油桃根腐病的发生与综合防治

近年来,随着油桃栽植面积的扩大,油桃根腐病发生面积在夏县逐年加大, 2003年发病面积达 67 hm2, 2～ 3 a生油桃树,表现尤为严重,已成为影响油桃生产的主要原因之一.     

法国豆根腐病的综合防治技术

随着法国豆深加工的不断发展,快速地带动了法国豆的种植,由于种植效益显著,也极大程度地促进了本地经济的发展。但是法国豆根腐病是全株性枯死的病害,严重危害着法国豆的生产。为了解决防治法国豆根腐病这一难题,作者在不断的实践中,总结出一套行之有效的综合防治技术。     

保护地蔬菜根腐病综合防治技术

保护地蔬菜由于连年种植，不便腾茬和倒茬，一旦根腐病发生，常造成蔬菜绝收，带来很大损失。我们在推广保护地栽培黄瓜、辣椒、茄子、番茄等蔬菜时，因采取了综合防治技术，根腐病基本得到了控制，现将措施介绍于后：一、病害症状识别１．黄瓜。主要侵染根和近根茎部，初期症状呈水浸状，到最后发展为腐烂。病部维管束变成褐色，茎被侵后缢缩不明显。病株初期症状不明显，往往一块田中只有几株，似因“干旱”所致，中午叶片萎蔫，早晚能恢复。后借雨水、灌溉等农技措施很快传遍全田，病株干枯而死。２．辣椒。一般发生于大棚辣椒定植后，辣…     

猕猴桃根腐病的为害与综合防治

猕猴桃根腐病是一种毁灭性病害。病菌随病残组织在土壤中越冬 ,翌年春季树体萌动后 ,病菌随耕作或地下害虫活动传播 ,从根部伤口或根尖侵入 ,使根部皮层组织腐烂死亡 ,还可进入木质部。 7气 8月份是发病高峰期 ,发病期间 ,病菌可多次再侵染。病株感染病后 ,树势衰弱 ,产量降低 ,品质变差 ,严重时会造成植株整株死亡 ,对猕猴桃生产影响极大。1　症状猕猴桃从苗期到成株期都可发病 ,发病部位均在根部。该病由多种真菌引起 ,症状因病原不同而不同。一类是由密环菌引起。病害症状是 :初期根颈部皮层出现黄褐色水渍状块状斑 ,皮层逐渐变黑软腐 ,…     

温室黄瓜根腐病症状识别与综合防治

黄瓜根腐病是近年来温室黄瓜生产上大面积发生的一种根部病害。据调查,一般田块发病株率在5%～15%,重病田高达50%以上,甚至导致植株成片死亡,造成严重的经济损失。由于该病主要发生于温室黄瓜生长发育前期,其发病株率几乎等于损失率,而且该病随着设施栽培面积的增加和栽培年限的延长,发病逐年加重,应引起广大菜农的高度重视。     

枸杞根腐病的发生及防治研究

宁夏枸杞根腐病普遍发生。作者对其病原进行了分离鉴定,有4种病原菌:尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht)、腐皮镰刀菌[F.solani(Mart,)Sacc]、同色镰刀菌(F.concolor Reinking)和串珠镰刀菌(F.moniliforme Sheldon)。其中尖孢镰刀菌致病力最强。对上述病原的生长温度、pH值作了室内测定。此病病原菌能随病株、病残体和病果种子越冬。枸杞不同品种对此病抗性有明显差异。田间积水和根部损伤利于发病。45％代森铵药液灌根对此病有良好的防治效果;培土垄作和中耕时不伤根的防治效果达74.4％。     

大豆根腐病发生规律及防治措施

介绍大豆根腐病的发病症状和发病原因,并提出防治根腐病的技术措施,在生产上收到较好的效果。     

甘薯根腐病的发生与防治

甘薯根腐病的发生与防治丁克学（安徽省蒙城县植保站，２３３５００）甘薯根腐病又称甘薯开花烂根病。安徽当地农民俗称地火。近年来在我国山东、河北、河南、江苏、安徽、湖南、湖北等省均有不同程度的发生。而且呈逐年加重的趋势。甘薯发生了根腐病，一般造成减产１～２...     

大豆疫霉病发生危害及影响其发生因素的探讨

经1995～1998年对黑龙江省大部分大豆产区调查明确,大豆疫霉病在黑龙江大豆产区的发生面积及危害程度有逐年扩大和加重趋势,田间发病率一般为3%～5%,严重达75%,甚至绝产。其发病严重原因除受品种抗病性的因素影响外,主要取决于降水的多少及土壤积水时间的长短。此外,耕作、栽培方式、茬口等因素也不同程度影响发病。大豆在整个生育期间都可受到疫霉菌的侵染。     

迷迭香根腐病病原菌的鉴定

 迷迭香（Rosmarinus officinalis L.）又名油安草,艾菊,属于唇形科迷迭香属植物,为多年生常绿亚灌木,是地中海一带的重要景观植物。因其香味浓郁,被应用于香水、香皂、空气清新剂和食品添加剂生产中;该植物在医药方面还具有催经活血、利胆降压和抗癌等药理作用^［1］。近年来,广西百色市大量种植迷迭香,但在种植区普遍发生一种根茎部病害,造成植株根茎部腐烂,最终全株干枯死亡。每年5~9月份高温多雨季节,一般田块发病率为5%~10%,严重时发病率达40%,给迷迭香的生产造成一定的经济损失。国外曾报道Armillaria,Phytophthora和Rhizoctonia均可引起迷迭香根部病害^［2］,但目前国内对迷迭香的研究主要集中在其化学成分和药理作用上,未见有关病害的报道。本文对迷迭香根腐病的病原菌进行鉴定,为研究该病害的发病流行规律及制定病害防治措施奠定了基础。     

三七根腐病田间分级标准研究及评价

 目前三七[Panax notoginseng (Burk. ) F. H. Chen]根腐病尚无病害分级标准,为发现抗病种质资源和评估病害防控效果,本研究建立了用于三七根腐病的田间分级标准。从云南省文山州收集200株发生根腐病的三年生植株,筛选获得具有代表性不同腐烂程度的98株样本,通过对表面腐烂占比、横截面腐烂、支须根腐烂、芽及芦头腐烂5项指标进行描述,采用SPSS21进行样本聚类分析,制定了如下用于三七根腐病的田间分级标准:0级,健康,无症状;1级,腐烂仅发生在块根表面、且0＜腐烂面积占比≤10%,或腐烂已扩展至内部且5%＜腐烂面积占比≤10%;2级,腐烂已扩展至内部、且10%＜腐烂面积占比≤40%,支须根无腐烂;3级,腐烂已扩展至内部、且40%＜腐烂面积占比≤50%,支须根腐烂;4级,腐烂已扩展至内部、且50%＜腐烂面积占比≤70%,支须根腐烂脱落;5级,腐烂已扩展至内部、且腐烂面积占比＞70%直至整个块根完全腐烂,支须根腐烂。本标准于2016~2017年连续2年被用于评价土壤处理防控三七根腐病害的发生危害和防治效果,结果显示,该标准可以较好地对不同土壤处理的防病效果进行量化和评估,且与传统分级标准相比,其评价结果更优。     

复合木霉制剂防治黄连根腐病及其机理研究

为评价复合木霉制剂对黄连根腐病的防治效果, 并揭示其防病机理, 为黄连根腐病专用微生物农药的研发奠定基础, 本试验将深绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride、长枝木霉T. longibrachiatum、钩状木霉T. hamatum、拟康宁木霉T. koningiopsis等4种木霉配制的复合制剂和尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum以不同的方式分别施用于黄连, 统计根腐病发生情况, 检测黄连根部防御酶活性, 用高通量测序分析根际土壤真菌群落结构。结果表明, 复合木霉制剂对尖镰孢导致的根腐病具有明显预防效果;复合木霉制剂和尖镰孢分别接种黄连可提高SOD、POD、CAT、PAL、PPO等防御性酶活性, 产生诱导抗性;而它们先后接种黄连可产生强化效应, 从另一个途径提高植株抗病性。复合木霉制剂和尖镰孢都会降低真菌的数量、多样性, 和某些真菌的相对丰度, 而复合木霉制剂的抑菌作用更强烈, 尤其能明显抑制尖镰孢、Ilyonectria sp.等病原真菌的生长, 且能改善土壤真菌群落结构。木霉和尖镰孢都能在土壤中较长期定殖。可见, 复合木霉制剂可以预防尖镰孢导致的黄连根腐病, 防病机理包括诱导黄连植株产生抗性, 接种后再遭受病原菌侵染产生的强化效应, 优化土壤真菌群落结构, 抑制土壤中病原菌等, 且有效期较长。因此复合木霉制剂具有开发为微生物农药防治黄连根腐病的潜力。     

Bioassay to assess root rot in pea and effect of root rot on yield

Infection of pea roots by soil-borne pathogens causes foot and root rot. In 1985 research was started to develop a method to predict the root rot likely to occur in prospective pea fields. In a bioassay the pea cultivar Finale was sown in a composite soil sample from each field in pots under standardized conditions in the greenhouse. The plants were removed at the green bud stage and the severity of root rot recorded. Between 1985 and 1988 approximately 200 field pea crops were monitored for root rot development. Forty-eight fields were bioassayed in 1986, 51 in 1987 and 30 in 1988. Each year, root rot readings in the bioassay and disease severity readings at field sampled plants at flowering and green pod were linearly correlated (P<0.001). As the degree of root rot in the field crop increased, there was a proportional lower yield. In heavily infested fields, up to a 50% yield reduction occurred.The bioassay in pots proved to be a reliable method for predicting root rot severity in sampled pea fields.     

Biological control of avocado white root rot with combined applications of Trichoderma spp. and rhizobacteria

This study tested the effectiveness of single and combined applications of Trichoderma and rhizobacterial strains to control white root rot (WRR) caused by Rosellinia necatrix in avocado plants. Three Trichoderma, two T. atroviride and one T. virens monoconidal strains and four bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes and two P. chlororaphis) were assayed to determine their compatibilities in vitro. In addition, the effects of the bacterial filtrates were evaluated against the Trichoderma strains and reciprocally; these filtrates were applied alone or in combination to determine their effectiveness against R. necatrix. Individual control agents or combinations of them were applied to avocado plants that were artificially inoculated with a virulent R. necatrix strain. Compatibility between the combined Trichoderma applications and the bacterial strains was observed and these combinations significantly improved the control of R. necatrix during the in vitro experiments. A relative protective effect of some Trichoderma and bacteria was observed on the control of avocado WRR when they were applied singly. The combinations of T. atroviride strains with bacterial strains P. chlororaphis and P. pseudoalcaligenes showed a better control of avocado WRR, whereas the rest of Trichoderma and bacteria combinations also reduced significantly the level of disease and induced a delay at the onset of disease with respect to avocado plants inoculated either with Trichoderma or bacteria.     

载银无机抗菌制剂对大豆根腐病的防治效果

 测定了广泛用于工业和日用品的载银无机抗菌制剂Zeomic和AM₁对大豆根腐病重要病原菌Fusarium oxysporum、Fusarium solani和Rhizoctonia solani孢子萌发和菌落扩展的抑制作用。结果表明,Zeomic在浓度为500 mg/L时可以完全抑制F. oxysporum和F. solani的孢子萌发,但对F. oxysporum、F. solani和R. solani菌落扩展的抑制作用较弱,分别为7.4%、0.0%和3.7%。AM₁对病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用随浓度的升高而增强,在浓度为250 mg/L时对F. solani孢子萌发的抑制率为18.8%,到1 000 mg/L时可完全抑制。但AM₁在浓度为1 000 mg/L时对F. oxysporum的孢子萌发抑制率只有29.7%,表明不同菌类对AM₁的敏感性不同。同一浓度下的AM₁对F. oxysporum菌落扩展的抑制率大于对F. solani和R. solani菌落扩展的抑制作用,在500 mg/L时对病菌的抑制率分别为51.4%、14.6%和11.0%。温室内对大豆生长的调查结果表明,用种子重量0.05%和0.10%的AM₁拌种对出苗和生长有促进作用,Zeomic用量在0.05%时不影响出苗、株高和根系干物质积累,但当用量增加至0.10%时,则表现对出苗和干物质累积的抑制作用。田间试验结果表明,500m g/L的AM₁拌种对大豆根腐病防效为32.6%,与化学农药35%多克福包衣处理无显著差异,但比后者增产10.1%。由此说明,载银无机抗菌制剂具有用于农作物病害防治的潜力。     

当归茎线虫病田间分布型及抽样技术研究

为提高当归茎线虫病(Ditylenchus destructor)田间抽样的准确度,用7种聚集指标判断了当归茎线虫病的田间分布型.结果表明,当归茎线虫病在田间呈聚集分布,其中奈曼分布(核心分布)的适合率为100%,嵌纹分布(负二项分布)的适合率为77.8%.理论抽样数量约820株.4种抽样方法差异均不显著,在保证抽样数量合理的情况下,4种方法均可采用.     

Influence of aldicarb on root lesion nematodes, leaf disease and root rot in wheat and barley

The effects of aldicarb on populations of root lesion nematodes (primarily Pratylenchus penetrans ) and on grain yields of spring barley and wheat were examined in the field over 3 years, 1981*83. The incidence of barley net blotch ( Pyrenophora teres ), wheat leaf blotch ( Leptosphaeria nodorum ), and common root rot ( Cochliobolus sativus ) was also recorded in 1982 and 1983. Aldicarb treatments reduced the size of root lesion nematode populations in soil and roots in all years, except in the mid-season soil sample in 1983. The severity of leaf disease was decreased only in 1982, but the incidence of root rot was not significantly affected by the nematticide. Although aldicarb increased cereal grain yields by approximately 15% there was no significant relationship between numbers of root lesion nematodes in roots and soil and fungal disease symptoms on barley and wheat.     

大豆疫病的种子处理技术研究

本试验用不同浓度的瑞毒锰锌、杀毒矾和克露进行大豆种子处理试验，结果表明，５００ｐｐｍ瑞毒锰锌对大豆疫病具有很好的治疗作用，而用杀毒矾以种子重量０．４—０．５％的剂量闷种，能显著地抑制大豆疫霉菌的侵入