樟子松幼林地投放袋装毒饵灭鼠试验初报

森林害鼠尤喜啃食樟子松幼树地际的树皮,致其养分与水分运输阻断而死亡。利用袋装毒饵和散投毒饵在樟子松人工林地进行灭鼠试验,结果表明:袋装毒饵不影响害鼠咬食,灭鼠效果优于散投毒饵;袋装毒饵比散投毒饵的残效期延长达5个多月,两者差异显著。投放袋装毒饵是一种安全、有效的灭鼠方法。     

苹果不套袋栽培模式下梨小食心虫(鳞翅目:卷蛾科)发生动态及性迷向素的防治效果

【目的】明确苹果不套袋栽培模式下梨小食心虫的发生动态、危害情况及性迷向素的防治效果,为不套袋苹果园中梨小食心虫的精准防控提供试验依据。【方法】通过性信息素诱芯监测烟台等3个地区不套袋栽培苹果园中梨小食心虫的发生动态,调查梨小食心虫蛀果率,分别研究在越冬代、第1代和第2代成虫羽化前期施放梨小食心虫性迷向素对梨小食心虫的防治效果。【结果】烟台、威海、泰安3个地区梨小食心虫成虫田间始发期为 3月中下旬至4月上旬,发生末期均为10月上旬,共出现5个高峰,7—9月为群体数量高峰期;3个地区不套袋苹果园中性信息素诱芯对梨小食心虫的全年诱捕数量为每诱芯213~1 837头,显著低于套袋苹果园(每诱芯729~ 3 715头)( P <0.05),而不套袋苹果园的梨小食心虫蛀果率为3.38%~6.13%,显著高于套袋苹果园(0.13%~0.50%)( P <0.05)。在不套袋苹果园中,性迷向素在梨小食心虫越冬代、第1代和第2代成虫羽化前期施放对梨小食心虫雄成虫交配行为均具有显著干扰效果,迷向率为87.28%~99.80%,不同时期施放处理间差异显著( P <0.05)。第5 代幼虫危害盛期(09-11—10-08)的蛀果率调查发现,性迷向素在第1代和第2代成虫羽化前期施放对梨小食心虫蛀果防治效果分别为92.89%和95.53%,显著高于越冬代羽化前施放(81.77%)( P <0.05)。【结论】烟台、威海、泰安3个地区梨小食心虫的发生动态趋势、成虫发蛾高峰期和持续时间在套袋和不套袋苹果园中差异不明显,但梨小食心虫在不套袋果园中的危害重于套袋果园。在不套袋栽培苹果园中使用性迷向素结合常规化学防治对梨小食心虫的防效显著高于单独常规药剂防治,其中在梨小食心虫第1代和第2代成虫羽化前期施放性迷向素对梨小食心虫的防治效果最佳。     

寒地地栽和棚室挂袋栽培黑木耳对比分析

地栽和棚室挂袋栽培的黑木耳在外观形态特征和营养成分含量上存在较大差异,在外观形态上:地栽黑木耳的湿干比大、硬度大、耐受拉力大,而棚室挂袋黑木耳更厚;在营养成分含量上:地栽黑木耳的粗蛋白、粗纤维、灰分含量更高,而棚室挂袋黑木耳的粗脂肪、多糖含量更高。     

The effect of bagging branches on levels of endophytic fungal infection in Japanese beech leaves

The species composition of the endophytic mycobiota in leaves of Japanese beech trees (Fagus crenata) and the sources for leaf infections were studied in a forest reserve situated in central eastern Honshu, Japan. To clarify the mechanism of infection of leaves, half of the branches were covered with polyethylene bags and species composition and levels of endophytic fungal infection were then compared with those of unbagged controls. Isolations were carried out from the leaves, petioles, and current‐year twigs of both, bagged and unbagged branches. Additionally, species composition was detected in overwintered terminal buds of beech trees and in the leaves of potted seedlings that had been placed in the field in different seasons. The species assemblage of the unbagged leaves, petioles, and current‐year twigs was dominated by Mycosphaerella buna, Ascochyta fagi, Periconiella sp., and Tritirachium sp. Other frequently recovered species were Xylaria sp., Phomopsis sp., and Tubakia dryina. Mycosphaerella buna and A. fagi were never isolated from leaves on bagged branches. A. fagi was, however, detected on both bagged and unbagged petioles and current‐year twigs at comparatively low isolation frequencies. The detection of Periconiella sp. on all occasions in both bagged and unbagged leaves was a characteristic feature that differs from those of the other three dominant endophytic fungi. The fungus was also detected without significant differences in bagged and unbagged petioles and current‐year twigs on most sampling dates. Furthermore, Periconiella sp. was isolated from immature twigs inside the bud scales. Tritirachium sp. was frequently detected in unbagged leaves and petioles and in both bagged and unbagged current‐year twigs, and rarely in bagged leaves and petioles, but was never recovered from terminal buds. The results of the potted seedling experiments revealed that all four dominant species had airborne inocula. The infection of leaves by M. buna occurs exclusively by airborne propagules, i.e. ascospores in spring and conidia in autumn. In Periconiella sp. hyphal growth of the fungus from immature twigs inside the buds into the leaf tissues was suggested in addition to infection by airborne inocula. Tritirachium sp. hyphae were suggested to grow from previous‐ to current‐year twigs. Ascochyta fagi was present in the outermost scales of overwintered terminal buds, but no systemic growth of the fungus into the petioles and current‐year twigs was observed. Our technique of covering the branches before new leaves unfolded was effective in preventing infection by airborne inocula of endophytic fungi.     

苹果大面积套塑料薄膜袋技术及应用效果

为了多快好省地生产无公害果品,对苹果大面积套塑膜袋技术进行了总结,认为苹果套塑膜袋,果实着色好,日灼少,不裂口,粘度高,无公害,成熟早,耐贮藏,能增产,效益高并能防止果锈,该措施是苹果套袋技术的重大改革。     

巨峰葡萄套袋与日灼关系的研究

巨峰葡萄套袋后,袋内温度升高,比不套袋葡萄更易发生日灼;巨峰葡萄套袋后发生日灼与气温高低、套袋时间、袋型种类、袋体通气性、遮阴条件等因素有关;套袋时避开高温期,选用色调较浅、通气条件较好的袋型,日灼较轻;创造良好的遮阴条件,可有效地减少日灼。     

望都县苹果幼果期日灼病的发生情况及预防对策

2010年7月中旬在望都县万亩苹果基地抽查3个套袋苹果品种,调查果实日灼率发生情况。结果表明:套纸袋的"富士"和"斗南"日灼率为11%和14%,套塑料膜袋的"王林"日灼率为26%。对气象资料分析发现,7月5日和6日的高温、强日照天气可能是导致此次苹果日灼病发生的主要原因,并据此提出了预防苹果日灼病的相关对策。     

毛竹笋套袋技术研究

采用样地调查法对刚出土或冒出土层(笋尖高出地面小于5 cm)的粗壮毛竹笋分别用3种套袋方式进行套袋,包括带支架单袋、带支架双袋、无支架单袋,并选取部分未套袋的竹笋进行对照。对所有套袋与未套袋的竹笋每隔2 h进行地径、高度以及袋内外的温度、湿度现场测定。并挖取样笋进行生物量、可食率以及营养成分测定。结果表明:套袋能够提高毛竹笋生长的温度、湿度,能促进毛竹笋的高、地径生长,能显著提高竹笋的可食率和竹笋品质,从而提高竹林效益。     

Floral display and breeding system of Jatropha curcas L.

Plant flowering and breeding characteristics are important for us to understand the reproduction of plant populations. In this paper, we studied the reproduction characteristics of Jatropha curcas in Yuanjiang County (23°36′N, 101°00′E), Yunnan Province. The plant produces flowers in dichasial inflorescences. Normally, the flowers are unisexual, and male and female flowers are produced in the same inflorescence. Only a few male flowers are produced in an inflorescence, and fruits are produced only through pollination between different flowers from the same or different plants. By the treatments of emasculation, bagging and artificial pollination in this experiment, there were few but same fruit set ratios when the inflorescences were emasculated, bagged, or bagged with net, except artificial pollination treatments, which showed that Jatropha curcas could produce fruit through apomixis but not wind pollination. When the inflorescences were unbagged, unemasculated and with free pollination treatments, or bagged, emascu- lated and with artificial cross-pollination treatments, or unbagged, emasculated and with free pollination treatments, there were many fruits produced. It showed that Jatropha curcas shows outcrossing, is self-compatible, and demanding for pollinators. Normally, the male flowers open first and a few flowers bloom in one day in a raceme. These flowers last a long time in bloom. However, a large number of female flowers open from the third to the fifth day, with some female flowers opening first in a few raceme. This shows a tendency to promote xenogamy and minimize geitonogamy.     

濒危植物猪血木的传粉生物学特性研究

猪血木是中国特有的山茶科单型属猪血木属的一种珍稀濒危植物,只在广东省阳春市八甲镇有分布,现存种群数量极少。对猪血木的开花物候、花部结构、访花昆虫及访花行为进行了观察,并针对猪血木的野外传粉过程进行了套袋对比实验。此有关其传粉生物学特性的研究结果表明:猪血木自然开花正常且花期长,自然结实率为42.4%~50.4%;猪血木为虫媒植物,传粉者为蜂、蝇、蝶等类的多种昆虫,在花上共捕到17种昆虫,其中9种在各居群均见分布,其传粉途径正常,为异花授粉植物。有鉴于猪血木分布地高强度的农业开发及城市化建设对其传粉昆虫生存及分布的影响,建议在对猪血木的保护策略中注意保护其传粉昆虫。     

不规格方式造林效果分析简

通过在朝阳县荒漠化极重度、重度、中度的山地或坟茔地，采取无规格的随机选点挖穴植苗方式进行造林试验，结果表明：在极重度荒漠化山地采用1年生山杏裸根苗无规格造林，10年后保存率76％，比对照高出26个百分点；在重度和中度荒漠化山地分别采用1．5年生侧柏营养杯小苗和5年生侧柏袋装带土坨大苗无规格造林，10年后保存率分别达到了84％和100％，分别比对照高出42和12个百分点。在特殊的宜林山地采取无规格的随机选点挖穴植苗的造林方式，其造林效果远好于按规格要求定点挖穴植苗造林方式。     

中国特有种枝毛野牡丹传粉生物学及繁育系统研究

对海南吊罗山国家级自然保护区枝毛野牡丹（Melastoma dendrisetosum）的开花进程,访花昆虫、访花行为、访花频率以及气候条件等进行观察记录,同时检测了花粉活力、柱头可授性、花粉胚珠比、繁育系统,并分析其致濒机制。结果表明：枝毛野牡丹是典型的异型雄蕊植物,5：30—8：30逐步开放,8：30—9：00完全开放,19：00花朵闭合,单花开放时间为12—14 h,群体花期36±2 d,无花蜜。访花昆虫主要有木蜂科、条蜂科、蚁科、食蚜蝇科的昆虫,最有效传粉昆虫为木蜂科昆虫。自然与人工授粉、套袋等试验结果表明,枝毛野牡丹不存在主动自花授粉、无融合生殖的生殖保障现象,为自交亲和的异交种,需要昆虫传粉,枝毛野牡丹繁育系统是兼性自交。枝毛野牡丹相对生殖成功率低仅为0.035,主要限制因子为花粉限制和传粉者限制。     

模糊控制器在木材干燥工艺中的设计研究

木材干燥工艺温度控制系统目前多采用传统的PID控制方法.本文介绍了模糊控制在木材干燥工艺中的应用.仿真结果表明这种控制方法比传统的PID控制系统精度高、速度快,具有一定的应用价值.     

利用早期笋培育毛竹大径材试验初报

利用早期笋培育毛竹大径材,试验表明:①培客土、施肥料与不培土不施肥的新竹胸径增加不显著,处理之间F=1.150.05(4,12)(3.49);②笋体高径比越小的笋留养的新竹胸径越大,其线性方程如下:培土、施尿素:y=-7x+32.6;培土、施复合肥:y=-2.0949x+20.445;培土、施磷酸二氢钾:y=-0.5886x+15.984;培土施尿素加磷酸二氢钾:y=-0.2.5x+21.4;对照:y=-1.5262x+18.577;③早期笋留养新竹胸径南北走向大于东西走向,且差异显著,t=2.943>t_(9)0.05(2.262)。     

Hydraulic drive and control system of the cone collecting robot

BasicstructureoftherobotThebasicstructureoftherobotincIudesthreeparts'pickingmanipuIator,runningpart(crawIertractor),computernumericalcontroIsystem.TheshapeofthemanipulatoroftherobotwasshowninFig.1.ThemanipuIatorhastWo6-mlongarms.onthetopoftheforearm,therearetWotooth-likepickingcombs,O.5minwidthando.85minlength,madeof6oSi2MnsteelandweredrivenbythehydrauIicsystem.Thecombscanswayleftandright,turnupanddown,andcanopenandcloseliketooth.Fig.1.GeneralstruCtureoftherobot1.Machineffamei2.Rotaryd…     

森林视频监控系统

介绍了森林视频监控系统的组成、原理、功能和应用情况。该系统具有实时性强、更新信息快、获取的视频监控信息及其微机处理的结果用途广泛等特点,作为一项高效、实用、易普及的森林管理手段,有着广阔的应用前景。     

基于板坯厚度动态调整自动控制方案的研究

针对上海板机厂生产的MDF“铺装线”上有关板坯厚度控制的应用程序,研究在原板坯厚度“静态调整手动控制”体系内如何加入“动态调整自动控制”体系。在该研究方案中引入了板坯重量PID闭环控制环节,形成板坯重量与板坯厚度的“主—从”联锁控制关系,完成了新、旧程控体系的兼容和混合,实现了“重量”调控“厚度”的自动化控制。     

有机肥替代不同比例化肥对麻竹笋产量的影响

在福建省南靖县开展了麻竹笋用林有机肥替代化肥的田间试验,采取氮总量控制,设置有机氮替代不同比例无机氮的试验处理,分析了各处理之间出笋数量和竹笋产量的差异性。结果表明,在总氮施入量一定的情况下,不同比例的有机氮施入量对增加出笋数量和竹笋产量的影响排序表现为67%>0%>100%>50%>CK>33%;当有机氮施入量占67%时出笋的数量和产量分别比单施化肥增加6.1%和10.3%,对促进麻竹笋生长和产量提升最明显。     

智能模式识别方法在道路交通工程中的应用研究

智能模式识别方法已经广泛地应用于道路交通领域,包括交通状态的检测,交通预测,优化控制和交通评价等方面。本文对近些年模式识别在道路交通工程领域的应用情况进行阐述,包括应用以及方法的改进,并对未来的发展方向进行探讨。     

1%噻虫啉微胶囊颗粒剂防治松褐天牛

在松材线虫病疫区,利用背负式机动喷雾喷粉机喷施1%噻虫啉微胶囊颗粒剂防治松褐天牛,能够取得因松褐天牛羽化期长、防治难度大等原因常规药剂难以达到的防治效果。施药后30d,防效效果在75%以上,该药剂能将不断羽化出来的松褐天牛杀死,药剂持效期长。