应用GC-MS法测定了轮叶党参根中的扑草净残留量。检测结果表明,扑草净添加回收率为80.5%~88.7%,相对标准差0.46%~2.68%。残留测定结果表明,春季一年生轮叶党参移栽地分别以40%扑草净粉剂2 kg/hm2和4 kg/hm2处理,秋季收获(施药后152 d)时,其标准烘干的根中扑草净残留量分别为0.023 5 mg/kg和0.034 3 mg/kg,低于多数国家现行的扑草净在农产品的最大残留量允许范围(MRLs)标准。     

除草剂化肥复配制剂抑稗活性室内研究初报

本文报道了四种常用除草剂分别与五种常用的化肥制成的有一种化肥和一种除草剂的２０种复配制剂抑制稗草的生物活性试验结果,尿系和氯化铵对丁草胺,杀草丹和扑草净具有明显的增效作用。     

长白山区地黄地杂草防除技术研究

地黄对百草枯和扑草净表现出较强的抗药性,百草枯或扑草净分别用600 g a.i./hm2或1 600 g a.i./hm2时,药害等级均低于2级,且药害症状消失较快。扑草净残留测定结果,种植块根的1年生地黄春季土壤处理用40%扑草净2 kg/hm2和4 kg/hm2,秋季收获(施药后152 d)的烘干块根中,扑草净残留量分别为0.042 7mg/kg和0.059 0 mg/kg。     

氟乐灵等5种除草剂对棉花枯萎病发生及棉花抗病性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,研究了5种常用除草剂(氟乐灵、除草醚、丁草胺、扑草净和草甘膦)对棉花枯萎病发生及棉花抗病性的影响。结果表明:施用除草剂同时接种病原,氟乐灵播前土壤处理减轻了浙肖棉1号(感病)和中棉12号(抗病)棉花苗期枯萎病的发生;而其他4种除草剂则不同程度地促进了苗期枯萎病的发生。播前土壤药剂处理,出苗1周后接种病原,氟乐灵和除草醚提高了棉花对枯萎病的抗性,扑草净降低了棉花的扰病性,而草甘膦则不影响棉花的抗病性。     

氟乐灵等5种除草剂对棉花枯萎病发生及棉花抗病性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,研究了5种常用除草剂(氟乐灵、除草醚、丁草胺、扑草净和草甘膦)对棉花枯萎病发生及棉花抗病性的影响。结果表明:施用除草剂同时接种病原,氟乐灵播前土壤处理减轻了浙肖棉1号(感病)和中棉12号(抗病)棉花苗期枯萎病的发生;而其他4种除草剂则不同程度地促进了苗期枯萎病的发生。播前土壤药剂处理,出苗1周后接种病原,氟乐灵和除草醚提高了棉花对枯萎病的抗性,扑草净降低了棉花的扰病性,而草甘膦则不影响棉花的抗病性。     

水稻旱直播化学除草研究

近年水稻旱直播田杂草危害日趋严重,由于杂草的危害使水稻减产,而且直接影响了这种栽培方法的推广。为了寻找旱直播田的优良除草剂,1985年在室内进行了探索性的筛选工作。经田间试验进一步证明噁草灵、杀草丹、除草醚、胺草磷、扑草净、丁草胺等除草剂适用于水稻旱直播田的除草。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.