播种期对早熟油菜万油 410 品质性状的影响

为了探讨播种期对油菜品质性状的影响,为早熟高品质菜籽油原料的生产提供参考,以早熟油菜品种万油 410 为试验材料开展了不同播种期处理试验。结果表明：播种期对万油 410 的品质有极显著影响,平均芥酸含量随着播种期的推迟而逐渐升高,在 0.01%~0.62% 之间,平均硫苷含量随着播种期推迟先升高后降低,在 14.21~34.46μmol/g 之间,芥酸含量变化范围在双低油菜籽标准内;平均含油量、油酸含量、亚麻酸含量均随着播种期的推迟先升高后降低,分别在 42.17%~46.59%、49.21%~58.20%、8.34%~13.27%之间;平均蛋白质含量和亚油酸含量随着播种期的推迟先降低后升高,分别在21.04%~25.22%、16.31%~19.47% 之间;万油 410 在 10 月 20 左右播种可以获得较为理想的品质性状,此时芥酸含量为 0.40%,硫苷含量为18.72μmol/g,含油量为 46.59%,油酸含量为 58.20%,亚麻酸含量为 13.27%,蛋白质含量为 21.04%,亚油酸含量为 16.31%。适宜的播种期可为万油 410 在重庆万州及类似地区的大面积推广奠定基础。     

种衣剂对免耕直播油菜幼苗生长的影响

为探明种衣剂对免耕直播油菜幼苗生长、苗体酶活性及氮、磷、钾、硼等含量的影响,用丸化型种衣剂WHY-11和薄膜型种衣剂YCY-11分别包衣杂交油菜和常规油菜种子,进行免耕直播栽培试验。结果表明,与对照相比,丸化型种衣剂和薄膜型种衣剂包衣处理后,油菜防控病虫害的能力分别提高了32.73%~79.44%和10.91%~70.61%,油菜幼苗茎粗分别提高了7.96%~11.54%和3.45%~6.90%,叶面积分别提高4.21%~38.31%和20.56%~21.08%,鲜重分别提高了11.84%~46.86%和18.80%~25.83%;而高脚苗率分别降低了5.66%~10.23%和15.11%~18.90%;苗体氮、磷、钾、硼含量分别提高了7.44%~19.22%和0.95%~5.52%,2.0%~2.8%和18.74%~38.83%,3.57%~4.49%和2.85%~4.30%,7.82%~9.07%和9.05%~10.72%;苗体内过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性分别提高了17.64%~44.56%和27.61%~33.05%,85.54%~86.46%和19.62%~66.56%,8.46%~19.35%和14.99%~27.73%。表明2种种衣剂具有促进油菜幼苗生长、增强抗逆性、提高苗素质等作用,其作用程度在杂交品种和常规品种间存在一定差异;丸化型种衣剂的综合作用效果优于薄膜型种衣剂。     

油菜不同早熟品种菌核病抗性分析

为了鉴定抗菌核病早熟油菜品种,筛选油菜菌核病常发区主导品种,减轻菌核病危害,有效控制产量损失。通过2010-2011年在云南保山市隆阳区板桥镇进行全国早熟油菜品种筛选试验,对其参试的13个油菜品种进行菌核病抗性研究。结果表明：13个供试品种菌核病发病率分布在2.37%~29.99%之间,病情指数介于1.5~22.75之间,供试早熟油菜品种病情指数与生育期呈正相关,随着生育期推迟,发病加重;田间湿度大,油菜成熟期氮素肥料偏重的前提下,明显加重菌核病为害,显著降低油菜最终收获产量。菌核病从苗期始为害油菜、成熟期为害发病率和病情指数最重。供试的13个品种抗菌核病能力大体可分为5个类群,S0013、C868、‘10棚63育19’ 3个品种全生育期均表现出较强的抗菌核病能力,可作为油菜菌核病常发区主导品种和育种材料使用。     

贵州10个油菜主推品种油脂品质及农艺、经济性状比较分析

搜集了贵州10个主要推广的油菜品种,通过大区互比、统一栽培管理,利用红外光谱仪对10个油菜品种的脂肪酸组成及农艺经济性状进行了比较分析.结果显示:各品种产量在2 274.3～3 157.2 kg/hm2之间,平均达到了2 756.1 kg/hm2,饱和脂肪酸的含量在5.89％～6.55％之间,油酸含量在55.77％～72.77％之间,亚油酸含量在11.86％～20.06％之间,亚麻酸含量在10.07％～11.62％之间,芥酸含量在0.1％～2.31％之间.     

草铵膦胁迫下油菜苗期叶片药害相关性状的全基因组关联分析

随着油菜大面积种植和田间草害的日益严重, 草铵膦近年来被尝试性地用于田间除草, 但草铵膦在杀除杂草的同时或轻或重会对油菜产生药害, 影响其正常生理活动, 甚至影响其产量。本研究通过比较, 选取最能体现油菜苗期耐药性差异的200 mg L^-1作为胁迫浓度。以506份具有代表性的甘蓝型油菜品种(系)为材料, 利用芸薹属60k Illumina Infinium SNP芯片分析其基因型, 对油菜种质苗期的单位叶面积干重耐除草剂系数(CLW)、叶绿素含量耐除草剂系数(CCC)和综合药害指数(CPC)进行全基因组关联分析, 从基因组水平分析油菜在草铵膦胁迫下的生理和形态反应。关联分析中, 扫描到与单位叶面积干重耐除草剂系数显著相关的SNP位点6个, 表型贡献率在6.53%~10.04%之间; 与叶绿素含量耐除草剂系数相关的SNP位点共22个, 表型贡献率在4.97%~6.20%之间; 与综合药害指数相关的SNP位点98个, 覆盖了A、C基因组, 贡献率在3.25%~18.66%之间。通过对显著SNP位点对应的LD区间基因序列的分析, 共获得18个与草铵膦的灭生机制相关的候选基因。在叶绿素含量耐除草剂系数关联位点的LD区域发现11个候选基因, 其中9个参与酰基转移酶活性的调控, 2个与乙酰CoA转移酶活性有关。在与综合药害指数关联位点的LD区域发现7个候选基因, 其中1个与谷氨酰胺转移酶活性有关, 参与谷氨酰胺代谢, 其余6个和乙酰CoA转移酶活性有关。这些基因调控的生理生化过程均与叶片干重、叶绿素含量的变化及草铵膦的灭生机制有关。这些关联位点和候选基因的挖掘, 将为油菜在草铵膦逆境胁迫下的生理生态反应的基因调控机制研究提供参考。     

甘蓝型油菜对华北坝上冷凉环境的适应性

针对华北坝上冷凉区短季类经济作物缺乏,芥菜型油菜品质差、产量低等问题,于2017-2018年在农业农村部张北农业资源与生态环境重点野外观测试验站,引种了甘蓝型双低油菜品种华油杂62,以当地传统芥菜型油菜品种大黄为对照,监测了两品种的叶面积指数、角果净光合速率日变化、地上部干物质积累量、养分积累量和油菜农艺性状、产量等。结果表明,华油杂62较大黄生育期长约10d,平均叶面积指数高23.36%~36.73%;角果净光合速率不及大黄,N、P、K积累量高于大黄;干物质快速增长期延长21d,干物质积累潜值高46.86%;菜子产量较大黄高22.8%~54.0%。甘蓝型油菜华油杂62对华北坝上冷凉区的地理气候环境有较好的生态适应性,具有替代区域传统芥菜型油菜的优势。     

石斛属植物多糖与生物碱含量的比较研究

石斛的药用成分含量直接影响其品质,筛选高品质的药用石斛对其生产和应用具有重要意义。采用热水浸提法和酸性染料比色法比较研究了26种野生石斛和9个春石斛品种成熟茎段多糖和生物碱含量的差异。野生种和春石斛品种多糖含量分别在2.0%~39.1%和9.4%~23.7%之间;而生物碱含量则分别在0%~0.638%和0.156%~0.308%之间。肿节石斛、铁皮石斛和齿瓣石斛在所有样品中多糖含量较高,而报春石斛的生物碱含量则显著高于其他石斛,其次为兜唇石斛、玫瑰石斛和金钗石斛。按《中国植物志》石斛分组,检测的14种为石斛组,平均多糖和生物碱含量均较高,分别达23.2%和0.2%,其次为春石斛品种,分别达18.4%和0.2%。不同石斛的多糖和生物碱含量差异较大,生产应用中需根据需要选取合适的石斛。     

不同盐分条件下油菜氮、磷、钾素积累与分配差异

为研究不同盐分浓度对油菜氮、磷、钾积累与分配的影响,以三个甘蓝型油菜品种为试验材料,在低、高两种盐分条件下种植,于成熟期取样测定干物质积累量及氮磷钾元素含量。结果表明：高盐与低盐处理相比,全株及不同器官干重均显著下降。不同处理氮和磷积累量的变化范围分别为141.39~193.14 kg/hm²和21.95~36.24 kg/hm²。3个品种根系中氮、磷积累量平均下降幅度最大,籽粒中钾素积累量平均下降幅度最大。成熟期氮和磷主要分配在籽粒中,不同处理的分配比例变化范围分别为63.15%~67.73%和75.23%~81.56%,钾素主要分配在茎中,其变化范围为45.59%~49.67%。研究不同盐分土壤上油菜成熟期的农艺性状和生理指标,有助于初步明确盐分对油菜产量及元素吸收规律的影响机制。     

油菜光合碳氮代谢特征及其与氮效率的关系

为阐明油菜碳氮代谢与氮效率的关系,及其对油菜品质的影响。采用土培试验,以低产甘蓝型油菜品种沪油15(品种A)与高产甘蓝型油菜品系742(品种B)为试验材料,在常氮与氮胁迫2种供氮情况下,研究了不同品种油菜不同供氮水平下光和参数,可溶性糖、游离氨基酸与硝酸盐含量差异,氮效率与收获指数以及与籽粒脂肪酸组成的变化及差异。结果表明,无论哪种供氮水平,品种B苗期光合参数大于品种A,盛花期规律相反,两品种的Pn、Gs、Ci与Tr皆在盛花期有所升高,而WUE有所降低。盛花期与角果发育期品种B茎、叶中可溶性糖含量高于品种A,油菜茎叶中可溶性糖含量从角果发育期呈减少趋势,角果发育期与收获期较抽薹期减少53%~80%,两品种5个时期茎叶皆表现为常氮时可溶性糖含量小于氮胁迫;品种B游离氨基酸除在2种供氮水平下盛花期叶、角果发育期地上部分与氮胁迫时抽薹期叶中大于品种A,其余时期呈现相反规律,到达角果发育期,两品种营养器官中游离氨基酸较生育前期大幅度减少;品种B 5个时期硝酸盐含量、氮效率、收获指数、品质皆高于品种A。碳氮代谢与氮效率关系密切,油菜后期碳氮代谢大幅度减弱,碳氮代谢强的品种氮效率高,有利于氮素积累,籽粒品质较好,品种B碳氮代谢及其各项指标优于品种A,品种优势明显。     

水稻不同生态型品种间直链淀粉含量的变异及其遗传分析

以250个代表性水稻品种和一个籼粳交（巴利拉/南京11）DH群体为材料，研究了直链淀粉含量在不同生态型品种间的变异，以及不同品种Wx基因座不同基因型与直链淀粉含量之间的关系。结果表明，在供试的250个水稻品种中直链淀粉含量存在着明显差异，分布在9.2%~29.2%之间；用AccⅠ-PCR标记对这些品种和DH群体Wx位点基因型的检测表     

Genetic variation for saturated fatty acid content in a collection of European winter oilseed rape material (Brassica napus)

Oil quality is an important issue in oilseed rape breeding programmes. Recently, the seed oil content of saturated fatty acids has received substantial interest, because in a number of industrialized countries dietary recommendations not only limit total fat intake but also intake of saturated fatty acids. The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic variation for saturated fatty acid content in two sets of modern winter oilseed rape cultivars ( Brassica napus L.) tested in field experiments under typical German growing conditions. The results showed highly significant genetic differences among the cultivars for total saturated fatty acid content, which ranged from 6.8% to 8.1%, with a mean of 7.4%. For both sets medium to high genotypic heritabilities were found for most fatty acids and for oil and protein content. Close negative correlations between palmitic acid, the predominant saturated fatty acid, and oleic acid as well as oil content were found.     

JDDY型粮油滴定分析仪在稻谷玉米脂肪酸值测定中的应用

采用基于机器视觉技术的JDDY型粮油滴定分析仪代替人工滴定进行稻谷、玉米脂肪酸值的测定.通过添加亚油酸标准溶液测定稻谷、玉米脂肪酸值的回收率,验证采用滴定仪测定稻谷、玉米脂肪酸值的准确性.实验结果表明,稻谷回收率在99.5％～107.3％之间,玉米回收率在96.1％～105.7％之间,滴定仪对稻谷、玉米的测试值与理论添加值之间具有较好的相关性,线性相关系数分别为r=0.9993,r=1.0000,具有较宽的测量范围,能够满足目前稻谷、玉米试样脂肪酸值指标的品质检验要求.     

聚-γ-谷氨酸与不同形态氮肥共施对油菜生长的影响

摘要：[目的]为了探究聚-γ-谷氨酸对不同形态氮肥（尿素、氯化铵、硝酸钠、有机无机肥配施）的增效效果。[方法]本文采用盆栽试验方法,研究聚-γ-谷氨酸与不同形态氮肥共施对油菜产量、品质及肥料利用率的影响。[结果]结果表明：γ-PGA与不同形态氮肥共施,可使油菜鲜重增加1.25%~26.77%,以尿素和有机无机肥配施,γ-PGA浓度为4.3 mg/kg土时的增产效果较好;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量的最大增加量分别为49.60%、23.62%和132.79%,硝酸盐含量降低了6.18%~46.08%,以氯化铵和有机无机肥配施效果较好;氮、磷、钾的利用率提高幅度分别0.63%~7.61%、0.01%~1.66%、0.78%~6.49%,以尿素和有机无机肥配施2组处理对肥料的利用率较高。[结论]综上所述,根据短期的盆栽试验得出,在农业生产中推荐γ-PGA与尿素或有机无机肥共施,γ-PGA施用量为4.3 mg/kg土。     

Identification of molecular markers associated with oleic and linolenic acid in spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

The quality of the oil derived from oilseed rape is determined by its fatty acid composition. Breeding oilseed rape for enhanced oil quality includes the development of cultivars with high oleic and low linolenic acid. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) techniques were investigated for the development of molecular markers for genes controlling oleic and/or linolenic acid. Markers that were identified were converted to sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers for use in breeding. Molecular markers associated with these two fatty acids were identified in a doubled haploid population derived from a cross between the oilseed rape lines TO99‐5318‐20, very high oleic (>79%) and very low linolenic acid (<2%) × DH12075, high oleic (68%) and higher linolenic acid (>7%). Eight RAPD markers were associated with oleic and linolenic acid contents. The RAPD marker UBC 2₈₃₀ accounted for 43% and 13% of the genetic variation for oleic and linolenic acid levels, respectively. The RAPD marker UBC 153₅₅₀ accounted for 19% of the genetic variation for linolenic acid. The UBC 2₈₃₀ fragment was converted to a SCAR marker. The markers identified in this study should be useful tools for the early generation selection of high oleic and low linolenic acid genotypes in oilseed rape breeding programmes.     

Fatty Acid Composition of Oil from Erucic Acid-Free Summer Rape Seed (Brassica napus L.) in Relation to Nitrogen Nutrition and Raceme Position

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen supply (30, 100 or 170 ppm N) and raceme position on the fatty acid composition of oil extracted from erucic acid-free summer rape seed ( Brassica napus cv. Callypso ). The seven fatty acids analyzed for include palmitic, palmitolcic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolemc, and eicosenoic acids; of which oleic (59.54–64.84 %) and palmitoleic (0.36–0.4 %) acids were the highest and lowest levels respectively. Generally, N nutrition influenced fatty acid pattern only to a little extent. Palmitic, palmitoleic and stearic acid levels were increased by 170 ppm N, depending on raceme position, but oleic and linolenic acids were unaffected. Similarly, 170 ppm N produced the highest fatty acid levels in seeds on the lower portions of racemes, with the exception of oleic acid. This was also true in the case of the upper portions of racemes, except that 30 ppm N produced the highest levels of oleic and linoleic acids in rape seeds. Under the optimum N supply level (i.e. 100 ppm N), position of raceme on the rape plant did not greatly influence the levels of different fatty acids in lipids.     

栽培因素对甘蓝型优质杂交油菜品质组合性状的影响

为了研究播期、密度、施氮量、施磷量、施钾量5个主要栽培因素对甘蓝型优质杂交油菜品质组合性状的影响,以‘油研599’和‘三北98’为材料,运用五元二次正交旋转组合设计进行试验研究。结果表明,脂蛋总量与播期(-0.7493、-0.3846)呈负相关,与氮肥(0.8927*、0.8977*)、钾肥(0.5851、0.7530)呈正相关;不饱和脂肪酸总量与密度(0.2086、0.6696)、氮肥(0.7913、0.6980)呈正相关,与磷肥(-0.6350、-0.4162)呈负相关;不饱和指数与密度(0.5447、0.5721)、氮肥(0.9208*、0.8863*)呈正相关,与磷肥(-0.2442、-0.3468)、钾肥(-0.3562、-0.6703)呈负相关;饱和脂肪酸总量与播期(0.4329、0.7887)、磷肥(0.8928*、0.3449)呈正相关;不饱和脂肪酸总量与饱和脂肪酸总量之比与播期(-0.1264、-0.7246)、磷肥(-0.8513、-0.7480)呈负相关,与氮肥(0.5380、0.5406)呈正相关;18碳脂肪酸总量与密度(0.2387、0.7053)、氮肥(0.7866、0.7200)呈正相关,与磷肥(-0.6438、-0.3948)呈负相关;芥酸支链脂肪酸总量与播期(-0.7400、-0.4480)、氮肥(-0.5999、-0.9558*)呈负相关,与密度(0.8918*、0.0923)呈正相关;不饱和脂肪酸总量与芥酸链脂肪酸总量之比与播期(0.7014、0.3873)、氮肥(0.6824、0.9614**)、钾肥(0.0502、0.0018)呈正相关;油酸与亚油酸之和与密度(0.3146、0.6348)、氮肥(0.7429、0.5280)呈正相关,与磷肥(-0.6286、-0.4431)呈负相关。5个栽培因素对不饱和脂肪酸总量与芥酸链脂肪酸总量之比的影响较大,对脂蛋总量的影响较小。通过调整播期、密度、施氮量、施钾量4个主要栽培因素可一定程度改善油的品质,磷肥对于改善油的品质是一个起负效应的栽培因素。     

Influence of leaf and silique photosynthesis on seeds yield and seeds oil quality of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

With the purpose of enhancing oil production, the present work was carried out to elucidate relationships between photosynthesis of leaves, siliques and seeds yield and seeds oil accumulation of oilseed rape. Field trials, in which two repeated experiments was carried out during 2012–2014 growth season, a rape hybrids the “Qin You No.7” (Brassica napus L.) variety was taken into account. The results showed that, on rape plant the photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid contents of leaf were significantly higher than that of silique shell. Oil content of 94.7% was achieved in young seeds (sampled at 25th day after flowering ending stage of the tested rape plant) versus to mature seeds, saturated fatty acids percent was higher whereas oleic acid percent was lower of oil extracted from young seeds. During flowering period of the rape plants tested, area and dry weight of leaves attained maximum, treatments of removing leaves induced reduction in seeds number per silique, siliques number, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content, these indexes were respectively decreased by 73.6%, 43.4%, 83.4% and 10.5% in maximum, and seeds oil composition was not significantly influenced; during seeds growing period of the tested plants, surface area and dry weight of siliques attained maximum, under shading siliques treatment, the 1000-seed weight, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content were respectively reduced by 57.5%, 61.4% and 44.7% in maximum, and seeds oil oleic acid (C18:1) and linolenic acid (C18:3) percent was decreased, linolic acid (C18:2) and erucidic acid (C22:1) percent was increased. So for oilseed rape plant during flowering period, surface area and photosynthesis of leaves dramatically influenced siliques number, seeds number and seeds yield; while in seeds growth period, surface area and photosynthesis of siliques greatly influenced 1000-seed yield, seeds yield, seeds oil content and oil composition; oil accumulation in rape seeds initiated early since seeds commencing growth, seed mature degree influenced oil composition of seeds.     

Inheritance of long chain fatty acid content in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

A large industrial oil market has recently developed for high erucic acid (>500 g kg⁻¹) rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. This research was conducted to: (i) determine genetic effects for five fatty acids, (ii) determine if maternal effects influence fatty acid content of progeny, and (iii) estimate correlations among fatty acid contents in hybrid progeny. Lines with very high erucic acid content and very low erucic acid content were used to develop eight generations to estimate additive, dominance, and epistatic effects for fatty acid content using Generation Means Analyses. Mean oleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic and erucic acid content differed among generations and additive genetic effects were important for control of all five fatty acids, contributing from 84% to 97% of the total sums of squares for each fatty acid. Epistasis was observed in the inheritance of eicosenoic acid. Maternal effects were not detected.     

Modification of oilseed rape to produce oils for industrial use by means of applied tissue culture methodology

Summary A programme of research was designed to investigate methods for the modification of the fatty acid profiles of high performance lines of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in an attempt to produce lines with enhanced levels of industrially useful fatty acids. The methodology employed to achieve these objectives was based on the exploitation of somaclonal or protoclonal variation, and targeted somatic hybridization using wild cruciferous germplasm as fusion partners.A range of somaclonal lines was produced from shoot regeneration protocols. These lines underwent replicated, randomised glasshouse trials for morphological assessment followed by gas chromatographic analysis to monitor any changes in fatty acid profile. It was found that a small number of lines exhibited potentially useful changes in oleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Protoplast regeneration and electrofusion protocols for a range of winter oilseed rape lines were developed, and methods for the isolation and fusion of protoplasts of the wild crucifer Lunaria annua (chosen for its high nervonic acid content) established.Abbreviations GC Gas Chromatography     

Mutagenic treatment of microspore-derived embryos of turnip rape (Brassica rapa) to increase oleic acid content

The article presents the results of a study on obtaining mutant doubled haploids of turnip rape. The culture medium for producing embryos in isolated microspore culture was optimized. The optimal medium formula was NLN + 13% S + 0.05 mg/L NAA + 0.05 mg/L BA. Embryos derived from isolated microspore culture were treated with EMS mutagen in three concentrations (4 mM, 8 mM, and 12 mM). Mutant doubled haploid plants and their seeds were obtained. Agronomic evaluation and analysis of fatty acid composition in mutant lines seeds showed that they had valuable traits in terms of seed oil quality and yield. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the seeds of the obtained mutant doubled haploids showed an increase in the percentage of oleic acid (~11%–12%) in comparison with donor cultivars. Our results showed that mutagenesis of embryos from a culture of isolated microspores has potential for improving the qualitative traits of turnip rape.