琥珀酰化修饰改善牦牛乳酪蛋白胶束结构及疏水性

琥珀酰化是改善食品蛋白质功能性质的常用手段,牦牛乳是青藏高原特色乳资源.为了揭示琥珀酰化对牦牛乳酪蛋白胶束结构的修饰作用,以牦牛乳酪蛋白为原料,研究了琥珀酰化修饰对其结构及疏水性的影响.分别通过傅里叶变换红外光谱分析了修饰前后酪蛋白胶束二级结构变化,采用动态光散射技术分析了修饰前后酪蛋白胶束粒径变化,采用扫描电镜技术观察了酰化反应对酪蛋白的表面形貌的影响.结果显示,牦牛乳酪蛋白胶束二级结构为33.1%β-转角、23.2%无规卷曲,32.0%β-折叠和11.7%大环结构,α-螺旋结构未检出.琥珀酰化修饰后,α-螺旋结构形成,含量为12.4%,其他二级结构含量变化不大.琥珀酰化修饰使酪蛋白胶束粒径减小,由不规则的球形转变为规则的球形,疏水性显著降低.研究结果可为牦牛乳酪蛋白的改性提供参考依据.     

植物响应低磷胁迫的蛋白质泛素化途径研究进展

磷是构成许多关键性大分子的重要底物,在植物体内许多生理生化反应中都发挥着重要作用,磷供应不足会极大地限制作物的产量和品质。在漫长的进化过程中,植物形成了一系列适应低磷胁迫的机制,其中,蛋白质水平的泛素化修饰对植物响应低磷胁迫起重要作用。泛素化修饰可以改变靶蛋白的活性、稳定性及其在亚细胞的定位等。对关键蛋白的泛素化修饰在植物低磷胁迫响应中的调控功能和机制进行归类总结,综述植物蛋白质泛素化途径调控低磷胁迫的研究进展。蛋白质泛素化修饰研究主要从泛素、酶和靶蛋白3个组分方面进行。泛素由76个氨基酸组成,并以逐步共轭级联的方式与靶蛋白相连,形成泛素–蛋白质复合体,该复合体被运输至26S蛋白酶体内消化与降解,从而调控众多生理过程。蛋白质泛素化修饰通过改变根系形态构型,影响磷转运子和转录因子的活性和定位,从而促进或抑制植物对土壤磷的吸收以及向地上部的运输,进而调节磷稳态。最后,提出了对植物响应低磷胁迫的蛋白质泛素化需要进行的研究。     

植物体对硝态氮的吸收转运机制研究进展

硝态氮是高等植物重要的氮素营养,直接影响植物的生长。植物根系吸收硝态氮并向地上部转运的机制一直是研究者十分关注的问题。近几年的深入研究使得新的现象与结论被揭示,推动了我们对植物体吸收转运硝态氮生理与分子机制的认识。本文综述了近年来国内外关于植物硝态氮吸收转运的生理及分子机制的相关研究结果。通过整理归类植物硝酸盐吸收相关的生理学数据,介绍了影响植物吸收硝态氮的各种因素。基于膜转运体在植物硝态氮吸收转运过程中发挥的重要作用,本文还重点介绍参与该过程的四大基因家族的成员及功能,即硝酸盐转运体1(NRT1)、硝酸盐转运体2(NRT2)、氯离子通道(CLC)和s型阴离子通道(SLAC),以期为后续研究者提供一个较为全面的理论依据。     

硝态氮供应下植物侧根生长发育的响应机制

旱地土壤上硝态氮是作物吸收和利用的主要无机氮形态。硝态氮不仅是植物营养的主要氮源,而且还可以作为信号物质调节植物根系生长发育。为适应土壤中硝态氮非均衡供应,植物侧根发育往往呈现出可塑性反应。本文综述了植物侧根生长发育对硝态氮供应的响应机制。在拟南芥、玉米、大麦等植物上研究表明,硝态氮对植物侧根发育具有双向调节途径,即:1)局部供应硝态氮,硝态氮自身作为信号物质通过信号传导通路发生作用,对侧根具有伸长的刺激效应,硝态氮转运蛋白AtNRT1.1作用于转录因子ANR1的上游,ANR1的转录调节侧根发育;2)植物组织中高浓度的硝态氮对侧根分裂组织活动具有抑制效应,植物激素如生长素和脱落酸可能参与其中的信号传导过程。近些年来研究发现小RNA也参与调控硝态氮供应下植物侧根发育。     

复硝酚钠对马铃薯生长发育的影响

马铃薯（Solanum tuberosum L．）是茄科茄属一年生草本块茎植物，在世界粮食作物中位居第四。复硝酚钠是1997年经美国环保局批准，进入美国绿色食品工程的唯一人工合成植物生长调节剂，被联合国粮农组织（FAO）指定为绿色食品工程推荐的植物生长调节剂。复硝酚钠是一种集营养、调节、预防为一体的新型植物生长调节剂，适用于一切具有生命力的植物，在植物的整个生命期均可使用，能显著改善作物品质。复硝酚钠具有双向调控作用，     

13种土壤硝化过程中亚硝态氮的累积与土壤性质的关系

通过室内培养（土壤水分60％WHC,温度25℃）方法对不同土壤（13种）硝化过程中亚硝态氮的累积进行了研究,并用通径分析方法探讨了土壤亚硝态氮峰值浓度和累积总量与土壤性质的关系,为加强氮素管理、减少亚硝态氮的累积提供理论依据。结果表明,在培养过程中,各供试土壤亚硝态氮的峰值浓度相差较大,且均出现在施肥5-7d,以褐土最高为146．09mg·kg^-1,其次是淤灌土为114．03mg·kg^-1;黑土、黄壤和棕壤在培养过程中几乎未检测到亚硝态氮。亚硝态氮累积总量以褐土、淤灌土最大,分别为350．82和334．51mg·kg^-1;水稻土和砖红壤最小,分别为7．58和13．06mg·k^-1。土壤pH、粘粒、无定形铁通过直接和间接效应成为影响土壤亚硝态氮峰值浓度、累积总量的主要因素,而土壤脲酶活性对这两个因变量的作用均很微弱;就通径分析的直接效应而言,有机质和全氮对土壤亚硝态氮峰值浓度、累积总量的影响最为显著,但其直接效应在很大程度上被其他因素的间接效应所抵消;土壤CEC对土壤亚硝态氮峰值浓度的作用也非常显著。此外,土壤络合态铝、络合态铁虽然对这两个因变量的直接效应不明显,但通过其他因素的综合作用也对这两个因变量起到了一定的影响作用。     

植物对硒的吸收转运和形态转化机制

阐述了植物对不同形态硒的吸收、转运和形态转化机制。植物主要吸收水溶性硒,包括部分有机硒、硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐。多数研究表明植物对硒酸盐的主动吸收是通过高亲和力的硫酸盐转运子完成,最近的研究表明磷酸盐可以调节亚硒酸盐的吸收,磷酸盐转运子在亚硒酸盐的主动吸收过程中有重要作用;植物吸收的硒酸盐很快从根部转移到地上部,在叶片中被还原成亚硒酸盐,进而转化为有机硒化物进入其他组织;而亚硒酸盐及其代谢产物主要积累在根部,极少转移到地上部。进入植物体中的硒转化为含硒氨基酸和硒蛋白参与植物的代谢。     

铜绿微囊藻对亚硝态氮的利用

通过室内培养,研究了不同亚硝态氮浓度对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）生长的影响和藻对亚硝态氮的利用,实验分析了水体中亚硝态氮、硝态氮和铵态氮浓度的变化,测定了铜绿微囊藻的生长曲线、藻细胞内亚硝态氮含量和藻亚硝酸氧化酶（NOR）。结果显示,在10mgNO^-2-N·L^-1的处理组中,培养基中亚硝态氮和硝态氮浓度同时减少,说明铜绿微囊藻可以同时利用亚硝态氮和硝态氮;在20和30mgNO^-2-N·L^-1的处理组中,随着藻的生长培养基中亚硝态氮的浓度减少,硝态氮浓度增加,而且电泳实验显示此培养条件下铜绿微囊藻能产生亚硝酸氧化酶,表明培养基中的亚硝态氮被亚硝酸氧化酶氧化为硝态氮。本实验也表明高浓度的亚硝态氮（大于10mgNO^-2-N·L^-1）能够抑制藻的生长。     

铅与酸雨对大豆鼓粒期根系氮素营养的复合影响

了解铅（Pb）与酸雨（AR）对植物氮素营养复合影响是科学评价AR和Pb伤害植物的重要依据,但相关报道较少。氮素是构成植物体内蛋白质的主要成分,而蛋白质既是细胞分裂、生长与能量代谢的物质基础,也是影响根系生长的重要条件。因此,本文以重要经济作物大豆（Glycine max）为试材,选取硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性（NRA）、亚硝酸还原酶活性（NiRA）和铵态氮含量4个氮素营养指标为考察目标,     

土壤裂缝产生过程中双氢胺对氮溶质运移的影响

模拟稻田土壤在淹水后加入不同量的（NH4）2SO4和双氢胺（DCD）抑制剂的溶液，让土壤自然变干，直至土壤产生裂缝到裂缝稳定的连续培养，在培养第10d后再给土柱复水的6种处理，每天监测各处理渗漏液中铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的浓度变化。试验结果表明，肥料（NH4）2SO4和DCD的加入量是10：1．5和10：2时，即DCD和肥料（NH4）2SO4施用量的高比例能在裂缝产生过程时较好地抑制铵态氮硝化。整个培养过程没有获得DCD抑制剂对渗漏液中硝态氮和亚硝态氮的影响。裂缝稳定后的复水对渗漏液中的铵态氮没有影响，但是提高了渗漏液中的亚硝态氮和硝态氮的浓度。     

濒危植物生殖生态学研究进展

濒危植物生殖生态学是濒危植物保护生物学研究的热点。本文综述了国内外濒危植物生殖生态学研究进展,包括濒危植物植物学及物候学特性、生殖系统、种子及幼苗生态学、生殖值及生殖分配、种群统计、生命表以及无性繁殖等方面,并指出当前研究中存在的问题及今后发展方向。     

Bromine Accumulation in Some Crops and Grasses as Determined by Neutron Activation Analysis

Till now information on bromine (Br) in the environment is still incomplete. The purposes of this research were the following: to study accumulation of Br in plants grown under different environmental conditions and to assess the factors controlling Br uptake by different plant species when the plants grow in soil uncontaminated with Br. For the determination of Br and other elements, neutron activation analysis was used. This method allows for determining a wide range of elements in various samples with high sensitivity and accuracy. Model tests and greenhouse experiments demonstrated different abilities of plants to uptake Br from various media and transfer it from roots to upper plant parts. It was shown that the main source of Br for a plant was soil. As a result of the plant growth concentration of Br in the rhizosphere soil decreased. The characteristics of soil have a pronounced effect on the Br uptake by plants.     

植物寄生线虫Hsp70研究进展

热激蛋白70（heatshockprotein70,Hsp70）是所有原核生物和真核生物在发育过程中为了适应不同环境而合成并起关键作用的蛋白质家族。多种植物寄生线虫编码的Hsp70基因序列己被克隆和检测,但其在应激反应中线虫与寄主植物的互作机制仍不是很清楚。本文对Hsp70家族的分类、Hsp70结构及其生物学功能进行了综述,从Hsp70基因的克隆、表达和系统进化介绍了植物寄生线虫Hsp70基因的研究进展,并就今后植物寄生线虫Hsp70的相关应用基础研究进行了展望。     

Understanding the mechanisms of soil water repellency from nanoscale to ecosystem scale: a review

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Soil water repellency (SWR) can interrupt water infiltration that may decline plant growth and potentially trigger soil erosion. Until now research has been mainly...     

Metal plant and soil pollution indexes

Micro-constituent ionic impulsion, a parameter related to metal content and introduced to explain plant uptake, is now used to propose a plant global pollution index for an industrialized area. Plant toxic levels and previous analytical results (Pb, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Zn) for five wild plant species and whole herbage from 14 sampling points with rural, industrial or urban character within Bilbao (Spain) zone, are used to calculate this index. On similar bases a soil pollution index is also suggested, excluding Fe as it is a natural and very variable macrocomponent. Comparisons between these two indexes are included; differences are discussed through leaf uptake or strong retention of metals by soils.     

土壤中铅的来源及生物有效性

土壤中铅有自然来源和人为来源。植物对铅的吸收和积累,决定于环境中铅的浓度、土壤条件、植物种类、叶片大小和形状等。饮用水中的铅主要来自河流、岩石、土壤和大气沉降。在生物圈循环过程中,铅污染通过呼吸、饮用水、食物等途径到达食物链的终端,最终使人体受到铅的危害。土壤铅全量与作物产量及铅吸收量的相关性要低于土壤有效铅。影响土壤铅的植物有效性的因素包括土壤铅全量、土壤理化性质、土壤微生物、高等植物等。目前,评价土壤中金属植物有效性的方法主要有:化学提取法、植物吸收试验、微生物和酶活性试验及同位素法。     

慢照射诱发月季突变的研究

总照射量6kR—10kR、照射量率7.0R/h慢照射月季植株,经过反复修剪、转接,分离体细胞突变。目前已从中选出6个优良突变系。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-induced alteration to tree-root architecture and longevity

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form mutualistic associations with most terrestrial plants, including trees. They can confer many benefits and are known to induce widespread changes in host plant physiology. For many years it was considered that colonisation by AMF did not alter root architecture but significant alteration has now been demonstrated unequivocally for several plants, including trees with AMF colonised plants usually possessing a more highly branched root system. More recently, alteration to root system longevity has also been measured with AMF colonised root systems being shorter lived. Mechanisms by which these changes occur are not understood but effects are not entirely due to altered phosphorus nutrition and are likely to involve AMF interaction with plant cell cycles. Future research should concentrate on defining the extent of AMF alteration to root system development and the importance of AMF interactions with plant cell cycles in determining these changes.     

Plant seed cystatins and their target enzymes of endogenous and exogenous origin

Cystatins are protein inhibitors of cysteine proteinases of the papain family, and those of animal origin have long been studied from medical and physiological aspects. In the meantime, oryzacystatin cloned from rice seeds in 1987 was recognized as the first well-defined cystatin of plant origin. Cloning studies followed to disclose various plant cytstatins including those of corn and soybean origin, their similarities to and differences from animal cystatins being analyzed in detail. Plant seed cystatins are now understood as factors controlling germination by inhibition of endogenous cysteine proteinases. They can also recognize insect midgut proteinases as exogenous target enzymes to control. This paper discusses chemical and phytophysiological relationships between cystatins and their targets.     

Plant nitrogen uptake drives rhizosphere bacterial community assembly during plant growth

When plants establish in novel environments, they can modify soil microbial community structure and functional properties in ways that enhance their own success. Although soil microbial communities are influenced by abiotic environmental variability, rhizosphere microbial communities may also be affected by plant activities such as nutrient uptake during the growing season. We predicted that during the growing season, plant N uptake would explain much of the variation in rhizosphere microbial community assembly and functional traits. We grew the invasive C₃ grass Bromus tectorum and three commonly co-occurring native C₃ grasses in a controlled greenhouse environment, and examined rhizosphere bacterial community structural and functional characteristics at three different plant growth stages. We found that soil N availability and plant tissue N levels strongly correlated with shifts in rhizosphere bacterial community structure. It also appeared that the rapid drawdown of soil nutrients in the rhizosphere during the plant growing season triggered a selection event whereby only those microbes able to tolerate the changing nutrient conditions were able to persist. Plant N uptake rates inversely corresponded to microbial biomass N levels during periods of peak plant growth. Mechanisms which enable plants to influence rhizosphere bacterial community structure and function are likely to affect their competitive ability and fitness. Our study suggests that plants can alter their rhizosphere microbiomes through influencing nutrient availability. The ways in which plants establish their rhizosphere bacterial communities may now be viewed as a selection trait related to intrinsic plant species nutrient demands.