湖南木兰科植物分类及地理学分析

经实地调查、采集、鉴定标本,在前人研究的基础上,分析了湖南省气候及地理条件对木兰科植物种类及分布的影响.结果表明;湖南木兰科植物有33种1亚种,湖南是我国木兰科植物现代分布中心之一;木兰科植物在湖南省大部分地区虽有分布,但明显形成湘南与湘西两个分布带,湘西木兰科植物比湘南贫乏,湘南的南岭山地集中了湖南近70％的木兰科植物,南岭是我国木兰科植物的起源与发展中心之一;木兰科植物在湖南的垂直分布范围为海拔200～2000m,绝大部分种（28种1亚种）分布于中海拔（500～1200m）范围内.并在某些方面提出了前人研究结果相异的观点.     

Morphometric study confirms the presence of only Vatica mangachapoi on Hainan Island,China

To date only one species of the genus Vatica Linn.(Dipterocarpaceae) has been identified, and a subspecies and three varieties have been reported on Hainan Island, China. However, it remained controversial whether the species was Vatica mangachapoi or a new species Vatica hainanensis, and whether the subspecies or varieties are taxonomically valid. We evaluated here morphometric variations of 133 trees collected from nine populations and herbarium specimens of Vatica spp. using 16 traits of leaf and fruit. Among these, leaf traits varied more within and among populations than did fruit traits. Four traits of ratios were more stable than directly-measured traits within and among populations. The ranges of lamina length, lamina width and height of maximum lamina width point were the greatest among the 16 traits, while number of lateral veins varied least among the 12 directly-measured traits. Measurements from all 9 populations overlapped for each morphological trait, and variation of each trait was continuous among both individuals and populations. The range of variation did not distinguish any specimen from V mangachapoi as described in the flora of Southeast Asia By cluster analysis, individuals of each population as wel as specimens of each variety formed no distinct clusters The published varieties thus were characterized by no distinguishing variations in comparison with the nine sampled populations. In conclusion, the new species V hainanensis as well as the subspecies and varieties were not supported by our comparisons, and only V. man gachapoi without any subspecies or varieties occurs on Hainan Island, China.     

Morphometric study confirms the presence of only <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vatica mangachapoi</Emphasis> on Hainan Island,China

To date only one species of the genus Vatica Linn. (Dipterocarpaceae) has been identified, and a subspecies and three varieties have been reported on Hainan Island, China. However, it remained controversial whether the species was Vatica mangachapoi or a new species Vatica hainanensis, and whether the subspecies or varieties are taxonomically valid. We evaluated here morphometric variations of 133 trees collected from nine populations and herbarium specimens of Vatica spp. using 16 traits of leaf and fruit. Among these, leaf traits varied more within and among populations than did fruit traits. Four traits of ratios were more stable than directly-measured traits within and among populations. The ranges of lamina length, lamina width and height of maximum lamina width point were the greatest among the 16 traits, while number of lateral veins varied least among the 12 directly-measured traits. Measurements from all 9 populations overlapped for each morphological trait, and variation of each trait was continuous among both individuals and populations. The range of variation did not distinguish any specimen from V. mangachapoi as described in the flora of Southeast Asia. By cluster analysis, individuals of each population as well as specimens of each variety formed no distinct clusters. The published varieties thus were characterized by no distinguishing variations in comparison with the nine sampled populations. In conclusion, the new species V. hainanensis as well as the subspecies and varieties were not supported by our comparisons, and only V. mangachapoi without any subspecies or varieties occurs on Hainan Island, China.     

植物种或品种鉴定的展望

植物种或品种的鉴定主要使用4种遗传标记，即形态学标记、细胞学标记、生化标记和DNA标记。由于形态学标记、细胞学标记、生化标记的局限性，往往无法对近缘种或品种的鉴别。该文总结和分析4种遗传标记特点，认为随着分子生物学的发展，DNA分子标记将成为近缘种或品种鉴别的重要手段。     

Polymorphism analysis of Fagaceae and DNA-based identification ofFagus species grown in Japan based on therbcL gene

Fagaceae species in Japan were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence comparison of a region ofrbcL. Of nine restriction endonucleases used for digestion, three (MspI,RsaI,HaeIII) produced different restriction patterns in Fagaceae. Digestion byMspI yielded four patterns: Fagus species,Castanea crenata, Pasania glabra, and others. Digestion byRsaI andHaeIII afforded two patterns:Fagus species and others. These facts indicate thatCastanea crenata andPasania glabra can be identified byMspI restriction patterns ofrbcL. Sequence comparison of a region of therbcL gene among 20 species of Fagaceae showed that: (1) they could be divided into seven groups; (2) there is a site mutation betweenFagus crenata andF. japonica. The latter indicates that the wood of both Fagus species are identifiable at the species level, which is not the case using conventional methods. This result indicates the possibility of wood identification based on DNA polymorphism in Fagaceae at the intrageneric level.Part of this paper was presented at the 46th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kumamoto, April 3–5, 1996 and the 47th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kochi, April 3–5, 1997     

内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区饲用植物资源调查

在调查鉴定内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内的植物标本的基础上,结合查阅有关研究饲用植物资源文献,统计分析了保护区的野生饲用植物资源,结果表明,保护区内分布的野生饲用植物共有370种(含种以下单位),隶属57科188属。其中草本植物占绝对优势,共计302种,占保护区内饲用植物总种数的81.62%;从水分生态型分析,中生植物最多,有199种,占保护区内饲用植物总种数的53.79%。从饲用价值上看优等37种、良等101种、中等121种、低等91种、劣等20种,分别占保护区内饲用植物总种数的10%、27.30%、32.70%、24.59%和5.41%。良等以上饲用植物占该保护区野生饲用植物总种数的37.30%,可以看出该保护区饲用植物价值高,具有很高的开发利用潜力。本文还对该保护区野生饲用植物资源的保护及开发利用提出建议。     

Analysing the diets of invertebrate predators using terminal restriction fragments

Analysing food webs in agricultural habitats is essential for the development of natural control strategies. Several molecular tools to investigate trophic interactions on a species-specific level have been developed in recent years and their advantages and limitations have been discussed. With this study we introduce another tool, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (tRFLP). Generalist predators found in Australian brassica crops, their prey and abundant parasitoids were chosen as a model system to adapt and evaluate the tRFLP approach. Using general primers and selecting six restriction enzymes, we obtained species-specific tRF patterns for 21 of the most abundant arthropods in brassica crops. We detected up to three prey species in the gut contents of laboratory-fed predators. Detection rates differed among predators, ranging between 28 and 100%. The identification of a species-specific tRF pattern was strongly affected by the presence and concentrations of DNA from other species. In a preliminary field study, prey could be identified from 20% of the collected brown lacewings. The advantage of the tRFLP method is the possibility of identifying multiple species at once. This advantage is counterbalanced by methodological limitations, among which the most critical one is the fact that it will be difficult to maintain specificity in highly diverse ecosystems. However, if species diversity is limited and the target sequence and the primers are chosen to increase detection success, the tRFLP method can be used to study trophic interactions in the field.     

甘肃叶蜂种类调查及分类研究 Ⅸ.叶蜂科叶蜂亚科小臀叶蜂属、侧跗叶蜂属、凹唇叶蜂属、合背叶蜂属及壮并叶蜂属属种名录

整理采自甘肃膜翅目叶蜂科叶蜂亚科小臀叶蜂属等5属叶蜂标本总计226号,经鉴定分为5属25种。其中:小臀叶蜂属1种、侧跗叶蜂属13种、凹唇叶蜂属1种、合背叶蜂属9种、壮并叶蜂属1种;包括6科学新种:短突小臀叶蜂、棒角侧跗叶蜂、普通侧跗叶蜂、朱氏侧跗叶蜂、侧跗叶蜂、开室凹唇叶蜂,2新亚种:环丽侧跗叶蜂黑股亚种、宝岛合背叶蜂红鳞亚种;5甘肃新记录种(含3亚种)和12已知种(含5亚种)。     

分子标记法和形态学特征对杏仁栽培种及野生种基因型的遗传关系构建的辨别

应用23个形态学特征,19个扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)引物组合,80个随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)引物和32个简单序列重复(SSR)引物对,比较三种分子标记法在29个杏仁栽培种和3个野生种遗传关系构建中的信息景和效率.根据预期杂合度的评价,与AFLPs和RAPDs相比,SSRs具有较高水平的多态性和较大的信息量.AFLPs预期朵合度值最低,但其辨别效率值最高,因为AFLPs能揭示每个反应中的大量条带,导致各种类型的多样性指数均较高.三种分子标记法对杏仁基因型的辨别效率均较高,只是SSRs无法辨别‘Monagha'和‘Sefied'杏仁基因型.三种分子标记法基因型相似性相关系数统计上显著,但SSR数据要低于RAPDs和AFLPs的值.尽管三种分子标记法树形图拓扑结构存在一些差异,但相似性水平均较高.SSRs、RAPDs和AFLPs的系统树图及其综合数据都能依据地理散布反映大多数栽培种的关系.AMOVA检测到每个地理组中栽培种和野生种的变异.辅助程序分析表明,实验所应用的标记物数量足以保证基因相似性估计的可靠性和标记法间的比较是有意义的.     

Environmental effects on morphology of Acacia tortilis group in the Red Sea Hills,North-Eastern Sudan and South-Eastern Egypt

Acacia tortilis is a drought-resistant species. Its survival and existence in the arid and semi-arid area of Northern Africa and Arabian Peninsula is due to its ability to endure the harsh condition and therefore, it is generally forms open pure stands or mixed stands in these drylands. Wherever it grows, it plays an important role in human, animal and other plant species lives. Yet the relation between its adaptive features and their relation to the environmental conditions is not studied in a large scale of environmental variation. The main objective of this study is therefore to examine if the immediate environmental factors, other than human utilization, are associated to the expressed morphological variables among the A. tortilis sub-taxa. Three subspecies are collectively reported in the study area, Red Sea Hills of Sudan and Egypt. According to different literatures, they are distinguished by features of high plasticity under the variable pressure of human activity and climate. Such features are hair density in some parts of the plant, crown shape and number of stems. In the current study, the result of analysing 520 samples of A. tortilis – collected from 25 different localities representing various altitudinal gradients – showed a correlation between the expressed morphological studied and the immediate environment. When data from both regions studied as one data set, elevation, above sea level, was the only significant response variable and higher hair density was associated to plants growing in Sudan. However, when only data from Sudan was studied separately, elevation, hillside and lower part of the catchment were the statistically significant response variables. In the Egyptian data set, the statistically significant response variables were elevation, khor bank and the upper, mid, and lower part of the catchment. An intra-morphological correlation was also shown. These results may suggest that the current A. tortilis sub-taxa are ecotype. Genetic and anthropogenic studies are needed to verify this assumption.     

红花木AFLP指纹图谱的构建

为了获得红花檵木的清晰AFLP指纹图谱,以进一步研究红花橙木种质资源的鉴别与分类问题, 、以红花檵木的嫩叶、成熟叶、果实为材料,采用改进后的CTAB+Tris-HCI洗涤法、CTAB法、SDS+Tris-HCI洗涤法、SDS法,获得了HMW基因组DNA,其中以CTAB+Tris-HCI洗涤法提取的成熟叶片的DNA的纯度和浓度都很高,且获得了清晰的AFLP指纹图谱,这为AFLP技术在红花橙木种质资源的研究与应用奠定了基础.     

甘肃木兰科植物种质资源调查及应用研究

通过查阅资料、野外实地调查和采集标本鉴定相结合的方法,对甘肃木兰科植物资源进行调查。结果表明,甘肃共有木兰科植物2属10种,其中木兰属8种1亚种,鹅掌楸属1种。分析了甘肃木兰科植物资源的地理分布,分种进行了形态特征描述,编制了分种检索表,并对其在园林绿化中的应用和开发前景进行了探讨。     

西双版纳榕树及其隐头果内的小蜂群落

榕属的4个亚属在西双版纳均有分布,目前已报道榕树69种、亚种和变种,占全国已报道榕树种类的69.4%,其中榕亚属23个种和变种:白肉榕亚属4个种:聚果榕亚属2种和变种;无花果亚属41个种、变种和亚种。在榕树隐头果内生活着种类专一的传粉榕小蜂和一些非传粉小蜂。西双版纳地区目前已分类鉴定29种榕树的30种传粉小蜂和170多种非传粉小蜂,其它榕树种类及其隐头果内的小蜂种类还未获得活体标本而没有确切的分类定名。传粉小蜂与非传粉小蜂以及各种非传粉小蜂之间相互影响,并影响着榕树与传粉小蜂形成的共生体系,它们共同构成了榕树隐头果内复杂的小蜂群落。对榕树隐头果内小蜂群落的研究目前还处于初级阶段,主要都集中在传粉小蜂的研究上,非传粉小蜂的研究国内外都较少,且对于各种小蜂之间的关系以及它们与榕树之间的关系,还需更深入、具体的生态学、生物学、遗传学、分子生物学等各方面的综合研究。     

Effect of fire severity and site slope on diversity and structure of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community associated with post-fire regenerated Pinus pinaster Ait. seedlings

We investigated the diversity and structure of the ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal community associated with post-fire regenerated Pinus pinaster Ait., and the influence of fire severity and site slope on EM assemblage patterns. Seedlings were sampled in the first autumn and in both spring and autumn of the second growing season after fire, in a total of three samplings. EM percentages per seedling were assessed, morphotypes described, and tentative identification of EM types performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing of nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Seedlings were highly mycorrhizal in all samplings, independently of the factors studied. A total of 45 EM types were identified, and richness and diversity significantly increased from the first to the second autumn after fire. Neither fire severity nor slope had a significant effect on fungal richness and diversity. Overall EM community composition was similar in all samplings, although fire severity, site slope and elapsed time after fire caused evident shifts in presence or in relative frequencies of a number of EM types. No significant effect of fire severity or slope on EM assemblage patterns was detected in the first two samplings after fire. However, a significant effect of fire severity was observed at the end of the second growing season. The harvest of burned wood did not significantly affect EM fungal assemblages although the slope did. We conclude that there was a high potential of active EM inoculum in soil immediately after fire colonizing post-fire natural regenerated P. pinaster seedlings with high EM percentages, and that factors defining burn intensity, such as fire severity and topography, directly influenced the species composition and assemblage patterns of EM fungal communities, triggering replacements and succession of EM fungal species.     

南京市植物物种多样性现状及保护对策

通过对南京市域植被资料的搜集与实地调查,分析了南京市植物物种多样性。结果表明:南京地区高等植物共有2073种(含种以下等级),隶属221科、899属;其中乡土植物158科、609属、1 333种;资源植物中观赏植物1068种,药用植物760种,油料植物90种,纤维植物89种;国家Ⅲ级以上保护的濒危物种64种。整体上南京植物资源较为丰富,有许多具有很好的开发利用前景,植物物种多样性的保护需进一步融入生态环境建设,挖掘乡土植物资源,合理利用资源植物,研究利用重要濒危植物。     

基于图像纹理特征的木材树种识别

利用木材图像的颜色、灰度、纹理等内容实现树种的相似性匹配检索,提取色调、饱和度、亮度、对比度、二阶角矩、方差和、长行程加重因子、分形维数、小波水平能量比重共9个特征参数,依据最大相似性数学原理,基于最小差值参数判别法和综合特征阈值法来检索样本.结果显示:基于图像纹理特征能够实现木材树种的检索和识别,综合特征阈值法的检索正确率与唯一性通常要好于最小差值判别法;但当被检索样本图像的纹理较弱或不呈现纹理特征时,检索结果的唯一性并不理想.综合而言,基于图像纹理特征最大相似性的木材树种检索识别较易实现,是一种值得继续发展和应用推广的木材树种识别方法.     

分子标记技术在板栗研究中的应用进展

板栗是世界重要经济林树种,分子标记技术可以直接从基因水平上研究板栗的遗传变异,从而对品种或无性系加以确切的鉴别。近年来,分子标记主要在板栗种属间特异性鉴定、品种遗传多样性、种间杂交系的同工酶基因与形态标记的遗传连锁关系、栽培品种的分子鉴别及遗传分析研究、种质资源遗传多样性及起源与进化、品种(无性系)苗木分子标记鉴别等不同研究中应用,取得突破性进展。     

浅谈云南省野生淀粉植物资源的开发利用

介绍淀粉植物的传统利用与生物质能源产业的兴起。阐述云南丰富的野生淀粉植物资源及其识别方法、分布和高舍量的淀粉植物的种类扣用途。结合云南生物质能源产业发展思路，提出云南野生淀粉植物资源的挖掘与利用策略。     

分子技术在油茶中的应用研究进展

分子技术因稳定性高、标记数量多、多态性丰富等众多优点而被应用于油茶研究中。从油茶遗传多样性、品系分类及品种鉴定、文库构建和重要基因研究等3方面分别阐述了分子技术在油茶研究中的应用和最新进展,并对分子技术在油茶研究领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

宁波市杜鹃属植物资源调查

2012-2018年采用典型地块、典型线路详查为主,全面踏查为辅的方式对宁波市杜鹃属植物资源进行调查.结果 表明,宁波市共有野生及习见栽培的杜鹃属植物9种1变种1变型,其中野生种6种1变种1变型,习见栽培种4种.从水平分布看,有广域种、区域种、局域种和微域种4种类型;从垂直分布看,只分布于海拔700 m以上的有华顶杜鹃...