东莞银瓶山森林公园浙江润楠群落的基本特征

应用样方调查法研究了广东省东莞市银瓶山森林公园浙江润楠群落物种组成及优势种群的空间分布格局。结果表明:(1)浙江润楠群落以樟科、山矾科及茜草科等热带和亚热带植物类群为优势,浙江润楠是群落的优势种群;(2)群落垂直结构分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,层间植物亦较丰富。从群落物种多样性上来分析,Simpson多样性指数以灌木层的最大,乔木层和草本层相当;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数的大小顺序均为:灌木层﹥乔木层﹥草本层;Pielou均匀度指数的大小顺序则为:乔木层﹥灌木层﹥草本层;(3)种群中浙江润楠幼苗个体较少,中龄级立木较多,幼龄期个体呈聚集分布,成年期立木趋于随机分布。     

西双版纳石灰山季雨林四数木-闭花木-多花白头树群落动态研究

基于1995年和2011年固定样地调查数据探讨西双版纳四数木一闭花木一多花白头树群落种类组成、群落结构及优势种群个体数量方面的变化。分析显示,群落内高等植物种数净减5种（新增4种,消失9种）,热带分布型科、属比率分别上升7．3％和2％;A、B、C、D4层原有乔木（DBH≥5em）个体死亡率分别为0％、44．4％、16．3％和60％;A、132层乔木个体比例下降2．5％。乔木种群的频度分布格局和构造种群比例维持不变;群落乔木立木级结构保持正金字塔型,优势种群的立木级分布格局无明显变化。研究表明,该群落发育处于较为成熟阶段;15年来群落乔木的优势成分保持不变,群落总体结构稳定,草本层和层间植物的种类和个体数量减少明显;优势树种中,四数木和多花白头树2个种群趋于衰退,油朴有取代四数木或多花白头树在林冠层优势地位的趋势。     

石垟林场常绿阔叶林优势种群结构与分布格局研究

应用植物种群生态学的研究方法,对文成县石垟林场常绿阔叶林优势种群的种群结构和分布格局进行了研究,结果表明:青冈栎、短尾柯、木荷和红楠种群的年龄结构为增长型;甜槠种群的年龄结构为稳定型;虎皮楠种群为间隙型;亮叶水青冈、钩栗种群为衰退型,整个群落处于进展演替阶段;各优势种的分布格局均为集群分布,但集群强度存在差异;群落中,各优势种群均出现了Ⅲ级小树个体数异常减少甚至缺失现象,原因不明。     

雷公山水青冈林乔木层主要植物种群空间分布格局

应用立木大小级对水青冈群落中的水青冈(Fagus longipetiolata)和青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)两个优势种群径级结构进行了对比分析,同时采用方差/均值的t检验法、Morisita指数Iq的F检验法、丛生指数I、负二项式指数K、平均拥挤系数m*和聚块性指数m*/m判定并检验了两种优势种群的分布格局,并按径级分样地进行了格局类型及强度的比较。结果表明,在分布格局上,水青冈种群V级占优势,在3个样地中分别达到52%,49.1%,49.4%,Ⅰ级没有,Ⅱ级较少,表现为衰退种群;青冈栎种群Ⅳ级较多,Ⅰ、V级在个体数量比水青冈种群多;群落中两优势种群均呈集群分布。分析径级结构得出,随径级增大,水青冈种群由随机分布向集群分布过渡,而青冈栎种群则由集群分布向随机分布过渡。     

湖北省宜都野生楠木资源调查

【目的】了解湖北省宜都市的野生楠木资源分布状况、种群结构及其群落特征。【方法】采用样方法分别在宜都市的王家畈镇、聂家河镇和潘家湾乡对楠木资源分布集中地段进行野外实地调查,并记录其生境条件和群落特征。【结果】调查区内发现野生楠木类植物计264株,楠属植物3种,分别为竹叶楠Phoebe faberi、桢楠P.zhennan、湘楠P.hunanensis;润楠属植物4种,分别为润楠Machilus pingii、宜昌润楠M.ichangensis、华润楠M.chinensis、刨花润楠M.pauhoi,其中华润楠、刨花润楠初步确定为宜都市新分布记录种。楠木较多分布在山地比较潮湿的阴坡,坡度为30°~40°,坡位为中坡位和下坡位,海拔在710 m左右,群落类型为常绿或落叶阔叶林的生境条件下,其楠木类植物群落的维管束植物共有71种,隶属41科60属,以樟科和蔷薇科植物比较多,被子植物中双子叶植物占有绝对的优势,高位芽植物在群落中的比重最大。【结论】该调查区内的润楠属植物种群年龄结构相比楠属更合理,大致呈稳定型,而楠属植物种群年龄结构大致呈衰退型。探讨了样地野生楠木数量及群落结构特征,为其天然林保护及种质资源保存提供理论依据,同时对城市景观树种的配置有着重要意义。     

粤北次生常绿阔叶林优势种群结构及分布格局研究

对粤北典型次生常绿阔叶林的乔木优势种群结构及分布格局进行了研究,结果表明:(1)乔木层物种46科78属119种,林下植被77科141属227种.根据重要值＞5％,群落的乔木优势种为木荷Schima superba,虎皮楠Daphniphyllum oldhami,刨花润楠Machilus pauhoi,华润楠Machi...     

鄂西南亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林优势种群的结构与动态特征

【目的】分析鄂西南森林动态样地内优势种群的结构及动态特征,为进一步深入研究亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林的更新动态及生物多样性维持机制奠定基础。【方法】参照热带森林科学中心森林动态监测样地(大样地)建设与监测技术规范,于2014年在湖北木林子国家级自然保护区的亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林中建立15 hm~2大样地,调查并鉴定胸径大于1 cm的所有木本植物,分析其种群结构及动态特征。【结果】在垂直结构上,物种丰富度和个体多度都随着树木高度层次的降低而升高;在径级结构上,物种丰富度和个体多度都随着径级增大而降低,呈倒"J"形分布趋势;按所分布的径级数量不同可将群落内的物种分为10类,多数物种主要分布于小径级范围,但优势种群则集中分布于某个径级或均匀分布于各径级,表明优势种群可能有集中更新和连续更新2种方式;在胸径小于10 cm的径级内翅柃最占优势,而在其他径级内壳斗科物种占主要优势;群落中大部分种群有超过60%个体分布在最低的2个垂直层次内,且有超过85%的个体胸径小于10 cm,表明其具有良好的更新趋势,群落总体上处于进展演替中;对群落中径级和高度级上都占优势的25个种群的动态分析表明,16种属进展种群,3种属近期处于稳定状态但远期将趋于衰退状态,2种属衰退状态,4种属进展期与衰退期相间出现及个体数量存在波动的种群。【结论】鄂西南亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林群落树体较小,大径级和高度级树木种类及个体较少,绝大多数优势种群及群落总体均处于进展演替阶段,群落具有良好的自然更新。     

镶黄旗黄花山天然杜松林群落结构与种群分布格局研究

在内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟镶黄旗黄花山天然杜松林内,设置4个有代表性的标准样地,应用相邻格子法获得野外调查数据,分析天然杜松林群落结构及乔木层和灌木层优势种种群空间分布格局。结果表明:1)天然杜松林群落内,杜松地径较小,个体高峰值分布范围较为集中,径级结构变化明显;旱榆多以幼苗的形式存在,地径范围在2.5cm以下。群落存在明显的径阶缺陷,属于不稳定型。2)乔木层高度级较低,而灌木层高度级较好。3)乔木层杜松种群主要以聚集分布格局为主,伴有均匀分布格局,旱榆种群则为聚集分布格局;灌木层优势种群小叶鼠李和土庄绣线菊的空间分布格局都为聚集分布。群落处于不稳定的恢复发展阶段,人为和自然干扰以及种群生物学特性共同造成这种空间分布格局。     

干热河谷次生稀树灌木林优势种群空间格局及种间关联性研究

为揭示干热河谷次生稀树灌木林种群现状、分布状况及发展动态规律,以四川攀枝花苏铁国家级自然保护区内1 hm²永久固定样地为研究对象,对样地内所有种群植株个体进行每木调查,以重要值分析群落优势种群组成,并运用O-ring统计对样地内攀枝花苏铁种群空间格局及种间关联性进行计算。结果表明：干热河谷次生稀树灌木林群落除攀枝花苏铁为灌木生长型外,其余优势物种皆为乔木或小乔木型。6个优势种群空间分布格局均以随机分布为主,聚集分布次之,均匀分布尺度占比最小。种群优势度随聚集规模增大而增大,二者线性正相关,回归方程为：y=(127.49±9.04)x+(4.78±1.88)(Adj-R²=0.98,P=1.46993E-4 <0.01)。种间关联尺度占比以无关联最大,负相关次之,正相关最小。群落中种群聚集规模决定种群在群落中的优势程度,也是改变当前群落种群优势地位的主要驱动力。滇榄仁种群主要生存压力源于攀枝花苏铁和蒙桑种群,也极易受群落环境影响。铁橡栎和滇榄仁种群与蒙桑种群的种间竞争是其两次种内密度调节的主要原因。     

铜鼓岭自然保护区热带常绿季雨矮林的群落结构特征

应用植物群落学方法,调查分析了铜鼓岭热带常绿季雨矮林的群落结构特征。结果表明,该群落优势树种为黄椿木姜(Litsea variabilis)、海南大风子(Hydnocarpus hainanensis)、滨木患(Arytera littoralis)、无患子(Sapindus mukorossi)和禾串树(Bridelia balansae)等。立木胸径及树高结构分析表明,该群落中2.5～7.5 cm胸径级的个体占有相当高的比例,树高2～8 m各级分布较均匀,整个群落处于稳定发展当中。分别运用y=aD+b和ω=aD+b对优势树种的胸径与树高和冠幅之间的关系进行拟合,显著性检验结果显示,除禾串种群外,各直线方程均存在极显著的相关性,因此今后的调查中可用胸径来估测树高和冠幅。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.