Biomass distribution patterns of ecotones between forest and swamp in Changbai Mountain

This paper studied the biomass distribution patterns ofLarix olgensis/swamp ecotones andBetula platyphlla/swamp ecotones in Changbai Mountain so as to provide theory foundation for the management of these nature resources, by setting up sample belts, investigating initial data along the environmental gradients change, and establishing regression models. By means of regression models, the biomass of communities, layers, tree species and organs was calculated. In this system, it was found that the community biomass increased gradually along the environmental gradients change from swamp to forest in Changbai Mountain. Furthermore, the ecotoneal biomass distributed mainly over tree layer. The tree biomass distributed mainly in two or three dominate tree species. Foundation item: This project is supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Education Committee. Biography: MU Chang-cheng (1964-), male, associate researcher fellow in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110015, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

天然长白松生物量的研究

天然长白松仅见于长白山北坡海拔630～1 400 m之间,是我国特有的松科松属植物,因其特殊的分类地位,被列为国家Ⅲ级珍稀濒危树种,而受到广泛关注。本文利用多元分析方法,对第一代天然长白松的生产结构和生物量进行研究。给出长白松生物量估测的回归模型及估测参数,指出生物量在长白松天然林中的分配规律,为经营长白山这一特有的种群提供理论依据。     

Climatic effects on radial growth of major tree species on Changbai Mountain

? Introduction

Information on spatial variability in tree radial growth is essential for improving predictions of forest ecosystem responses to climate change. To date, researchers have designed models to simulate the potential distribution area of major forest types under different climate change scenarios in Northeast China, but little is known about the spatial variability of tree growth in response to climate.

? Materials and methods

We used a dendroecological technique to examine the climate–growth relationship of six dominant tree species on seven sites varying in altitude on Changbai Mountain in Northeast China, to explore whether the spatial variability of tree growth is an indicator of regional climatic forces, and whether simulation results generated by models can accurately reflect this in tree radial growth.

? Results

Fifteen site-specific species can be distinguished species at or near their upper limit distribution from those at the lower distributions. Species differences were more important than altitude differences in influencing species’ site-specific radial growth. Precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture together constitute the major factors limiting tree radial growth.

? Conclusion

We found the distribution area of dominant tree species on Changbai Mountain will shift upward; growth of Korean pine will not decline at its lower limit of distribution and will not eventually even disappear from forest communities in those areas.     

长白山岳桦体内碳素供应状况

低温条件常常驱动的碳缺乏导致高海拔处植物生长缓慢,生长季的高寒低温更是限制高海拔地区树木向上分布的关键因素之一。高海拔地区的不利     

长白山林区森林生物量遥感估测模型

采用黑龙江长白山地区TM图像和143块森林资源连续清查固定样地数据及野外调查补充样地数据,选择包括各波段灰度值、不同波段灰度值之间的线性和非线性组合(包括11种植被指数)、纹理信息以及环境因子在内的75个自变量,分别采用逐步回归分析法和偏最小二乘回归法建立黑龙江长白山林区森林生物量遥感估测模型:逐步回归法采用5个自变量所建模型平均拟合精度为76.5%,均方根误差为19.12t·hm-2,样地生物量真实值与预测值相关系数为0.5434;偏最小二乘回归法采用10个自变量所建模型平均拟合精度85.8%,均方根误差9.92t·hm-2,样地生物量真实值与预测值相关系数0.8603,偏最小二乘回归法要优于逐步回归法。利用建立的偏最小二乘回归模型计算得到黑龙江长白山2007生物量等级分布图,采用29个检验样本对反演结果进行检验,计算得到29个样本的平均预测精度为83.73%。     

长白山北坡林线分布趋势的研究(英文)

为了揭示高山树线随着气候变化而变化的现象，对长白山的高山树线变化趋势进行了研究。根据长白山北坡地区的气象数据，重点调查了（对树线有最大限制作用）一月平均气温和年积温。并在岳桦林与高山苔原之间的交叉带内测出岳桦的地径及样方内岳桦株数。根据地径与年龄有线性关系，地径可以用来代替年龄。结果表明岳桦林年龄随着海拔的上升而降低。近些年长白山北坡的气温在渐渐上升，因此导致了高山树线的上升。     

Structure and functions ofPinus sylvestris var.sylvestriformis plantation ecosystem

Changbai pine (Pinus sylvestris var.Sylvestriformis) is an endemic and important tree species in Changbai Mountain. There were only 63 plant species in Changbai pine plantation, where hemicryptophyte was dominant(39.68%). Simpson diversity index was 0.87, Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 2.96, and evenness index was 0.82. Community structure were divided into three layers: tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. The total biomass and net production were 111.982 t/hm² and 8942.80 kg/(hm² a) respectively. The total biomass for tree, shrub and herb layers were 106.150, 2.230, 2.264 t/hm², accounting for 94.79%, 1.99%, and 2.02%, respectively, and net production for those were 7465, 223, and 1182 kg/(hm² a), accounting for 83.47%, 2.49%, and 13.22% of the total respectively. The nutrient content in various organs is in the order of needle> branch> root> bark> trunk, For the assimilated organ, the nutrient content is in the order of N> K> Ca> P> Mg, and that in absorption organ is in the order of Ca> N> K> P> Mg. For the whole plantation ecosystem, nutrient content is in the order of soil> litter> herb layer> shrub layer> tree layer. Nutrient storage and its accumulation rate in tree layer take up 88.79% and 76.43% of the total, respectively. The project is funded by the Opened Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai     

吉林省长白山区侵蚀沟林业工程治理适宜树种选择的研究

确定根蘖能力、固土能力、耐瘠薄能力、耐干旱能力4个性状为选择目标性状,并兼顾参试树种的生物学特性,对吉林省长白山区侵蚀沟林业工程治理适宜栽植的树种进行了测试分析和研究。结果表明：树种不同性状的表现存在显著的遗传性差异;按4个性状和生物学特性综合表现评定,选择出在吉林省长白山区侵蚀沟林业工程治理中适宜栽植的最佳树种,分别是：胡枝子、刺槐、紫穗槐、沙棘、赤松、白榆、山杨、旱柳。     

Larix olgensis growth-climate response between lower and upper elevation limits:an intensive study along the eastern slope of the Changbai Mountains,northeastern China

Larix olgensis is a dominant tree species in the forest ecosystems of the Changbai Mountains of northeast China.To assess the growth response of this species to global climate change,we developed three tree-ring width and biomass chronologies across a range of elevations in the subalpine forests on the eastern slope of the Changbai Mountains.We used dendroclimatic analyses to study key factors limiting radial growth in L.olgensis and its variation with elevation.The statistical characteristics of chronologies suggested that elevation is a determinant of tree growth patterns in the study area.Response function analysis of chronologies with climate factors indicated that climate–growth relationships changed with increasing elevation:tree growth at high elevation was strongly limited by June temperatures of the previous year,and as elevation decreases,the importance of temperature decreased;tree radial growth at mid-elevation was mainly controlled by precipitation towards the end of the growing season of the current year.Biomass chronologies reflected a stronger climatic signal than tree-ring width chronologies.Spatial correlation with gridded climate data revealed that our chronologies contained a strong regional temperature signal for northeast China.Trees growing below timberline appeared to be more sensitive to climate,thus optimal sites for examining growth trends as a function of climate variation are considered to be just below timberline.Our study objective was to provide information for more accurate prediction of the growth response of L.olgensis to future climate change on the eastern slope of the Changbai Mountains,and to provide information for future climate reconstructions using this tree species in humid and semi humid regions.     

Rank reversals in tree growth along tree size, competition and climatic gradients for four forest canopy dominant species in Central Spain

? Interspecific differences in tree growth patterns with respect to biotic and abiotic factors are key for understanding forest structure and dynamics, and predicting potential changes under climate change.

? Repeated observations from the Spanish Forest Inventory (SFI) were used to parameterize maximum likelihood estimators of tree growth as a function of tree size, competition indices and climate for Pinus pinaster, P. sylvestris, Quercus ilex and Q. pyrenaica.

? Significant responses to both biotic and abiotic factors were found, with interspecific differences in species performance along competition, temperature and precipitation gradients. Q. ilex was the species most tolerant to competition while P. pinaster was the species most sensitive to climatic variation. Species relative positions shifted along gradients of these factors with rank reversals in species performance along size, competition and climatic gradients.

? The results based on average growth matched previous forestry classifications and experimental studies on relative growth rate (RGR).

? When examining growth along studied abiotic and biotic gradients, a mismatch was found between species performance ranks as predicted by our models and information derived from previous knowledge. Those discrepancies highlight the relevance of ontogeny and environmental heterogeneity in defining species performance along competition gradients.

     

Forest characteristics and their variation along the lakeshore–upland ecotone

Abstract

In forestry operations riparian buffer zones have been retained mainly to protect water quality. Because riparian forests are also important for maintaining terrestrial biodiversity, the associated ecotones need to be characterized and defined. Forest characteristics were studied along 50 m lakeshore–upland gradients in semi-natural forests in boreonemoral Sweden. Significant changes in the density of living and dead trees, as well as in their diameters, were recorded. The edge influence was generally discernible 10–30 m from the shoreline and was manifested in the very high density of understorey and midcanopy trees. The species-specific responses reflected the known shade and flooding tolerances of tree species. Most dead trees were standing, or broken from the roots or tree base; relatively few uprooted trees were recorded, suggesting that wind is only a moderate mortality factor. In comparison with the literature, the studied lakeshore forests are distinct from managed and set-aside upland forests in terms of tree species composition and woody debris characteristics; they thus contribute to landscape heterogeneity. If buffer zones along lakes were designed so that they captured the entire riparian ecotone, this would increase their contribution to the conservation of terrestrial biodiversity.     

太行山中南部造林树种适宜性评价研究

笔者对太行山中南部主要乔灌木树种的分布及适宜性进行了调查和统计分析。太行山中南部造林过程中不同海拔梯度阳坡、阴坡适宜的针叶树种、阔叶树种、灌木树种的生长适宜性呈现出:耐阴、耐寒、喜湿的树种分布在阴坡且垂直分布跨度大,多度值较高;耐旱、耐热、不耐涝的树种分布在阳坡且垂直分布跨度大,多度值较高的分布规律。并提出了1100 m,1 100 m~1 400 m,1 400 m~1 700 m,1 700 m 4个海拔梯度按阳坡、阴坡划分的8个立地类型适宜的乔灌木树种,为太行山中南部造林树种的选择提供参考依据。     

Species-specific biomass allometric models and expansion factors for indigenous and planted forests of the Mozambique highlands

Secondary Miombo woodlands and forest plantations occupy increasing areas in Mozambique, the former due to anthropogenic activities. Plantations, mainly species of Eucalyptus and Pinus, are being established on sites previously covered by secondary Miombo woodlands. This affects the evolution, cycle and spatiotemporal patterns of carbon(C) storage and stocks in forest ecosystems. The estimation of C storage, which is indispensable for formulating climate change policies on sequestrating CO_2, requires tools such as biomass models and biomass conversion and expansion factors(BCEF). In Mozambique, these tools are needed for both indigenous forests and plantations. The objective of this study is to fit species-specific allometric biomass models and BCEF for exotic and indigenous tree species. To incorporate efficient inter-species variability, biomass equations were fitted using nonlinear mixed-effects models. All tree component biomass models had good predictability; however, better predictive accuracy and ability was observed for the 2-predictors biomass model with tree height as a second predictor. The majority of the variability in BCEF was explained by the variation in tree species. Miombo species had larger crown biomass per unit of stem diameter and stored larger amounts of biomass per stem volume. However, due to relatively rapid growth, larger stem diameters, heights, and stand density, the plantations stored more biomass per tree and per unit area.     

南岭小坑木荷群落地上生物量

森林生物量是评价森林生态系统生产力、研究森林生态系统结构与功能的重要指标,也是深入了解森林生态系统变化规律的重要途径和评估森林碳收支的重要参数(吴仲民等,1998)。亚热带常绿阔叶林是我国面积最大的森林类型,它在世界森林植     

长白山天然次生林的主要类型及其经营对策

长白山天然次生林可为以柞树、杨桦、水曲柳和胡桃揪为主的3种类型。其经营的主要措施是在保护的基础上,引进针叶树种。本文还对次生林的改造及抚育提出了建议。     

新疆阿尔泰山小东沟林区木本植物群落数量分类、排序及其环境解适

在野外样方调查和主要环境因子测定的基础上,利用聚类分析和DCCA排序技术对新疆阿尔泰山小东沟林区的森林植被进行类型划分,并定量分析植被与环境因子的关系。结果表明:利用聚类分析可将阿尔泰小东沟林区的木本植物群落划分为6个类型(灌丛、欧洲山杨林、苦杨林、疣枝桦林、新疆落叶松林和新疆落叶松与新疆冷杉、新疆云杉的针叶混交林)。DCCA排序分析表明,海拔和坡向等地形因子以及土壤类型、土壤全氮、土壤全磷、土壤水分含量和大石砾含量等土壤因子是影响阿尔泰林区植物分布的主要因子,林区不同群落类型的分布格局主要是由地形和土壤因子的共同作用所控制的。     

Species frequency of communities along northern slope of Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

IntroductionAs an important index reflecting species spatialpatterns, frequency reflects not only the importanceof species, but also the evenness of spatial distribution in community (Lin 1986, Magurran 1988; Dale1999). Frequency figure could reveal the complexityand diversity of community at some extent. Raunkiaer(1918) divided frequency indices into five classes,namely, Ac 1%-20%, Ba 21%-40%, Cd 41%-60%, Da61%-80%, and Ed 81%-100%, and based on 8 078frequency indices of herbaceous vegetat…     

Genetic Differentiation of Pinus koraiensis under Different Altitude Conditions in Changbai Mountain

The genetic differentiation of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) in different altitudes in Changbai Mountain was analyzed by ISSR technique, and it was found that the level of genetic diversity of Korean pine reduces along with altitude increasing in Changbai Mountain. The variation of Korean pine is mainly from intra-population and there is a positive relativity between genetic distance and vertical geographic distance of Korean pine in different altitudes. The genedc coherence shows that altitude has less insulation to Korean pine. Therefore, it is deduced that the terrain formation of vertical distribution of Korean pine is a result of diffusion from lower altitude to higher altitude in the course of enlarging its adaptability.     

长白山北坡植物群落间物种共有度的海拔梯度变化(英文)

应用梯度格局法在长白山北坡海拔700-2600 m之间每100 m设置一样地，共计20块样地，应用Jaccard指数，对植物群落间物种共有度的海拔梯度变化进行了分析。不同海拔群落间的共有度，无论以哪一层次的植物种来表达，基本都以与其最相邻海拔的群落之间为最高。相邻海拔群落的不同层次物种间的共有度变化存在相似性和相异性；但如相邻海拔的两个群落属于不同植被类型，其共有度则较低。群落间物种共有度的峰值与谷点反映了植被的海拔梯度格局，且灌木种的物种更替在这些地段具有非常明显的规律。在同一海拔差群落间的共有度数值都非常接近，并均随着海拔差的增加呈明显的下降趋势，表明群落各层次物种的构成有很大的相关性。     

基于森林生物量相容性模型长白山天然林生物量估测

利用中国第四次(1997年)二类森林调查数据,借助长白山天然林森林生物量相容性模型,以汪清天然林区为例,对阔叶林、针叶林及针阔混交林等不同森林群落进行森林生物量及其分量的估测,研究区森林生物量密度及碳密度估测值分别为110.06 t/hm2和51.73 t/hm2,碳库估测值为0.0119 Gt C.阔叶林生物量占总森林生物量的59%,在该研究区占主导地位。