用绿色防控技术防治作物病虫害

<正>农作物病虫害绿色防控技术,即采取生态调控技术、生物防治技术、物理防治技术和科学用药技术等对农业环境没有危害的措施控制农作物病虫为害的方法。现将这一方法简介如下:一、生物防治技术生物防治技术就是推广应用以虫治虫、以螨治螨、以菌治虫、以菌治菌等生物防治措施。     

苹果蠹蛾抗药性研究进展与治理策略

苹果蠹蛾是世界上绝大多数仁果类植物种植区危害最严重的食心类害虫之一,也是重要的检疫性害虫,每年造成巨大的直接经济损失。苹果蠹蛾的防控目前主要依赖于化学防治,致使苹果蠹蛾抗药性日益严重、形势严峻,进而造成防治更加困难、成本增加,严重威胁新疆林果业的持续发展。本文针对苹果蠹蛾抗药性现状和抗药性机制的研究进展进行了梳理、分析,旨在为提出新疆地区苹果蠹蛾抗药性治理策略提供理论依据。     

生物杀虫剂需求将快速增长

正据权威部门分析,人们对于传统化学杀虫剂的安全影响的担忧,还有世界人口增长导致的粮食消费和需求的增加以及使用生物杀虫剂防治牧草虫感染具有良好的防治效果,将推动生物杀虫剂市场的持续增长。在能够使用生物杀虫剂防治牧草虫的作物种类中,水果部分在市场中所占的份额最多,蔬菜和花卉     

林业有害生物防治检疫现状及措施

林业资源关乎森林资源安全和生态环境改变,是林业经济可持续发展的重要内容,在林业生产经营中,加强有害生物防治检疫能够切实有效地保护林木,为进一步丰富林业资源创造条件,是发展林业生产的重要保障。随着林业的快速发展,对林业有害生物防治检疫工作提出更高的要求。通过分析林业有害生物防治检疫工作现状,探讨存在的问题,并提出优化措施。     

我国发现气候变暖下生物防治入侵植物的非靶标效应

<正>全球气候变化和外来生物入侵是威胁生态安全和生物多样性的重要因素。由于生物的种群、分布、物候期等均受气候的影响,气候变化可影响外来入侵生物和本土生物及其互作关系,从而影响入侵生物治理和生物多样性保护的效果。生物防治,即通过引进、释放原产地专一性天敌控制入侵生物,是目前全球范围内用于治理入侵生物的重要手段。然而,一些生防天敌也可能对引入地本土生物造成危害,产生非靶标效应。因此,探讨气候变化将如何影响入侵生物-本土非靶标生物-     

种子仓库害虫的防治措施

种子仓库害虫的防治措施山东省莱西市种子公司（２６６６００）李国荣周国防治仓库害虫是确保种子安全贮藏的重要措施之一。防治措施可分为检疫防治、清洁卫生防治、物理防治和化学药剂防治等。１检疫防治根据我国植物检疫部门对内对外检疫条例，严格地进行国内外进出口及...     

气候变化下入侵植物与昆虫互作关系研究获进展

<正>全球气候变化和外来生物入侵是威胁全球生物多样性的重要因素。气候变化如何影响外来植物入侵目前已成为生态学研究的一个热点问题。现有的研究局限于气候变化对入侵植物本身的影响;而气候变化如何影响天敌昆虫等多级营养关系,从而间接影响植物入侵,目前尚无报道。空心莲子草是我国首批公布的入侵物种之一。我国于1986年引进专一性生防天敌莲草直胸跳甲控制该草。但该虫目前仅成功控制了南方水生生境中空心莲子草,而对陆生生境中空心莲子草防效甚微。前期研究表明,陆生生境中空     

强筋小麦病虫草害综合防治技术

为贯彻实施“公共植保、绿色植保”的理念,结合小麦病虫草害发生特点和防治经验,提出严格检疫制度,加强栽培管理,提高自身抗逆能力,优先采用农业防治和生物防治措施,科学合理开展化学防治等防控预案,以期经济、有效地防治小麦病虫杂草危害。     

小麦红吸浆虫成灾原因分析与防治技术研究初报

通过对小麦吸浆虫发生为害调查、防治试验和灾害控制，明确了该虫在北京市成灾的主要原因有4点，即吸浆虫是外来入侵的新害虫，生活、为害隐蔽，种群数量增长迅速和防治不及时。筛选出防治吸浆虫地下虫态和成虫的最佳药剂，每公顷施48%毒死蜱EC3L、或40%辛硫磷EC5.25L，制成毒土，于小麦拔节期撒施，防治效果达77.1%以上；用10%吡虫啉WP300g，或4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC600ml，或10%吡虫啉WP150g加80%敌敌畏EC750ml，或40%氧化乐果EC1.5L，于小麦70%抽穗时喷施，对防治吸浆虫成虫均有较好的防治效果，其田间防效在85%~94.3%之间。通过4年的实践，提出吸浆虫新发区的控害措施，①即做好宣传培训，普及科学技术知识，②确定防治对策，抓好三个结合，③开展集中管理，统一防治。     

永丰县水稻病虫害高发原因及其综合防治措施

近年来，受到农业种植结构调整，田间茬口多样，气候变化无常，不合理使用化学农药等因素影响，永丰县水稻病虫害呈现高发态势。其主要病虫害如卷叶虫、二化螟、稻飞虱、稻瘟病、纹枯病等，常年发生面积大、数量多、为害严重；次要病虫害如黏虫、细菌性条斑病、稻曲病等，间歇成灾，防不胜防；还有近年入侵的福寿螺、黑条矮缩病等病虫，来势凶猛，暴发性强，防治困难，如果不加强控制，这些病虫害很可能上升为主要病虫害。笔者根据多年的实践经验，对该县病虫害的高发原因和综合防治措施进行了分析总结，以期指导水稻病虫害防治工作。     

Tolerance of codling moth,and apple quality associated with low pressure/low temperature treatments

A combination of low pressure (LP) and low temperature (LT) may serve as a phytosanitary disinfestation treatment for fresh fruit. In this study, different life stages of codling moth (eggs, 2nd to 3rd instar larvae, 5th instar larvae and pupae) were treated in hypobaric chambers maintained at 10 °C and 1.33 kPa with nearly saturated humidity (>98%). Weight loss, color, firmness, titratable acidity (TA), and soluble solids content (SSC) were selected as quality parameters to evaluate the quality changes of ‘Red Delicious’ apples before and after the LPLT treatment. Results showed that the 5th instar larvae were the most tolerant life stage for codling moth under LPLT treatment conditions. Insect mortality increased with increasing LPLT treatment time to >98% after 12 days of exposure to 10 °C temperature and 1.33 kPa pressure. Although stored in less than optimum conditions for apples, the measured quality variables of ‘Red Delicious’ were maintained relatively well after 15 days of LPLT treatment. The results suggest that LPLT technology has potential as an alternative, non-chemical disinfestation treatment for apples.     

新疆昌吉桑褶翅尺蛾生物学习性观察

桑褶翅尺蛾(Zamacra excavate Dyar)是体中型的蛾类,具有爆发性食叶危害的特点。为有效防治其入侵危害,对其扩散方式、发生发展过程、生物学习性和防治策略进行详细观察研究。采取多年、多点观察并结合实验室验证,系统调查桑褶翅尺蛾从羽化、产卵、孵化、化蛹到休眠、越夏、越冬的生活史过程,对各虫期的生物学性状详细观测和准确掌握。结果表明：桑褶翅尺蛾以茧蛹强力粘附于树木根基部扩散蔓延,以发育完全的成虫在蛹内越冬;北疆昌吉3月中下旬午后羽化,成虫出土,初步估算雌雄比例约5:1,雌虫产卵量大,孵化率高达95%,3～5龄幼虫食量暴增,昼夜取食,危害严重。加强检疫、冬灌、树干缠绕粘胶带以及在1、2龄幼虫时用药化防,可以减轻危害,取得较好的防效。桑褶翅尺蛾是一种羽化集中、产卵量大、孵化率高、爆发性危害较大的昆虫,加强检疫、及早发现、适时化防、入冬灭蛹、阻隔上树是综合防治该虫危害的重要方法。     

Effect of high-pressure hot water washing treatment on fruit quality, insects, and disease in apples and pears: Part IV: Use of silicone-based materials and mechanical methods to eliminate surface arthropod eggs

The presence of surface arthropods on commercially processed apples and pears poses a problem when these fruits are exported to countries where there are either limits on the numbers of eggs or a total quarantine restriction against these pests. Removal of mite and other arthropod eggs, such as European red mite (ERM) and codling moth (CM) eggs, may be enhanced by the use of a surface cleaning system, such as a hot water, high-pressure spray. Even if organosilicones, like Silwet L-77, have been used to kill spider mites, it was unclear if these chemicals could also facilitate the removal of arthropod eggs from the surface of fruit. In the present study, high-pressure washing process was highly effective in removing CM and ERM eggs at pressures as low as 400 kPa, resulting in greater than 60% removal of ERM eggs and 90% of CM eggs. High-pressure washing was the most important factor in removal of codling moth and European red mite eggs than organosilicone dips or hot water sprays.     

A high temperature/low oxygen pulse improves cold storage disinfestation

Short periods of elevated temperature under controlled atmospheres (CA) effectively control insect pests. Cold treatment is also an effective non-chemical disinfestation process. If synergistic effects can be found by combining treatments, these may provide opportunities for cost reduction. Tests were performed to evaluate the tolerance of Packham's Triumph pears (Pyrus communis L.) to a range of temperatures (30–40 °C) combined with low oxygen (O₂ < 1 kPa). Treatment duration was 16–48 h and was followed by 1 month storage at 0 °C under air. When held at 30 °C, pears withstood up to 30 h of hypoxia. After cold storage, pears ripened slightly faster than controls but were undamaged. A temperature of 35 °C induced slight skin browning, and 40 °C resulted in substantial skin blackening. Some treatments were also tested on survival of lightbrown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Walker). All developmental stages were subjected to either 16 h at 30 °C, or 16 h under hypoxia, or 1 month at 0 °C, or a combination of the three treatments. With all treatments combined, all eggs, larvae and adults were killed. Only 4% of the pupae produced adults and combined treatments led to an increase in pupa mortality of 38%. A combined treatment (tolerated by pears) consisting of 30 h at 30 °C under low O₂ plus 1 month cold storage under air, killed 100% of LBAM pupae, and 100% of 5th instar larvae of both codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck). Implementation of such treatments would not require substantial investments for fruit industries equipped with CA storage facilities.     

春甘蓝田小菜蛾种群动态研究

在田间系统调查的基础上,采用模糊聚类分析和时间动态空间生态位宽度与种群密度关系分析方法,研究了合肥地区春甘蓝田小菜蛾的种群动态,旨在为小菜蛾的科学治理提供依据。研究结果表明,春甘蓝田小菜蛾种群动态可分为3 个发展阶段——点片发生阶段（低密度、高聚块）、扩张发生阶段（中密度、低聚块）和猖獗发生阶段（高密度、低聚块）。小菜蛾对春甘蓝的为害情况比较复杂,种群密度较低时主要为害甘蓝心叶;随着甘蓝的生长和小菜蛾种群密度的上升逐渐向内层叶和外层叶扩展,最终导致甘蓝全株受害。小菜蛾种群处于点片发生阶段时是春甘蓝田小菜蛾防治的关键时期。     

Use of hot water treatment to control codling moths in harvested California ‘Bing’ sweet cherries

Preharvest gibberellic acid-treated California ‘Bing’ sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) were treated with hot water baths (46–58 °C for 0.25–18 min), followed by hydrocooling. The fruit were then stored to simulate either air shipment or sea shipment to overseas markets, both followed by 15 h of shelf life at 20 °C. In separate experiments, cherries were also infested with codling moth larvae and subjected to similar hot water bath heating. The quality attributes showed different sensitivity to the combinations of temperature and time used for hot water bath treatment. Pitting was more common in fruit treated at lower temperatures for longer times, while stem browning was more common in fruit treated at high temperatures. Berry browning, stem color, and pitting were the quality attributes most affected by heat treatment. Browning of cherry stem color was a crucial factor in determining whether a combination of temperature and time for hot water bath treatment was successful. All cherries stored at 0 °C for 14 days to simulate sea shipment were of unacceptable quality after shelf life. Hot water bath treatments that provided 100% codling moth mortality and maintained overall acceptable fruit quality were very limited and included treatments at 50 °C for 10 min and at 54 °C for 6 min. Delaying the hot water bath treatment after fruit harvest, even if the cherries were kept at 0 °C, resulted in a greater loss in fruit quality compared with those treated on the harvest day. Using hot water baths as a quarantine treatment for codling moths (Cydia pomonella) on sweet cherries may be feasible if fruit are air shipped at 5 °C for 2 days, but not suitable if fruit are sea shipped at 0 °C for 14 days.     

稻水象甲在四川乐山稻区种群动态及危害规律研究

旨在为乐山稻区稻水象甲的检疫防控提供依据,采用田间调查的方法研究稻水象甲种群动态和危害规律,用线性回归法分析成虫危害程度与幼虫数量之间的相关性。结果表明：稻水象甲在乐山地区1年发生1代,越冬代成虫迁入稻田时期不一致,且其产卵期长,幼虫发育、化蛹和羽化时期极不整齐,各虫态交叉现象明显。稻水象甲越冬成虫主要分布在离稻田10 m范围内的坡地和树荫下0~5 cm浅土中,其中树荫下的越冬虫量最大。开春后平均温度达12℃以上,越冬成虫逐渐复苏并取食周边寄主。调查表明,乐山地区共有5个县（区）发生稻水象甲疫情,涉及乡镇73个,发生面积约8000 hm²。     

沙柳木蠹蛾幼虫危害特性及空间格局研究

沙柳木蠹蛾(Holcocerus arenicola)是危害沙柳的一种钻蛀性害虫,给沙柳的生长造成了严重的影响。为有效控制其危害,明确幼虫危害特性和空间格局,笔者利用生物统计学和地统计学方法,对沙柳木蠹蛾幼虫种群在沙柳上的危害特性和空间格局进行了系统研究。生物统计学结果表明:沙柳木蠹蛾主要以幼虫为害沙柳根部,单丛受害沙柳中,幼虫数量达5头以上的占91.2%,且存在不同龄幼虫危害同一丛沙柳的现象;幼虫在沙柳上的分布主要集中在地下根部10~40 cm以内,占78.57%;幼虫的种群密度与沙柳根径大小和分布有一定的关系。地统计学分析表明:幼虫空间分布为聚集分布,聚集点主要在样地的东北和西南,且从这2个区域向其他方向扩散。     

形态抗虫棉对棉铃虫实验种群发育的影响研究

通过室内系统饲养，采用组建种群生命表的方法，研究了取食不同抗性品种对棉铃虫实验种群的影响。结果表明，取食形态抗虫棉的棉铃虫，不仅种群生长发育受阻，其存活率和生殖力均下降，从而使种群数量增殖减缓。取食形态抗虫品种川棉243的种群，幼虫、蛹的发育历期延长、体重减轻，成虫寿命及产卵期缩短、产卵量降低，在同一特定年龄均以取食川棉243的种群的死亡率较取食对照品种的高，种群累计存活率和繁殖力低，砷群数量增长指数仅为161．7，分别较取食感虫品系中无151和常规推广品种中棉所12的低52．6%和39．4％。     

中国发现新的检疫性杂草宽叶酢浆草

宽叶酢浆草(Oxalis latifolia)是2010年在云南省昆明市新发现的一种入侵性强危害重的外来植物。为了解其危害特点,预测其将来对中国农业生产的影响及制定有效的控制措施,综述了该物种生物生态学特性和国外的危害和防治情况。通过GBIF软件的模拟分析了宽叶酢浆草在中国的入侵定殖风险程度。综合以上分析,提出了深入开展宽叶酢浆草的生态学和危害规律研究的必要性,与防范和化解宽叶酢浆草在中国的扩展蔓延的重要意义。