MAXIMUM DENSITY LINE AND MODEL OF SELF-THINNINGFOR PLANTATION

INTRODUCTIoNTIle3/2powerlawofsellLthinnlngpro-posedbyYodaelal(l963)wasconsideredasthegeneralmodelwhichdescribedtherela-tionshipoftreesizcandmaximumpopulationdcnsity'fortl1e.plai1tpopulationundergoingself-thinning.Furtherresearch,however,re-vealedtheoreticalinconsistenciesandempiri-calinaccuracy'ofthelaw(Sprugel1984,Zeidc1()85,l987;Wellerl987).Theseresearchcrsconsideredtl1elaM'isathilure.Sincetl1en-asecondtideofsuppoltingappeared,theyinter-pretedandreflitcdtl1eopposingopinions(Osa`vaand…     

A growth and self-thinning model for pure even-age stands: theory and applications

A self-thinning model is developed for fully stocked and under stocked pure even-aged stands. The self-thinning power law for fully stocked stands can be considered as a special case of this model. A stand growth model is developed by combining the self-thinning model with a basal-area increment model. This stand growth model can be used to estimate the average diameter and stand density at any given stand age with any initial stand conditions. The model was tested with yield table data. The model predictions were found to be agree with independent developed yield table data.     

Richards生长函数在意大利杨树无性系人工林生长预测上的应用

以Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ生长函数为木模型，根据安徽省贵池市林场的２９块意大利场树无性系临埋标准地和标准木调查材料，拟合出林分生长预测模型，对其生长量和生长率进行估测。并对胸径、树高、单株材积、蓄积量分别用拟合样本，检验样本以及拟合数据与检验数据并组成的样本数据进行了拟合效果检验。     

广义的Chapman-Richards函数及其在树木和林分生长中的应用

The generalized Chapman-Richards model was derived from the Chapman-Richards function in which parameters η,κ and m were unconstrained.Based on the structure of solutions and biological interpretations,the model could be classified into eight cases(three categories)at all and among them only 4 kinds of cases are suitable in forestry that represent four typical growth patterns of trees and stands.For each of 4 equations,the model properties and biological interpretations for parameters were discussed in detail.The generalized chapman-Richards model was capable of describing a wide range of growth curves that was asymptotic or nonasymptotic,with or without inflection point.In order to illustrate the versatility of the model,it was fitted to a group of data sets conceming the DBH growth of cryptomeria plantations with 4 initial densities and the DBH and height growth of natural Korean pine tree.Comparing the generalized Chapman-Richards function and the Sohnute model,it was found that the parameters and expressions of the two modets were interchangeable in theory,and the fitting results were explicitly identical in empirical applications.     

Comparison of the Chapman-Richards Function with the Schnute Model in Stand growth

IntroductionAsagrowthmodelforanindividualtreeorforeststhnd,theChapman-RichardsFunction,anextensiontotheVonBertalanffy'sgrowththeory(Bertalanffy1957)embodiesallotherestablishedgrowthfunction.ThisfunctionhasbeenwideIyusedinforestrybecauseofitsflexibility,ac…     

森林生长经营模拟平台CAPSIS及其应用

林业工作者通过建立生长模型来研究、理解和展示林分的生长过程并制定经营决策,特定的计算机工具经常用来实现这些模型。CAPSIS是一个致力于建立森林生长模型并能充分整合各种模型的通用共享森林建模平台,可提供森林经营管理的工具设计和比较不同的森林经营方案。笔者对CAPSIS森林生长经营模拟平台及其在林业上的应用进行了介绍,并讨论了建模者和林业工作者利用这一共享森林建模平台进行森林生长研究、经营管理决策等的优势。     

帽儿山林木生长及抚育的研究

笔者提出了饱和接近率的概念 ,可以用于描述林木间竞争的强度 ,并可用于发现那些接近于停滞生长的林木 ,以便在抚育间伐时将这些林木伐去 ;笔者还对三种常用的生物生长模型分析了内在的缺点 ,即生长速率与生物年龄无关。为了体现年龄对生物生长的影响 ,应在生长方程的右边乘上年龄因子t-b。     

Finding the appropriate level of complexity for a simulation model: An example with a forest growth model

The topic of model complexity is fundamental to model developers and model users. In this study, we investigate how over- and under-fitting of a driving function in a simulation model influences the predictive ability of the model. Secondly, we investigate whether model selection approaches succeed in selecting driving functions with the best predictive ability. We address these issues through an example with the forest simulator SORTIE-ND. Utilizing maximum likelihood methods and individual tree growth data we parameterize five growth functions of increasing complexity. We then incorporate each growth function into the simulation model SORTIE-ND and test predicted growth against independent data. Compared to the independent data, the simplest and the most complex growth functions had the poorest predictive ability while functions of intermediate complexity had the best predictive ability. The poor predictive ability of the simplest model is caused by poor approximation of the system while the poor predictive ability of the most complex model is caused by biased parameter estimates. A growth function of intermediate complexity was the most parsimonious model where error due to approximation and error due to estimation were simultaneously minimized. The model selection criteria AIC and BIC were found to select complex functions that were over-fitted according to the independent data comparison. BIC was closer to choosing the model that minimized prediction error than AIC. In this example, BIC is the more appropriate model selection criterion. It is important that both model developers and models users remember that more complex models do not always result in better predictive models.     

9种国外荚蒾属观赏树种的年生长规律研究

对国外荚蒾属9个树种的形态特征、生长适应性与物候期进行了研究,通过测量、数据整理和统计分析,用Logistic方程对9个树种的年生长高度和年生长冠径的规律进行了拟合。Logistic方程能合理地表达9个国外荚蒾属观赏树种的苗高年和冠幅年生长动态,相关系数均为0.99以上。9个树种的年生长期可分为生长初期、生长盛期、生长后期。     

A transition matrix growth model for uneven-aged mixed-species forests in the Changbai Mountains,northeastern China

A transition matrix growth and an ingrowth model were developed and applied to an uneven-aged mixed-species forest in the Changbai Mountains, northeastern of China. Results indicate that the constant-parameter transition probabilities for all species in the mixed uneven-aged forest could be classified into three groups based on the mean upgrowth probabilities of each species. Constant-parameter transition probabilities of all species in each diameter class fluctuate within a narrow range except for diameter classes below 8 cm and greater than 60 cm. Variable-parameter transition probabilities were found to be a function of residual basal area for small diameter classes. For large trees, transition probabilities are not affected by the residual basal area. Based on this study, variable-parameter transition probabilities for large diameter trees can be replaced with constant-parameter transition probabilities. In addition, a new ingrowth model was developed and the new ingrowth model was shown to perform better than existing ingrowth model used in the region.     

杉松人工林伐区调查设计中树高曲线图的绘制与应用

为提高罗源县杉、松人工林树高曲线图绘制的准确性,利用广泛拟合择优选取的方法确定了能很好描述罗源县杉、松人工林胸径(D)树高(H)的一元二次函数模型,同时利用Excel电子表格设计绘制树高曲线图的程序。研究结果具有较大的应用价值。     

杨树新无性系苗期生长节律研究初报

1999年引进35杨、74杨、7号杨3个杨树无性系，对其生长节律进行了观测和分析，结果表明，3个杨树无性系在扬中地区都能正常完成年生育周期，对本地的土壤、气候均能适应，7，8，9月为生长高峰期。     

Fitting irregular diameter distributions of forest stands by Weibull, modified Weibull, and mixture Weibull models

Irregular diameter frequency distributions of forest stands include multimodal structure of mixed-species stands, highly skewed and highly irregular shapes of uneven-aged stands, and rotated sigmoid form of old-growth stands. In this study, a traditional two-parameter Weibull model, a modified two-parameter Weibull model, and a finite mixture of two-parameter Weibull models were used to fit four artificial example plots. The model fitting and comparison results indicate that the mixture Weibull model is more flexible to fit various irregular diameter distributions, while the traditional Weibull model fails in every case to adequately describe these frequency distributions. The modified Weibull model is a good choice for fitting the “rotated-sigmoid” diameter distribution of an uneven-aged old-growth stand. However, it may not be sufficient when a diameter frequency distribution is multimodal or highly irregular in shape.     

GROWTH AND YIELD MODELS FOR DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS

Growth and yield models were developed for individual tress and stands based on336 temporary plots with 405 stem analysis trees of dahurian larch(Larix gmelinii(Rupr.)Rupr.)plantations throughout Daxing’anling mountains.Several equations were selected using nonlinearregression analysis.Results showed that the Richards equation was the best model for estimatingtree height,stand mean helght and stand dominant height from age; The Power equation was thebest model for prediction tree volume from DBH and tree height; The logarithmic stand volumeequation was good for predicting stand volume from age,mean height,basal area and other standvariables.These models can be used to construct the volume table, the site index table and other for-estry tables for dahurian larch plantations.     

Analyses of the impact of changes in atmospheric deposition and climate on forest growth in European monitoring plots: A stand growth approach

During the last 15 years a number of studies have shown increasing forest growth in central Europe, rather than a decline as was expected due to negative effects of air pollution. We have here used data from intensive monitoring plots spread over Europe for a five year period in order to examine the influence of environmental factors on forest growth. Evaluations focussed on the influence of nitrogen, sulphur and acid deposition, temperatures, precipitation and on a drought index calculated as deviation from the long-term mean. The study included the main tree species Norway spruce, Scots pine, common beech as well as European and sessile oak and was based on data from 363 plots. As many other factors besides nitrogen and temperature influence tree growth, expected stem volume increments were modelled using site productivity, stand age and a stand density index. Relative volume increment was then calculated as actual increment in % of expected increment. The site productivity, assumed to be given by site conditions and past environmental conditions, was either taken from expert estimates or computed from site index curves from northern, central and southern Europe. The model explained between 18% and 39% of the variance with site productivity being positively related and age negatively related to actual increment. The various models and statistical approaches were fairly consistent, and indicated a fertilizing effect of nitrogen deposition, with slightly above one percent increase in volume increment per kg of nitrogen deposition per ha and year. This was most clear for spruce and pine, and most pronounced for plots having soil C/N ratios above 25. Also, we found a positive relationship between relative increment and summer temperature, i.e. May–August mean temperature deviation from the 1961–1990 means. The cause–effect relationship here is, however, less certain. Other influences were uncertain. Possibly, sulphur and acid deposition have effects on growth, but these effects are obscured by, and outweighed by the positive effect of nitrogen deposition, because of collinearity between these variables. Drought effects were uncertain also, and one reason for this might be large uncertainties in the precipitation data: precipitation measured on some 50% of the plots correlated poorly with the precipitation data obtained from Europe-wide databases. The major finding of this study was a positive relationship between higher than normal volume increment on one hand and nitrogen deposition on the other hand.     

日本山桐子引种育苗及苗期生长规律研究初报

对引进的2个日本山桐子种源(产地A ich i pref,Nara-Ken)和国内山桐子种源作对照进行了育苗试验,并进行苗期生长规律的研究。结果表明:在北亚热带的南京江宁区试验地能正常发育,种子发育需经去蜡等方法进行技术处理,在温室条件下,需35~40 d形成幼苗。国内种源发芽率为17.8%、A ich i pref种源达23.5%、Nara-Ken种源达23.8%,引进种源分别高出国内当地种源5.7%和6.0%。苗期物候无显著差异;苗期生长在生长期内均表现慢—快—慢的变化规律,于11月中下旬生长趋于停止。1年生平均苗高当地种源为86.0 cm,A ich i pref种源95.2 cm,Nara-Ken种源99.4 cm,引种种源分别高出国内当地种源10.7%和15.6%。平均地径当地种源为1.44 cm,A ich i pref种源为1.60 cm,Nara-Ken为1.66 cm分别高出国内当地种源11.1%和15.3%。     

Determining the optimal selective harvest strategy for mixed-species stands with a transition matrix growth model

An optimization model was developed to determine the optimal harvesting strategy needed for uneven-aged mixed-species stands in the Changbai Mountain region of northeast of China. The model takes into account four variables including residual basal area (RBA), the diameter of the largest tree, harvest cycle and a constant representing the ratio of the number of trees in a given diameter class to those in the next larger diameter class (‘q’). According to model simulations, under the objective of maximizing net revenue, the optimal harvesting strategy is defined when the residual basal area equals to 19 m² ha⁻¹, the diameter of the largest tree equals to 44 cm, q 1.3 and the harvest cycle equals to 20 years. If the objective is to maximize the total volume yield, the optimal harvesting strategy is defined when RBA equals to 13 m² ha⁻¹, the diameter of the largest tree equals to 36 cm and the constant ‘q’ equals to 1.9 and the harvest cycle equals to 15 years.     

The effect of saw kerf width on the value of the axial growth stress measured by slitting a log along its axis

The surface growth stress in logs can be determined by slitting the log axially and measuring the outward deflection of the two halves. The saw kerf removes stressed material which generates a compressive strain in the remaining material and thereby reduces the surface growth stress. The purpose of the work is to establish the magnitude of this error. The analysis assumes a uniform compressive stress in the core of the log and a logarithmic distribution in the outer region. The total axial force in the kerf before removal is calculated and, from this, the stress change in the material remaining after kerf removal is derived. Data are presented for a range of kerf widths and for three different growth stress distributions. Direct measurement of the kerf removal error was made by direct measurement of the contraction of the log and by strain gauges to measure the strain. The measured values were close to the calculated values for three growth stress distributions. The analysis yields acceptable values for the kerf removal error. The investigation concludes that for kerf widths not greater than one-tenth of the log diameter, the error in the measured tensile surface growth stress is less than 10%.     

Growth and yield models for Dahurian larch plantations

IntroductionDahurianlarch(L8risgmeliniiRupr.)isoneofthemostimportanttimberspeciesinChina.AsaresuItofovercuttingforseveraIdecades,thenaturaIDahurianIarchforestresourcesaredecliningrapidly.PIantationsofdahurianIarchhavebecomeanimportantpartofforestpreserveresourcesinDaxing'anMountains.ConsequentIystudyingthegroWthofDahurianlarchandformingtheforesttabfesareofsignrficancetofor-estproduction.ThispaperpresentsinformationongroWthandyieIdmodeIsofDahurianlarchpIantations.MethodsDataof4O5stema…     

Evaluation of the forest growth model SILVA along an elevational gradient in Switzerland

The semi-empirical single-tree model SILVA 2.2 has been developed and parameterised using forest research and inventory data from Germany that range from the colline to the montane zone. The focus of the model evaluation presented in this study was to test the applicability of the model for the main Swiss forest types and at elevations ranging from the colline to the upper subalpine zone. To this end, SILVA was initialized using data from long-term forest yield research plots. The results at the end of the 30-year simulation were compared with observed data. The analysis of the results at each test site showed that there were no significant differences in model performance between forest types. However, the deviation between simulated and observed growth depended strongly on the elevational zone, i.e., on climate. As expected, the best results were found in the colline zone, for which the model had been calibrated, whereas the upper subalpine sites revealed the strongest differences. The quality of the data regarding forest structure that were available for model initialization had a strong impact on the simulation results, mainly at high-elevation zones (i.e., supalpine and upper subalpine). We conclude that SILVA 2.2 is a suitable tool to estimate the development of single trees and standing volume for a large fraction of the forests in Switzerland. However, extreme climate conditions should be avoided with the model, and the availability of detailed stand structure information is a key priority that has a strong effect on the quality of the simulation results.