农作物秸秆综合利用的重要性及对策分析

农业现代化发展进程不断加快,为农作物秸秆利用技术的创新和应用提供了有利契机。农作物秸秆是一种重要的生物质资源,提高其资源化利用水平,可以变废为宝,实现循环再利用,一方面可以促进农业生产,保证农作物高产稳产,另一方面也可以缓解生态环保压力,减少环境污染问题产生。本文结合农业生产实际情况,从多个角度对当前农作物秸秆综合利用的重要性进行了分析,并提出了相应的优化对策。     

上海崇明岛农作物秸秆的利用现状和技术对策研究

本文对崇明岛农作物秸秆的利用现状进行了阐述,总结了崇明秸秆综合利用过程中出现的几个关键问题。从保护崇明生态环境以及建设世界级生态岛的角度出发,总结出秸秆还田、秸秆覆盖种养、秸秆生物质能源利用和生态化种养结合模式等技术,是适合崇明现状的秸秆综合利用模式。     

南阳市农作物秸秆利用现状的调查与建议

农作物秸秆资源是一种宝贵的可再生资源,本文对秸秆利用方式进行了调查,从可持续发展的角度,介绍了南阳市农作物秸秆资源利用的现状和存在的问题,提出了相应的对策建议。     

利用农作物秸秆开发食用菌产业发展生态循环农业

一、意义 中国是一个农业大国,小麦、水稻、玉米、高粱、大豆等农作物秸秆产量大、分布广、种类多.据调查统计,2015年全国作物秸秆理论资源量为10.4亿吨,可收集资源量约9亿吨,利用量为7.2亿吨,秸秆综合利用率为80％.通过食用菌标准化栽培和菌渣综合利用等技术的集成,可以高效循环利用农作物秸秆,开发食用菌产业,发展生态...     

秸秆还田对土壤改良及作物生长影响的研究

土壤肥力是农业生产的基础保障,而秸秆还田可以有效提高农作物产量,增加农民收入,同时能够有效处理秸秆遗留问题。对秸秆还田对土壤改良及农作物生长的影响进行了研究,希望能够实现资源可持续利用以及生态环境保护的目标。     

基于AHP和模糊评判的生物质秸秆发电的效益评价

农作物秸杆是世界第一大可再生资源,我国拥有量居世界首位。由于未高效合理利用,不仅浪费了可利用的宝贵资源,对生态环境也产生了不良的影响。本文采用模糊数学的原理对生物质秸秆发电效益进行层次分析和综合评价,并从经济、社会和生态效益三个方面评价秸秆发电项目的综合效益,结果显示,生物质秸秆发电综合效益较好。最后以国能望奎生物质秸秆发电有限公司为例说明秸秆发电的所带来的综合效益。     

玉米秸秆还田技术研究

在我国社会经济不断发展的背景下,生态环境问题日益突出,如何平衡经济发展和生态保护已成为当下关注的重要问题。随着我国农业产业结构的调整,玉米种植范围不断扩大,由此产生了大量玉米秸秆。玉米秸秆含有多种营养元素,玉米秸秆还田能改善农田的生态环境,为土壤提供丰富的有机质,促进农作物生长,同时能提高土壤肥力,减少对生态环境的污染,提高资源利用效率,对我国农业的可持续发展意义重大。文章以玉米秸秆还田的优势为切入点,分析了玉米秸秆还田技术,论述了玉米秸秆还田之后的综合效应,以期为种植户提供参考。     

农作物秸秆综合开发利用技术

我国每年生产7亿多t农作物秸秆,但仅有30%左右被作为造纸工业、建筑业及手工业的原料利用,其余的5亿t秸秆被焚烧或废弃,不仅造成浪费,而且大量焚烧,污染环境,土壤矿化,甚至带来其他社会损失.因此,大力推广农作物秸秆综合开发利用技术,合理利用好这些资源并发挥其潜力,对农业和农村经济可持续发展具有重要的现实意义.……     

秸秆饲料加工调制方法研究

我国是农业大国,秸秆资源丰富,年产量达7亿t,如何充分利用庞大的农作物秸秆资源,让其变废为宝,促进农业及生态和谐发展,具有重要意义。目前常用的秸秆饲料加工调制技术主要包括物理加工法、化学加工法和生物加工法。     

利用农作物秸秆基料化栽培食用菌生产技术的研究

农作物秸秆曾是我国非常重要的一种生物质资源,在传统农村发电、生产天然气等环节曾发挥着不可替代的作用。但由于现代科技的进步,农村发电等环节有了更加高效的方法,农作物秸秆开始出现季节性、地区性过剩等问题,农作物秸秆成为名副其实的农业废弃物。基于此,总结了农作物秸秆基料化栽培食用菌生产技术的要点,包括栽培料配制、装袋灭菌、接种、菌丝培养、出菇管理及采收等方面内容,以期为相关人员提供参考。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.